正六边形规则格网表达的DEM谷地线提取

基于规则格网DEM谷地线提取受格网的几何形态、空间剖分和网格布局影响较大。传统的四边形格网D8算法中，四边形网格的角邻域与边邻域存在的距离度量差异，影响了其计算结果对于地形变化的表达在两方向上的均衡性，从而影响了谷地线提取结果。六边形格网具有邻域一致、各向同性、紧凑、采样率高等优点，在空间场建模中越来越得到重用。本文旨在探求六边形格网结构在DEM谷地线提取中的性能特征，发现其与四边形格网比较的突出优势。基于六邻域处理单元，对六边形格网DEM谷地线提取过程中填洼、流向计算及平地区域流向判定作预处理，然后对流向线作拓扑连通组织，从而实现基于六边形DEM的谷地线提取。本文比较发现六边形方法在谷地线形状特征保持方面能力强，随着分辨率减小，六边形DEM所提取的谷地线与实测数据吻合程度高，弯曲特征继承性强。同时，在相同数据存储量条件下，六边形DEM数据精度更高，且其提取的谷地线网络的形状特征更为精细。     

Spheroidal equal angular DEMs: The specificity of morphometric treatment

Digital elevation models (DEMs) are commonly constructed using two main types of regular grids: plane square grids and spheroidal equal angular grids. Methods and algorithms intended for plane square‐gridded DEMs should not be directly applied to spheroidal equal angular DEMs. This is because these grids have fundamentally different geometry. However, some researchers continue to apply square‐grid algorithms to spheroidal equal angular DEMs. It seems appropriate to consider once again the specifity of morphometric treatment of spheroidal equal angular DEMs. This article, first, demonstrates possibilities of direct calculation of local, nonlocal, and combined morphometric variables from spheroidal equal angular DEMs exemplified by slope gradient, catchment area, and topographic index. Second, the article shows computational errors when algorithms for plane square‐gridded DEMs are unreasonably applied to spheroidal equal angular DEMs. The study is exemplified by two DEMs. A medium‐resolution DEM of a relatively small, high‐mountainous area (Mount Elbrus) was extracted from the SRTM1 DEM. A low‐resolution DEM of a vast region with the diverse topography (the central and western regions of Kenya) was extracted from the SRTM30_PLUS DEM. The results show that application of square‐grid methods to spheroidal equal angular DEMs leads to substantial computational errors in models of morphometric variables.     

The Effect of DEM Raster Resolution on First Order, Second Order and Compound Terrain Derivatives

It is well known that the grid cell size of a raster digital elevation model has significant effects on derived terrain variables such as slope, aspect, plan and profile curvature or the wetness index. In this paper the quality of DEMs derived from the interpolation of photogrammetrically derived elevation points in Alberta, Canada, is tested. DEMs with grid cell sizes ranging from 100 to 5 m were interpolated from 100 m regularly spaced elevation points and numerous surface‐specific point elevations using the ANUDEM interpolation method. In order to identify the grid resolution that matches the information content of the source data, three approaches were applied: density analysis of point elevations, an analysis of cumulative frequency distributions using the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test and the root mean square slope measure. Results reveal that the optimum grid cell size is between 5 and 20 m, depending on terrain com‐plexity and terrain derivative. Terrain variables based on 100 m regularly sampled elevation points are compared to an independent high‐resolution DEM used as a benchmark. Subsequent correlation analysis reveals that only elevation and local slope have a strong positive relationship while all other terrain derivatives are not represented realistically when derived from a coarse DEM. Calculations of root mean square errors and relative root mean square errors further quantify the quality of terrain derivatives.     

基于规则格网DEM的地形特征提取算法

提出并实现了一种基于规则格网DEM的地形特征线提取算法,该算法在现有地表水流模拟方法的基础上将矢量操作与栅格操作结合起来对规则格网DEM中的洼地进行填平处理,采用邻域格网分组扫描方法确定平地水流方向,与以往算法相比在提取效率和结果准确性等方面都有了明显的改进,从而也使其更加适合于对大规模的DEM数据进行处理,采用各种尺度的DEM进行试验的结果验证了以上结论.     

A vector-based method for the extraction of catchment from grid DEMs

The methodology of catchment extraction especially from regular grid digital elevation models (DEMs) is briefly reviewed. Then an efficient algorithm, which combines vector process and traditional neighbourhood raster process, is designed for extracting the catchments and subcatchments from depressionless DEMs. The catchment area of each river in the grid DEM data is identified and delineated, then is divided into subcatchments as required. Compared to traditional processes, this method for identifying catchments focuses on the boundaries instead of the area inside the catchments and avoids the boundary intersection phenomena. Last, the algorithm is tested with a set of DEMs of different sizes, and the result proves that the computation efficiency and accuracy are better than existent methods.     

