微动面波的介质响应和H/V谱特征研究

目前,微动面波信息研究的主要方法是对面波中的Rayleigh波成分进行相关性分析.为了充分有效的利用面波信息和提高识别的准确度,本文基于微动面波H/V谱的基本原理,通过对给定模型的数值计算,得到了微动面波的介质响应曲线和H/V谱,分析了面波中Rayleigh波和Love波多模式波的介质响应和H/V谱特征.结果表明微动面波的介质响应特征与地层界面具有一定的对应关系,且在H/V谱中Rayleigh波和Love波的主频具有一致性,Love波的利用对H/V谱具有增强作用,文中也指出了H/V谱法在高频应用领域中有待进一步解决的问题.由于该方法使用的是地微动噪声中的面波信息,不需要专门的震源,因此具有经济快捷、应用范围广泛等优点,将可能成为一种新的有很好应用前景的地球物理勘探方法.     

应用微动H/V谱比法和台阵技术探测场地响应和浅层速度结构

为了快速而且廉价地获取北京市详细的场地响应和浅层速度结构,应用于地震动模拟和地震灾害预防,我们开展了微动观测技术和处理方法研究.本文利用2007年夏季北京五棵松地区进行的几个微动观测实验数据,使用单台H/V谱比法分析场地的卓越频率及其对应的放大系数,并对比了不同地震仪和观测时间对H/V曲线的影响;应用高分辨率F-K频谱分析方法从微动台阵数据中得到Rayleigh波的频散曲线并使用邻域算法反演出浅层速度结构.H/V结果表明该地区卓越频率在2.1～2.2 Hz之间,对应的放大系数下限约为3;利用微动H/V方法得到的场地卓越频率具有较高的稳定性.微动台阵反演结果给出了比较合理的波阻抗界面深度和层平均速度结构,认为地下80多米处的波阻抗界面是决定场地卓越频率和其场地放大系数的主要界面.本研究表明微动技术应用于评估城市地震场地响应和浅层速度结构是可行且易于实施的.     

震级、震源距对地震信号H/V影响分析

本文采用喜马拉雅科学探测台阵四川省境内10个台站,计算了所有地震信号0.5—15 Hz的H/V谱比,分析了震级、震源距对H/V谱比的影响,并与各台站场地地脉动H/V谱比进行了比较. 结果表明: 震级对各台站地震信号的H/V谱比振幅值以及峰值频率几乎没有影响;震源距对谱峰明显的H/V谱比曲线的谱形和峰值频率影响不大,但对谱峰不明显的H/V谱比曲线的峰值频率有一定影响;H/V谱峰明显的台站,地震信号与地脉动信号的H/V谱比曲线的峰值频率具有很高的一致性,H/V谱峰不明显的台站,二者的峰值频率有一定差异.      

基于微动HVSR法的基岩面探测研究——以深圳16号线共建管廊项目为例

盾构掘进穿越上软下硬地层属于高风险工程,在盾构施工前需根据基岩面特征优化掘进参数的设置,管控施工风险,保障经济效益.灰岩地区易受溶蚀作用影响,部分区域形成溶洞,部分区域发育溶沟溶槽,导致基岩面的深度变化大,对盾构施工造成重大影响,我们亟待寻找一种能快速准确识别岩溶区基岩面的解决方案.微动HVSR法是一种简单有效的被动源地震勘探方法,已被广泛应用于场地类型评价、地震放大效应评估等方面.本文以深圳16号线共建管廊项目为依托,将HVSR法用于快速地层分界面识别,通过对比分析不同的HVSR法界面深度估计经验公式,总结出一套快速准确识别基岩面的方法,经实际钻孔验证,达到了95％的识别准确率.微动HVSR法可以快速准确地识别基岩面,满足城市地下空间精细探测的需求,具有绿色环保、经济、施工便捷等优点,值得推广应用.     

