安徽贵池铜山矽卡岩型铜矿床蚀变矿化分带特征及其成因

铜山矽卡岩型铜矿床产于长江中下游铁铜成矿带中的安庆—贵池矿集区。研究区矽卡岩化与矿化发生于碳酸盐岩地层与花岗闪长斑岩间的接触带中,蚀变及矿化具有水平与垂向分带特征。水平方向上,靠近岩体的矽卡岩中石榴子石含量较高,远离岩体的矽卡岩中透辉石含量较高;靠近大理岩带发育钙铁辉石矽卡岩,远离大理岩带的灰岩硅化较强。垂向上,从上到下依次为角岩带、钙质矽卡岩带和镁质矽卡岩带。矿物成分研究表明,靠近岩体处氧化性较强,石榴子石的钙铁榴石端员含量高;铜多富集于含石英脉的岩体、距岩体略远的矽卡岩、角岩或大理岩中,而锌多富集于硅化灰岩及远离岩体的矽卡岩中。研究表明,该矿床中蚀变矿化经历了进变期和退变期,包括接触热变质阶段、进化交代阶段和早退化蚀变阶段、晚退化蚀变阶段。其中,大规模的黄铜矿化主要发生于早退化蚀变阶段,且在岩浆演化晚期进一步富集于斑岩石英脉中。     

云南香格里拉市红山铜矿特征及找矿标志

云南香格里拉红山铜矿,矿体呈似层状、透镜状赋存于,印支期中酸性岩浆侵入岩体与三叠系上统曲嘎寺组接触带外带的矽卡岩、角岩和大理岩层中,矿体产状与岩层产状大致相同,呈顺层产出。该铜矿的形成与印支期中酸性岩浆侵入活动有关,属复成份热液矽卡岩型铜矿床。中酸性岩体侵入接触带及矽卡岩化是重要的找矿标志。     

西秦岭北缘德乌鲁矽卡岩型铜矿床地质特征及成矿模式讨论

甘肃夏河县德乌鲁矽卡岩型铜矿床产于商丹缝合带南侧的西秦岭段。德乌鲁岩体为花岗闪长岩岩体,并伴有同源岩浆脉动侵入形成的花岗闪长斑岩和微晶石英闪长岩,该岩体接触带多已发生矽卡岩化,形成透辉石石榴石矽卡岩和矽卡岩化大理岩等。岩体围岩为二叠系石关组的一套浅海相碎屑岩夹碳酸盐岩沉积。矿区主要工业矿体赋存于矽卡岩中,多集中于侵入体岩脉穿插较复杂地段,且无一例外的在侵入体内凹或岩枝凸出处为富矿地段。通过对资料研究,表明德乌鲁矽卡岩富铜矿的形成是燕山期深部地壳熔融形成岩浆携带较丰富的成矿物质,于岩体冷凝成岩过程中交代围岩形成"矽卡岩型"和"热液型"混合铜矿。燕山期花岗闪长岩、花岗闪长斑岩(脉)、石英闪长(玢)岩、透辉石石榴子石矽卡岩及矽卡岩化大理岩发育地区,并出现孔雀石、蓝铜矿、褐铁矿化等氧化矿物的地段,以及伴有磁异常、铜次生晕和低电阻率异常地段,与德乌鲁铜矿区特征相似,为找矿有利地段。因此,提出龙得岗—美武新寺地区为具有较大铜成矿潜力区,建议加强研究和勘查工作。     

云南香格里拉拉巴钼矿床地质特征及成因意义

拉巴钼矿床位于格咱岛弧铜钼铅锌金银多金属矿集区,区域内岩浆构造活动非常强烈,成矿条件十分有利。矿体赋存于燕山晚期中酸性岩体-黑云母花岗闪长斑岩及其外接触带大理岩、矽卡岩和玄武岩中,矿床在时间上、空间上、成因上均与中酸性斑岩体有关。该矿床为受地层、构造和岩浆岩控制的斑岩型钼矿床。     

新疆祁漫塔格地区阿尼亚拉克钨铜矿成矿地质特征及找矿意义

新疆阿尼亚拉克钨铜矿区位于柴达木微板块之祁漫塔格古生代复合沟弧带,该带为W-Sn-Pb-Zn-Fe-Cu-多金属矿带。矿床的赋矿地层为蓟县系狼牙山组和青白口系丘吉东沟组碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩建造,含矿岩性一为条带状绿帘石-透辉石矽卡岩及矽卡岩化大理岩;另一种为条带状云英岩化变石英砂岩和变粉砂岩。矿体主要受地层和侵入体接触带的控制,形态多呈层状、透镜状和脉状。围岩蚀变主要有矽卡岩化（包括石榴子石化、透辉石化、透闪石化、阳起石化、符山石化、硅灰石化、绿帘石化）、云英岩化、硅化、黄铁矿化等。阿尼亚拉克钨铜矿是以蓟县系狼牙山组和青白口系丘吉东沟组为赋矿岩系,以印支晚期二长花岗岩为热动力源,且受岩体与灰岩接触带和近EW向层间构造破碎带控制的岩浆中-高温热液交代充填矽卡岩-云英岩型钨铜矿床。阿尼亚拉克钨铜矿床的发现对祁漫塔格地区钨锡、铅锌、铁、金铜成矿远景区的地质找矿具有重要意义。     

