青藏高原东部牧区雪灾的气候特征分析

通过对 196 7— 1996年 2 5个测站的雪灾资料分析 ,揭示了青藏高原东部牧区有雪灾期从上年10月到当年 5月长达 8个月 ,雪灾在一年之中有 3个高发月 :11月、3月和 2月 ;雪灾主要发生在巴颜喀拉山南缘和东麓地区 ,近 30a来呈上升趋势。 196 8— 1976年冬春为一较长时段的雪灾发生的低值期 ,从 1977— 1992年有 3个高峰期和 2个低谷期 ,从 1993年开始又进入高发期 ;高原东部牧区冬春雪灾存在着明显的 5 6a的和较弱的 2 3a周期变化。本文中定义发生在 15月的雪灾为后冬雪灾 ,发生在10 12月的雪灾为前冬雪灾。研究表明 ,70年代是前冬雪灾的高发期 ,80年代末到 90年代是后冬雪灾的高发期。雪灾期西太副高的年际差异是雪灾发生年际振荡的一个可能原因     

近40年中国东北地区平均风速的气候变化特征分

采用气候统计分析方法分析了东北地区1961—2000年近40年地面平均风速的气候变率、气候趋势、气候突变等气候变化特征。结果表明,东北地区近40年平均风速呈整体下降趋势,倾向率为-0．23m／（s．10a）。东北地区东北部和西南渤海海边附近风速减弱最明显。个剐测站平均风速变化趋势与全区整体气候趋势不一致,呈现出周期性震荡特征。各季节风述变化均呈减弱趋势,冬、春季风速减弱比夏、秋季明显,冬、春季风速由强转弱年份比夏、秋季早5年左右。东北地区平均风速在1981年前后出现了气候跃变,由偏强转为偏弱。     

冬季气候影响评价

1气候概况冬季（1997年12月-1998年2月）新疆的气候特点：前冬冷,后冬暖,特别是进入2月份,全疆气温一转入冬以来气温持续偏低趋势,后冬出现全疆性的异常高温,使南疆大部分地区的开春期比常年提前了2候左右。而冬季北疆北部积雪偏厚,雪灾危害较为突出,对牧业生产造成一定     

近42年西藏高原雅鲁藏布江中游夏季气候趋势和突变分析

根据1957－1998年雅鲁藏布江中游拉萨、日喀则、泽当、江孜4个站6－8月的平均气温、降水资料，通过线性趋势估计和多项式函数拟合等方法分析了雅鲁藏布江中游地区夏季气候长期趋势变化和周期变化，并利用滑动T检验等方法讨论了突变的问题。结果表明：在过去42a里，该流域夏季气温有明显的上升趋势，1980年突变增暖非常明显；而夏季降水呈下降趋势，60年代中后期至80年代末降水普遍偏少，90年代降水出现回升势头。气温、降水的主要周期集中在高频波段，显著周期为2．8－3．5a。     

1995～1996年冬季高原地区雪灾气候分析

分析了１９９５－１９９６年冬季我国高原东部地区形成雪灾的降水和平均环流异常的关系，以及雪灾与高原地我冬季降水气候振动及其背景关系。结果表明，高原雪灾和冬季降水从６０、７０年代至８０、９０年代有增多的趋势。     

濮阳市多时间尺度气温变化及对粮食生产的影响

利用线性分析方法，分析濮阳多时间尺度气温的变化特征及气候趋暖对粮食生产的影响。结果表明：冬、夏季和年平均气温升、降温趋势分别为0．23～0．46℃／10a、-0．05～-0．11℃／10a和0．14℃／10a；年高（≥35℃）、低（≤-10℃）温日数分别以3．36天／10a和2．35天／10a的趋势减少；日平均气温稳定通过0℃的初日提前4．91／10a、终日推后1．02天／10a，日平均气温稳定通过20℃的终日延长2．0天／10a；1987年以来濮阳相继出现17个暖冬，严重暖冬年份皆出现在1995年以后。当地引种的小麦品种冬性减弱，播种期推后，越冬期缩短，生育期延长。病虫害有加重趋势，农药、化肥用量增加。 结论认为：当地气侯变化具有冬趋暖夏趋凉的特征，高低温危害减少，积温的有效性增加，作物生长期与灌浆期延长；自上世纪90年代中期以来，异常暖冬事件增多，近10年是50年以来最暖的10年。同时冬季平均气温年际间波幅增大，春季气温不稳定，气温变化的不确定性增加。气候变暖对当地粮食生产有利因素较多，但不利因素也很突出，如何趋利避害，确保粮食安全是需要进一步研究的问题。     