微动探测方法研究进展与展望

微动探测方法是在背景噪声成像理论的基础上发展起来的一种新型地球物理探测手段,其根据获取野外数据的观测台站方式分为微动阵列方法和微动单台方法.本文综述了前人对微动探测方法的研究进展,并对目前该方法存在的问题及研究的发展趋势进行了展望.微动阵列方法采用频率波数法或空间自相关法从微动信号中提取频散曲线,进而反演获得地下横波速度结构.微动单台方法即H/V谱比法以三分量台站为观测基础,对水平分量信号与垂直分量信号进行傅里叶谱比,以此估算沉积层厚度、获得共振频率以及场地放大因子等.目前微动探测发展还有诸多问题需要进行深入研究,例如瑞雷波与勒夫波浅层探测理论方法、同时考虑基阶和高阶面波的影响进行多阶面波反演方法研究以及H/V谱比曲线与频散曲线联合反演方法研究等,从而提高微动探测方法浅层探测精度以满足城市地下空间精细探测的需求,加深探测深度为透明地壳、地下第三空间的精细探测提供一种新型地球物理手段.     

伊拉克H油田碳酸盐岩储层的孔隙结构特征及其对电阻的影响

针对伊拉克H油田碳酸盐岩储层较强的非均质性,本文利用岩心资料研究了M2组颗粒灰岩与泥粒灰岩的孔隙结构特征,并详细分析了M2组下段油层低阻的成因.根据实验得到的孔喉半径分布曲线划分的大孔、中孔和小孔的累计比例,把储层划分为大、中、小三种孔隙结构,结果表明M2组上段颗粒灰岩以大孔和中孔为主,下段泥粒灰岩以中孔和小孔为主.压汞毛管压力曲线表明下段的非均质性强于上段.找出了以中、小孔为主孔隙结构及其复杂的润湿性是造成M2组下段油层低电阻率的原因.用毛管孔径划分的三种孔隙结构刻度了核磁T2谱,结果显示毛管孔径划分的三种孔隙结构与核磁T2谱划分的三种孔隙具有很好的一致性,岩心渗透率与核磁得到的渗透率也具有很好的一致性,找到了用核磁资料准确评价储层的孔隙结构的一种有效途径.     

安徽强震动台站场地响应研究

采用H/V谱比法,利用安徽强震台网记录的波形数据,计算了3个强震台的场地响应。结果表明,当台站场地为基岩或覆盖层较薄时,由地脉动和S波数据分别计算出的谱比曲线一致性很好。当覆盖层大于30.5 m的时候,两者的放大因子有差异,即用S波计算的场地放大响应要明显大于用脉动计算的场地响应。     

等效线性场地响应程序对比研究

为了评价4种等效线性场地响应软件的适用性,选取深厚场地作为研究对象,将基岩地震波作为地震输入,根据土层剪切波波速和容重确定初始剪切模量并设置对应的模量衰减和阻尼比曲线,分别用SHAKE 2000、 DEEPSOIL、EERA和Strata 4种等效线性场地响应程序计算得到地表的加速度时程及相应的加速度反应谱和傅里叶幅值谱\,场地的最大剪应变和峰值加速度随深度的变化曲线。计算结果表明,由4种场地响应软件得到的地表加速度时程对应的加速度反应谱和傅里叶幅值谱一致,由于土层划分方式不同,Strata软件得到的峰值加速度和最大剪应变深度曲线不同。总结4种软件的不同,DEEPSOIL可以较全面考虑土的动力特性,Strata提供随机振动理论进行场地响应分析并可以考虑土层参数的变异性。     

强震动记录H/V谱比法计算处理的若干关键环节

强震动记录H/V谱比法自提出以来,已广泛应用于地震工程各研究领域中。但对数据处理的2个关键环节——Taper预处理及傅氏谱平滑未有详细研究。因此,本文针对强震动记录H/V谱比法计算涉及的重要数据处理过程,对四川地区19个强震动台站在汶川地震余震中获取的642组强震动记录开展研究。研究实例表明:S波H/V谱比振幅在周期 < 1s时高于全时程,论证计算H/V谱比时截取S波窗口的必要性;S波窗口的截断会引起傅里叶振幅谱的边瓣效应,若不加以处理,将显著影响低频部分H/V谱比结果,Taper预处理对于消除这种截断误差具有良好效果;在兼顾平滑效果及卓越周期识别准确度的基础上,通过不同带宽的Parzen窗试算,认为0.5Hz带宽宜用于傅里叶H/V谱比曲线平滑。     

用H/V谱比法与折射微动法确定表土层参数

表土层参数对地震场地响应有重要影响,通过H/V谱比法和折射微动(REMI)方法确定场地表土层厚度和速度结构等有实际意义.REMI方法采用常规折射地震采集设备,利用自然震动作为源,通过地震波场τp变换和傅立叶变换,将地震记录从时空域变换到慢度-频率域提取频散曲线,不同于主动源面波勘探,被动源面波勘探能获得更大深度的土层结构.     