A vector-based method for the extraction of catchment from grid DEMs

The methodology of catchment extraction especially from regular grid digital elevation models (DEMs) is briefly reviewed. Then an efficient algorithm, which combines vector process and traditional neighbourhood raster process, is designed for extracting the catchments and subcatchments from depressionless DEMs. The catchment area of each river in the grid DEM data is identified and delineated, then is divided into subcatchments as required. Compared to traditional processes, this method for identifying catchments focuses on the boundaries instead of the area inside the catchments and avoids the boundary intersection phenomena. Last, the algorithm is tested with a set of DEMs of different sizes, and the result proves that the computation efficiency and accuracy are better than existent methods.     

An enhanced approach for surface flow routing over drainage‐constrained triangulated irregular networks

The accuracy and efficiency of the simulations in distributed hydrological models must depend on the proper estimation of flow directions and paths. Numerous studies have been carried out to delineate the drainage patterns based on gridded digital elevation models (DEMs). The triangulated irregular network (TIN) has been increasingly applied in hydrological applications due to the advantages of high storage efficiency and multi‐scale adaptive performance. Much of the previous literature focuses mainly on filling the depressions on gridded DEMs rather than treating the special cases in TIN structures, which has hampered its applications to hydrological models. This study proposes a triangulation‐based solution for the removal of flat areas and pits to enhance the simulation of flow routing on triangulated facet networks. Based on the drainage‐constrained TIN generated from only a gridded DEM by the compound point extraction (CPE) method, the inconsistent situations including flat triangles, V‐shape flat edges and sink nodes are respectively identified and rectified. The optimization algorithm is an iterative process of TIN reconstruction, in which the flat areas are generalized into their center points and the pits are rectified by embedding break lines. To verify the proposed algorithm and investigate the potential for flow routing, flow paths of steepest descent are derived by the vector‐based tracking algorithm based on the optimized TIN. A case study of TIN optimization and flow path tracking was performed on a real‐world DEM. The outcomes indicate that the proposed approach can effectively solve the problem of inconsistencies without a significant loss in accuracy of the terrain model.     

从规则格网DEM自动提取汇水区域及其子区域的方法

从DEM自动提取的汇水区域及其子区域信息对进一步的水文分析有着重要的辅助作用.在经过洼地处理的DEM及得到水流方向矩阵的基础上,本文提出并实现了一种汇水区域及其子区域的提取算法.该算法首先提取整个DEM区域内每条河流的汇水区域,然后按照不同的要求划分子区域.经过试验,与现有的方法相比,该算法在提取效率和结果准确性方面都有明显提高.     

基于栅格DEM的地形特征提取与分析

以陕北延安地区燕儿沟流域为实验样区,运用比较分析法和数理统计法进行基于栅格DEM的地形特征提取和分析,以及DEM分辨率对地形特征的影响,并计算和比较了地形特征的空间统计分布。研究表明:一个相对真实的DEM能够通过修改生成DEM的基本材料,以及对DEM进行再加工而获得。由于DEM分辨率的不同,由此得到的地形特征值(如坡度、地形指数、河网密度等)在统计特性上也会随之变化。随着DEM分辨率的降低,坡度减小,地形坦化,地形指数均值变大,流域总面积变大,子流域数量减少,河流总长度减小,河网密度降低。     

A GIS numerical framework to study the process basis of scaling statistics in river networks

A new geographic information system (GIS) numerical framework (NF), called CUENCAS, for flows in river networks is presented. The networks are extracted from digital elevation models (DEMs). The program automatically partitions a basin into hillslopes and channel links that are required to correspond to these features in an actual terrain. To investigate the appropriate DEM resolution for this correspondence, we take a high-resolution DEM at 10-m pixel size, and create DEMs at eight different resolutions in increments of 10 m by averaging. The extracted networks from 10-30 m remain about the same, even though there is a tenfold reduction in the number of pixels. By contrast, the extracted networks show increasing distortions of the original network from 40-90 m DEMs. We show the presence of statistical self-similarity (scaling) in the probability distributions of drainage areas in a Horton-Strahler framework using CUENCAS. The NF for flows takes advantage of the hillslope-link decomposition of an actual terrain and specifies mass and momentum balance equations and physical parameterizations at this scale. These equations are numerically solved. An application of NF is given to test different physical assumptions that produce statistical self-similarity in spatial peak flow statistics in a Horton-Strahler framework.     