气候变化与北疆北部2000年特大雪灾的必然性及预测

利用1960～2003年新疆阿勒泰地区7测站及塔城地区北部5测站当年11月至次年1月,44a气温、降水资料,研究了北疆北部冬季气候变化特征,解释了2000年该地区冬季特大雪灾极端气候事件出现的必然性,最后探讨了该地区冬季降水的预测问题;并得出一点很有意义的结论:在气候增暖、增湿背景下,特大雪灾也是可以预报的。     

全球气候变暖背景下的兰溪极端气温演变探讨

对兰溪48年来各月及年极端气温序列进行了分析,结果表明极端最高气温序列仅有5．6月份存在比较明显的增温趋势,而极端最低气温序列全平均存在上升趋势,尤其是冬半年增暖趋势更为明显。累月合计极端最高气温气候事件上世纪60年代最多,70年代最少,以后呈逐渐增多的趋势,2000年以来增多趋势最为明显;极端最低气温气候事件则表现为逐年代际变少的趋势。     

环青海湖地区气候变化及其对荒漠化的影响

对环青海湖地区1976年以来的气温、降水、蒸发等气候要素的气候变化趋势及突变现象进行了分析和检验。结果表明：年平均气温及春、夏、秋、冬四季气温均呈上升趋势，其中以秋、冬两季最为明显；年平均降水量及春、夏、冬季降水自90年代后出现减少趋势，秋季降水始终呈减少趋势，且线性变率达－7.28mm/10a；各季及年蒸发量呈增大趋势，其中年、夏季蒸发量的线性变率分别为11.7、9.39mm/a。各季及年气温出现过一次明显的增暖现象；降水虽然出现过一次明显的增加和减少，但增加出现在80年代，而减少则出现在90年代；同样，蒸发也出现过一次明显的增大和减小现象，只是减少出现在80年代，而增大而出现在90年代。这种气候趋势和突变现象的发生，加剧了环青海湖地区荒漠化的蔓延，致使草地退化、河流流量减少、湖泊水位下降，生态环境受到严重影响。     

冬季气候影响评价

冬季（1996年12月～1997年2月）新疆大部地区气温偏高，北疆12月下旬出现异常回暖现象。降水北疆大部偏多，南疆大部偏少。北疆北部积雪异常偏厚。雪灾危害突出，牧业生产出现严重困难。1气候概况气温：季平均气温，北疆地区为－10．0℃；南疆地区为－3．9℃。与常年同期相比较，北疆偏高2℃；南疆偏高1－7℃。各地季平均气温，全疆除喀什、和田异常值高，石河子正常外，其它大部地区偏高。冬季气温除2月上旬偏低外，其它时间气温偏高，12月下旬的异常回暖气候是新疆有史以来罕见的。各月乎均气温，12月气温旬际变化大。上旬北疆大部偏低4～…     

冬半年欧亚雪盖变化对东亚环流的影响

对１９７３～１９９４年期间欧亚雪盖和东亚５００ｈＰａ高度距平资料进行旋转扩展主成分分析,研究了冬半年欧亚雪盖异常与后期夏半年东亚环流分布连续演变的关系及其可能机制。结果表明前期秋冬春季欧洲、中亚和东亚中高纬雪盖异常不同的动态变化激发出具有不同持续性的东亚低频流型,而夏半年东亚副热带环流纬向扩展型演变与前期冬半年欧亚雪盖异常无关。     

Enhanced climatic warming in the Tibetan Plateau due to doubling CO2: a model study