安徽省国家强震动台站场地响应及背景噪声分析

利用安徽省部分强震动台站记录的地脉动数据和历史地震数据,采用H/V谱比法和噪声功率谱密度函数法,对比分析台站的场地响应及背景噪声,结果表明：全椒、马鞍山地震台的场地卓越周期小且背景噪声低;沈巷地震台卓越周期大且背景噪声高;三山地震台无明显卓越周期;地震台站背景噪声与场地响应曲线之间不存在一一对应关系。     

Mapping the thickness of sediments in the Ljubljana Moor basin (Slovenia) using microtremors

The Ljubljana Moor basin is characterized by moderate bedrock topography and thicknesses of Quaternary lacustrine and fluvial sediments ranging from 0 to 200 m. More than 65 boreholes which reached the bedrock were drilled in the area, but their distribution in the basin is very uneven and some data from the boreholes uncertain. There are also no data on S-velocity distribution within the basin, but seismic refraction measurements pointed out a rather uniform increase of P-velocity with depth, great impedance contrast with the bedrock and relatively small lateral velocity variations. The microtremor horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method was therefore applied as a complementary tool to seismic refraction survey to map the thickness of sediments. First, microtremors were measured at the locations of boreholes which reached the bedrock and the resonance frequencies determined. The inverse power relationship between the resonance frequency and the thickness of sediments was then determined from 53 data pairs. The quality of the correlation is moderate due to possible heterogeneities in sediments and possible 3D effects in some minor areas, but the obtained parameters correspond well to the values obtained in six other European basins. Secondly, a 16 km-long discontinuous seismic refraction profile was measured across the whole basin, leaving uncovered some larger segments where active seismic measurements were not possible. Microtremors were then measured at 64 locations along the same profile, using 250 m point spacing, without leaving any gaps. The frequency–thickness relationship was used to invert resonance frequencies to depths. These were first validated using the results of the seismic refraction survey, which showed good agreement, and finally used for interpolation in the segments of missing refraction data to obtain a continuous depth profile of the bedrock. The study has shown that the microtremor method can be used as a complementary tool for mapping the thickness of unconsolidated sediments also in areas characterized by moderate bedrock topography. As the input data are always to some extent uncertain, it is important to have a sufficiently large number of borehole data to establish a frequency–thickness relationship, as well as some additional independent geophysical information for its validation.     

Comparison between different techniques for evaluation of predominant periods using strong ground motion records and microtremors in Pereira Colombia

This paper presents a comparison between different techniques for evaluation of predominant periods in soft soil, for the urban area of Pereira city, Western Colombia. In this study we used microtremor and strong ground motion records obtained by a local array of seven accelerographs stations deployed in the city. Response spectra and spectral ratios have been calculated and compared with strong seismic events recorded in solid rock and soft soil stations. These observations allowed the determination of dominant response spectra for several sectors in the urban area. For the microtremor measurements and earthquake data, dominant periods were determined using interpretation of Fourier amplitude spectra and Nakamura's technique. A comparison between dominant periods obtained from strong ground motion records and those obtained from microtremor measurements show similarities, which is in the range 0.2–0.5 s. A preliminary version of a site response map for Pereira city was obtained from this analysis.     