基于DEM汇流模拟的鞍部点提取改进方法

鞍部点是重要的地形控制点之一,由于其特殊的形态特征,基于DEM的鞍部点提取算法较山顶点、山谷点提取更为困难.本文提出一种基于DEM汇流模拟的鞍部点快速提取改进算法.该算法利用DEM地表汇流模拟的方法提取山脊线,利用地形倒置得到的反地形地表汇流模拟提取反地形流域边界线,获得能自动实现地形部分的原始地形汇水线,进而通过特征...     

基于规则格网DEM的等高线提取算法的优化与实现

随着DEM数据获取质量的日渐提高,利用规则格网DEM准确快速地提取等高线已经成为等高线自动绘制及DEM精度评估的重要方法之一。本文在传统算法的基础上,提出了遍历状态值、中心点符号法、"视点"等概念,分别对格网遍历原则、等高线走向二义性问题及等高线方向一致性处理等方面进行了优化,并使用C++语言在VC++6.0集成开发环境中实现了该算法。     

DEM Extraction in Urban Areas Using High-Resolution TerraSAR-X Imagery

Three-dimensional (3D) spatial information is crucial for improving the quality of human life through urban planning and management, and it is widely utilized due to its rapid, periodic and inexpensive acquisition. In this context, extraction of digital surface and elevation models (DSM and DEM) is a significant research topic for space-borne optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing. The DSMs include visible features on the earth’s surface such as vegetation, forest and elevated man-made objects, while DEMs contain only the bare ground. In this paper, using TerraSAR-X (TSX) high resolution Spotlight (HS) images, high-resolution interferometric DEM generation in a part of Istanbul urban area is aimed. This is not an easy task because of SAR imaging problems in complex geometry of urban settlements. The interferometric processing steps for DSM generation were discussed including critical parameters and thresholds to improve the quality of the final product and a 3 m gridded DSM was generated. The DSM-DEM conversion was performed by filtering and the quality of generated DEM was verified against a reference DEM from stereo photogrammetry with 3 m original grid spacing. The achieved root mean square error of height differences (RMSZ) varies from 7.09 to 8.11 m, depending on the terrain slope. The differential DEM, illustrates the height differences between generated DEM and the reference DEM, was generated to show the correlation between height differences and the coherence map. Finally, a perspective view of test area was created draping extracted DEM and a high-resolution IKONOS panchromatic image.     

Comparison of basin morphometry derived from topographic maps,ASTER and SRTM DEMs: an example from Kerala,India

The drainage network of a sixth-order tropical river basin, viz. Ithikkara river basin, was extracted from different sources such as Survey of India topographic maps (1: 50,000; TOPO) and digital elevation data of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) (30 m) and Shuttle Radar Topography Mapping Mission (SRTM) (90 m). Basin morphometric attributes were estimated to evaluate the accuracy of the digital elevation model (DEM)-derived drainage networks for hydrologic applications as well as terrain characterization. The stream networks derived from ASTER and SRTM DEMs show significant agreement (with slight overestimation of lower order streams) with that of TOPO. The study suggests that SRTM (despite the coarser spatial resolution) provides better results, in drainage delineation and basin morphometry, compared to ASTER. Further, the variability of basin morphometry among the data sources might be attributed to spatial variation of elevation, raster grid size and vertical accuracy of the DEMs as well as incapability of the surface hydrologic analysis functions in the GIS platform.     

黄土丘陵沟壑第三副区水文地貌关系正确DEM的建立与评价

本文以黄土丘陵沟壑第三副区的藉河流域为研究区,利用ANUDEM软件和1:5万地形图研究了水文地貌关系正确DEM的建立方法,从派生等高线与原始数字化等高线对比等方面对建立的DEM进行了质量评价。并且与传统TIN方法建立的不同水平分辨率的DEM做了比较。结果表明:由等高线、高程点、河流和陡崖线在ANUDEM5.1中生成的DEM质量优于由等高线、高程点和地形特征点用TIN方法生成的DEM。ANUDEM建立的DEM更能精确地反映水文地貌特征。在此基础上,研究了确定集水面积阈值的方法,通过在Arc/Info环境下运行AML程序自动提取了基于水文地貌关系正确DEM的流域特征。     