The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) regional climate model (RegCM2), together with initial conditions and time-dependent lateral boundary conditions provided by a 130-year transient increasing CO₂ simulation of the NCAR Climate System Model (CSM), has been used to investigate the mechanism of ground warming over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The model results show that when CO₂ in the atmosphere is doubled, a strong ground warming occurs in the TP. Two regions within it with the largest warming are in the eastern TP (region I) and along the southwestern and western slopes (region II). Moreover, in region I the ground warming in the winter half year is stronger than that in the summer half year, but in region II the warming difference between the seasons becomes opposite to that in region I, i.e., the warming is strong in the summer half year and weak in the winter half year. There are indications that the summer monsoon enhances but the winter monsoon weakens when CO₂ is doubled. A strong elevation dependency of ground warming is found in region I for the winter half year, and in region II for both winter and summer half years at elevations below 5 km. The simulated characteristics of ground warming in the TP are consistent with the observations. In region I, when CO₂ is doubled, the cloud amount increases at lower elevations and decreases at higher elevation for the winter half year. As a consequence, at lower elevations the short wave solar radiation absorbed at the surface declines, and the downward long wave flux reaching the surface enhances; on the other hand, at higher elevations the surface solar radiation flux increases and the surface infrared radiation flux shows a more uniform increase. The net effect of the changes in both radiation fluxes is an enhanced surface warming at higher elevations, which is the primary cause of the elevation dependency in the surface warming. In the summer half year the cloud amount reduces as a result of doubling CO₂ in region I for all elevations, and there is no elevation dependency detected in the ground warming. Furthermore, there is little snow existing in region I for both summer and winter half years, and the impact of snow-albedo feedback is not significant. In region II, although the changes in the cloud amount bear a resemblance to those in region I, the most significant factor affecting the surface energy budget is the depletion of the snow cover at higher elevations, which leads to a reduction of the surface albedo. This reduction in turn leads to an enhancement in the solar radiation absorbed in the surface. The snow-albedo feedback mechanism is the most essential cause of the elevation dependency in the surface warming for region II.     

1961—2004年青海积雪及雪灾变化

利用1961—2004年青海省海西东部和环青海湖地区地面气象观测资料和北半球500 hPa高度场网格点资料, 整理了地表积雪序列和雪灾年表, 并对积雪的年代际变化特征和雪灾发生的机理及其成因进行了研究。结果表明:海西东部和环青海湖地区出现区域性雪灾的几率为15.9% (7/44), 而出现局部雪灾的几率仅为9.1% (4/44)。海西东部和环青海湖地区近44年来冬季累计积雪量的缓慢增加易形成雪灾和低温冻害。造成该区域主要降水的影响系统是高原槽、蒙古槽和高原低涡, 若后冬至春季北半球500 hPa极涡中心偏向西 (东) 半球, 青藏高原与我国东部沿海地区高度距平场形成“西低东高 (西高东低)”的距平分布型时, 海西东部和环青海湖地区容易出现多 (少) 雪年。     

亚欧大陆北部与青藏高原雪盖特征及其与我国气温和降水的统计分析

本文利用1966～1983年雪盖资料分析了亚欧大陆北部及青藏高原地区的雪盖特征及其与我国温度及降雨的关系。分析指出亚欧大陆雪盖的年变化大,但变化趋势平稳;而高原地区的年变化小,但变化多波动。夏季高原雪盖面积占高原总面积的百分比远比业欧大陆的要大(指40°N以上大陆)。冬半年亚欧大陆雪盖变化与我国各地3周内温度变化呈负相关。夏季亚欧大陆北部雪盖大时,我国长江以北(华北除外)降雨偏少,华南偏多;反之亦然。     

Interannual and decadal variations of snow cover over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and their relationships to summer monsoon rainfall in China