Site amplification in the Lijiang Valley, Yunnan Province

The site amplifications for three stations, Libin (LIBI), Baisha (BASH) and Yulong (YULG) situated respectively in the southern, middle and northern parts of Lijiang Valley, are obtained by analyzing the S-wave soil/bedrock and microtremor horizontal/vertical spectral ratios. The data are digital recordings for the aftershocks of the Lijiang MS=7.0 earthquake on February 3, 1996. In the frequency range of 1～4 Hz, the S-wave soil/bedrock spectral ratio of E-W component for LIBI is the largest and amounts to 4.5. The microtremor soil N-S/vertical (V) spectral ratio is approximate to 1, E-W/V is about 4.5 and the same with above soil/bedrock spectral ratio. It is shown that the vertical and N-S components of microtremor have not been amplified by the soil and the spectral ratios for BASH and YULG are further evaluated. They have similar characteristics with that of LIBI. In above frequency range, both N-S/V ratios are approximate to 1, while the E-W/V ratio is about 6 for BASH, 4.5 for YULG. Lijiang Valley is characterized by the trans-valley directional site response.     

城市微动高阶面波在浅层勘探中的应用：以苏州河地区为例

频率-贝塞尔变换方法(Frequency-Bessel Transform method,简称F-J方法)是一种分析微动信号的新方法,由于该方法采用频率矢量波数变换处理水平层状各向同性弹性模型中时空平稳随机分布的微动信号,所以从理论上可以提取出清晰的瑞利波基阶和高阶模态频散曲线,但是目前还没有相关的野外实验对此进行研究和应用.本文首先采用该方法对上海市苏州河地区采集的城市微动信号进行处理获得了频率-相速度谱,然后提取了多模态瑞利波频散曲线,最后通过粒子群算法对频散曲线进行联合反演,得到了浅地表0~70 m深度范围的S波速度结构,并且利用钻孔数据对反演的速度结构进行了验证.另外,本文还通过对比F-J方法和传统的SPAC(SPatial AutoCorrelation method)方法分别提取的频散曲线,展示了F-J方法在处理城市微动信号方面的优势.本文研究结果表明:(1)F-J方法可以从少量台站(21个台站)短时记录(1小时)的微动信号垂直分量中提取出清晰的基阶和高阶模态瑞利波频散曲线;(2)F-J方法提取的高阶模态频散曲线比传统SPAC方法提取的更加清晰,高频部分(>13 Hz)优势更为明显;(3)联合基阶和高阶模态频散曲线反演的浅地表速度结构更加精确,可以分辨出第四系沉积层中物性相差较小的速度界面和低速异常,在城市浅地表精细结构成像方面具有较好的应用前景.     

土石混合滑坡体微动探测:以衡阳拜殿乡滑坡体为例

土石混合滑坡体地表地形复杂,土、石混杂堆积,结构松散,探测难度大,目前尚缺乏有效的物探手段.本文首次尝试将小台阵二维微动剖面探测技术应用于衡阳市拜殿乡的土石混合滑坡体探测.探测结果揭示,该滑坡体上部为砂质黏性土层,含块石较多;下为全风化花岗岩层,岩性较为均匀,块石含量少,其顶部为该滑坡体潜在的滑动面.滑动面在滑坡体后缘较陡、中部较为平缓,从而后缘的重力失稳、滑动风险更大.滑坡体的滑床（中-强风化花岗岩、微-未风化花岗岩）埋深在10 m以下,起伏变化较大,但岩体相对致密、完整,稳定性好,不易滑动.探测结果与钻探资料较为吻合,为评价滑坡体稳定性、设计合理的治理方案提供了地球物理依据.     

New relationship between fundamental site frequency and thickness of soft sediments from seismic ambient noise

In this contribution, new relationship between the fundamental site frequency and the thickness of soft sediments is obtained for many sites in Egypt. The Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (“H/V”) technique (known as Nakamura technique) can be used as a robust tool to determine the thickness of soft sediments layers overlaying bedrock from observations and measurements of seismic ambient noise data. In Egypt, numerous seismic ambient noise measurements have been conducted in several areas to determine the dynamic properties of soft soil for engineering purposes. At each site in each studied area, the fundamental site frequency was accurately estimated from the main peak in the spectral ratio between the horizontal and vertical component. Consequently, an extensive database of microtremor measurements, well logging data, and shallow seismic refraction data have been configured and assembled for the studied areas. New formula between fundamental site frequency (f₀) and thickness of soft sediments (h) is established. The new formula has been validated and compared with other formulas of earlier scientists, and the results indicate that the calculated depth and geometry of the bedrock surface using new formula are in a good agreement with well logs data and previously published seismic refraction surveys in the investigated sites.