基于数字高程模型的混合流向算法

从数字高程模型提取的汇水网络和汇水区等信息是分布式水文模型及应用分析的基础参数,基于地表汇水模拟的算法是提取该类信息的主要方法,其中,水流方向的确定对提取结果有着直接的影响。单流向算法因其易于实现、易于确定上游汇水区等特性,得到了广泛应用,然而单流向算法在坡度平缓区域会产生不自然的平行径流,能模拟地表水流分散径流特点的多流向算法可以在一定程度上避免此问题,但多流向算法使得不同区域的汇水单元可能存在交叉。本文结合两类流向算法各自的优点和适用性,设计实现了一种混合流向算法,以期在不同的地形条件下模拟得到更加合理的水流分配。首先,使用基于模板的形态检测方法,在给定阈值的基础上,对数字地形进行了分类,DEM被划分为山谷、山脊、鞍部、缓坡和陡坡5类。对陡坡、山谷和山脊区域运用单流向算法;对缓坡和鞍部区域采用多流向算法确定径流方向并进行水量分配。本文选取了黄土地貌和中低山丘陵的两个流域作为研究区,利用并采用了30 m和90 m两个分辨率的DEM。本文研究将混合流向算法与现有其他算法的结果进行比较。相比于多流向算法,该算法结果中的分散效应受到明显的抑制,相比于单流向算法,非自然的平行径流也大幅减少。同时,混合流向算法在较大分辨率DEM上（30 m）改进效果更加明显。     

四孔六边形全球离散格网一致瓦片层次结构编码运算

全球离散格网系统是支持多源地球空间信息融合处理的有效解决方案,格网系统单元层次关系及全球统一编码运算是研究难点。首先,根据四孔六边形剖分特点,提出封闭二十面体表面的一致瓦片层次结构;然后,利用复进制数建立一致瓦片层次结构的编码数学模型,并等价设计全球统一编码运算、编码邻近查询、编码与地理坐标转换等算法;最后,设计了格网层次结构验证和编码运算效率测试实验。实验结果表明,一致瓦片层次结构的编码与地理坐标转换平均效率分别约是同类成果的2.74、1.73倍,编码邻近查询平均效率约是其7.46倍,且随着格网层次升高,效率优势更显著;与同类成果相比,所提方案瓦片具有一致性,且数量更少,算法复杂度低;层次结构的原理简明易懂,计算机执行效率高,可为多源对地观测数据统一组织管理、处理分析提供理论和技术支撑。     

基于共轭地表曲面的山脊线和山谷线提取方法的研究

从数字化地形资料中自动提取山脊线和山谷线的技术,在测绘、工程设计等方面有着重要的意义。本文对地形流水模拟法提取山脊线和山谷线的方法进行深入研究后,提出利用共轭地表曲面的概念实现自动提取算法山谷线和山脊线的方法,并设计出了基于共轭地表曲面的地形流水模拟法自动提取算法山谷线和山脊线的算法。文后通过实验验证了该方法的有效性,它所提取的山脊线和山谷线与实际地形相符合。     

利用多分辨率半边进行全球多分辨率DEM无缝表达

应用传统四叉树结构进行全球多分辨率数字高程模型（digital elevation model,DEM）表达时,不同层次相邻格网间会产生裂缝问题,尽管目前有许多裂缝消除的方法,但大都是属于"后期处理",且存在诸多限制。为此,引入多分辨率组合映射理论,提出了一种基于多分辨率半边结构的全球多分辨率DEM无缝表达方法。首先给出了基于多分辨率组合映射的多种全球离散格网统一表达方法和裂缝消除原理,并以球面菱形格网为例,提出多分辨率半边编码方法和坐标转换方法;然后,设计并实现了一种全球多分辨率DEM无缝表达算法;最后,应用C++语言和DirectX工具,开发了相应的可视化实验系统。实验结果表明,利用多分辨率半边结构,通过边界结点细分方法的特殊处理,球面菱形格网的四分体内部、边界和极点处均不会产生裂缝。与传统方法相比,该方法从前期的格网剖分结构上解决了多分辨率DEM格网的裂缝问题。     

基于DEM和水箱理论识别流域河网方法研究

本文应用水箱原理处理流域DEM数据中存在的洼地问题,提出流域河网识别及编码的新方法。首先,确定洼地网格,搜索洼地区域,计算洼地容量,根据水箱原理确定洼地出口,判断洼地的流向;然后,逐层合并消减洼地,修正洼地水流方向;最后,计算网格集水面积,进行河网识别和编码。本文结合云南东川蒋家沟流域的DEM资料进行河网识别,得到了完整的流域河网,结果与实际勘测的河网完全吻合,这表明应用该方法提取流域河网是可行的,能够为进一步的分布式水文、泥石流、环境模型提供条件。