Interannual and decadal variations of winter snow cover over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (QXP) are analyzed by using monthly mean snow depth data set of 60 stations over QXP for the period of 1958 through 1992. It is found that the winter snow cover over QXP bears a pronounced quasi-biennial oscillation, and it underwent an obvious decadal transition from a poor snow cover period to a rich snow cover period in the late 1970’s during the last 40 years.It is shown that the summer rainfall in the eastern China is closely associated with the winter snow cover over QXP not only in the interannual variation but also in the decadal variation. A clear relationship exists in the quasi-biennial oscillation between the summer rainfall in the northern part of North China and the southern China and the winter snow cover over QXP. Furthermore, the summer rainfall in the four climate divisions of Qinling-Daba Mountains, the Yangtze-Huaihe River Plain, the upper and lower reaches of the Yangtze River showed a remarkable transition from drought period to rainy period in the end of 1970’s, in good correspondence with the decadal transition of the winter snow cover over QXP.     

青藏高原积雪异常对高原地面加热的影响

On the basis of snow data and AWS (Automatic Weather Station) data obtained from the Tibetan Plateau in recent years (1993 to 1999), the features of sensible heat, latent heat and net long-wave radiations are estimated, and their variations in more-snow year (1997/1998) and less-snow year (1996/1997) are analyzed comparatively. The relationships between snow cover of the Tibetan Plateau and plateau＇s surface heating to the atmospheric heating are also discussed. The difference between more-snow and less-snow year in spring is remarkably larger than that in winter. Therefore, the effect of anomalous snow cover of the Tibetan Plateau in winter on the plateau heating appears more clearly in the following spring of anomalous snow cover.     

Water and energy fluxes in the lower Mackenzie valley, 1994/95

Abstract

The 1994/95 water year in the lower Mackenzie Valley was an extraordinary year hydrologically, with the important winter to summer transition being the earliest on record. Unlike more temperate areas, the northern water year is dominated, to a great extent, by this onset of spring which results in the melting of nearly half of the annual precipitation over a period of a few weeks, initiates the thawing of the river and lake ice and the soil active layer, and marks the beginning of the evaporation season. An early winter to summer transition occurred at two small research basins in the Inuvik area and at the East Channel of the Mackenzie River Delta. At the research basins, for example, the spring of 1994/95 had the earliest onset of continuous above‐freezing air temperatures, removal of the snow cover, and initiation of runoff. Consideration of the entire water year at the research basins demonstrates that rain and snow were nearly equal in magnitude, evaporation exceeded runoff, and the annual change in storage was negative to near zero. This negative change in storage was related to the long, snow‐free evaporation season, above‐average air temperatures, and below‐normal precipitation. The unusual winter to summer transition on the Mackenzie River in the eastern portion of the Mackenzie Delta was, in many ways, even more remarkable than that in the research basins. Earlier work had suggested that the timing of the spring breakup was very consistent from year to year. An analysis of the timing of breakup from the early 1960s to the late 1990s, however, shows a trend towards earlier spring breakup, with the mean for the 1990s being nine days earlier than that for the 1960s, and with the 1995 breakup being the earliest on record. Such an early breakup is not only an indication of warm local conditions, but of warm temperatures and an early runoff event over the more southerly areas of the Mackenzie basin. A companion Mackenzie Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment study illustrates the importance of a high pressure circulation pattern centred east of the basin to this early melt event.     

阿勒泰地区白灾的天气学分析及防御对策

通过对阿勒泰地区1960-2001冬季9个白灾年的大尺度环流、天气尺度影响系统和气候资料的分析，得出一些有意义的结论，这些结论在天气预报中具有一定的指导作用，并提出几点防御对策，更好地做好气象决策服务，使灾害造成的损失减少到最小程度。     

亚洲季风模拟试验中青藏高原积雪强迫问题的讨论

青藏高原积雪对亚洲季风和东亚，南亚时旱涝灾害的影响，百余年来一直为中外气候学家所瞩目。近几年来用大气环流模式进行数值试验已成为该研究领域的主要手段，但是由于假设的积雪强迫不同，模拟结果很不一致。作者概据美国宇航局ＳＭＭＲ微波逐候积雪深度１０年的观测结果，提出了一个真实的青藏高原积雪强迫试验方案。