云南都龙锡多金属矿床金石坡矿段钨铜钼矿化特征及地质意义

在都龙超大型锡多金属矿床外围西部的金石坡矿段勘查发现,该矿段深部距离燕山期隐伏花岗斑岩体100m附近或花岗斑岩脉体周边存在较好W-Cu-Mo矿化,其赋矿围岩是中寒武统田蓬组底部碳酸岩夹石英云母片岩。新发现W-Cu-Mo矿化的围岩蚀变较强,但与都龙矽卡岩Sn-Zn主矿体的蚀变类型不同,其矽卡岩化以石榴石、透辉石等干矽卡岩为主。W-Cu-Mo等成矿元素以白钨矿、辉钼矿和黄铜矿等矿物相形式存在,呈细脉状、星点状和团斑状产于花岗斑岩硅化接触带及节理裂隙发育的矽卡岩化大理岩、碎裂状石榴石透辉石矽卡岩中。W-Cu-Mo矿化在整个都龙矿田深部都较普遍,是今后勘探和开采中值得重视的新矿化类型。都龙超大型锡多金属矿床深部W-Cu-Mo矿化的揭露,表明该矿床成因类型属于与燕山晚期花岗斑岩有关的矽卡岩型多金属矿床。     

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床金矿地质特征及成矿作用

甲玛铜多金属矿床按照赋矿岩石不同,共包含产于矽卡岩中的与铜共生的金矿(化)体、产于板岩-角岩中的脉状金矿(化)体、产于大理岩中的脉状金矿(化)体以及产于玢(斑)岩脉中的独立金矿(化)体4种金矿化类型。矽卡岩中的金矿化较强,全矿区金品位×厚度基本都大于1 m.g/t,存在多个富金块段;板岩中金矿化主要分布在矿区外围破碎细粒黄铁矿化硅化板岩中,角岩中金矿(化)体以富含雄黄、雌黄为特征;大理岩中金矿化较弱,矿(化)体通常呈透镜状产出;玢(斑)岩中金矿化主要产于岩脉中的石英脉内。矿石中金的赋存状态主要以独立矿物和类质同像形式存在。独立矿物形式的金以自然金、银金矿存在于铜矿物、石英、黄铁矿等载金矿物内;类质同像形式的金主要存在于以斑铜矿、黄铜矿为代表的铜矿物中。金矿物赋存状态以粒间金、包裹金为主,其次为连生金和裂隙金。笔者以甲玛铜多金属矿床金的地质特征、分布规律及赋存状态为研究基础,推测甲玛金成矿作用与幔源C-H-O流体有关,并初步建立了甲玛铜多金属矿床金成矿模型。此外,提出了运用模型开展区域及矿区下一步找矿工作的建议。     

青藏高原甲玛斑岩成矿系统首例3000 m科学深钻的初步认识

青藏高原碰撞造山带中复杂的地质结构、深部矿产资源潜力和高效的勘查评价技术体系一直是地质学家关注的焦点,也是亟需攻克的重要科学难题.受国家重点研发计划-深地专项资助,在冈底斯成矿带甲玛斑岩成矿系统实施首个3000 m科学深钻.通过多次研讨和反复论证,确定科学施工位置、角度以及施工工艺.历时488天的施工,完成了科学深钻,总进尺3003.33 m.该科学深钻直接揭示甲玛超大型斑岩成矿系统3000 m以浅的地质信息:浅部为角岩型铜钼矿体、中部为矽卡岩型铜多金属矿体、深部为斑岩型钼铜矿体以及核部蚀变与矿化均不发育的无矿核.角岩中主要为细脉浸染状的黄铜矿、辉钼矿化,并发育黑云母化和弱绿泥石化蚀变.矽卡岩中从上到下具有清晰的分带结构,即石榴子石绿泥石角岩、绿泥石石榴子石角岩、透辉石石榴子石矽卡岩、石榴子石矽卡岩、石榴子石硅灰石矽卡岩、硅灰石矽卡岩、矽卡岩化大理岩.矿化主要为浸染状的斑铜矿、黄铜矿、辉钼矿.深部斑岩为复式岩体,主要为二长花岗斑岩,侵位较早,后被花岗闪长斑岩、石英闪长玢岩等以岩脉的形式穿切侵位.花岗闪长斑岩与矽卡岩关系最为密切.多相的复式斑岩体也揭示了甲玛斑岩成矿系统的无矿核.根据现有工业指标,科学深钻共计探获21层矿体,累计厚度583.46 m,以铜、钼矿化为主,局部发育钨矿化,同时伴生金、银矿化.甲玛科学深钻首次直接揭示青藏高原3000 m以浅的地质信息和斑岩成矿系统结构,为青藏高原地质结构研究提了科学样品,也为深部资源探测和勘查技术体系研究提供了关键支撑.后续将针对其开展详细的地球化学分析、地球物理测井、高光谱测量以及指针矿物分析等研究,并结合地表勘查评价成果,建立3000 m以浅的多元信息综合勘查评价模型,进而定位预测深部矿产资源,实现增储示范.     

辽西杨家杖子向斜构造下部隐伏花岗岩接触变质作用

为了进一步确定杨家杖子钼矿区向斜构造下部是否存在隐伏花岗岩地质体,以及隐伏花岗岩接触变质作用特征,进行了大地电磁测深和钻探验证,结果显示:上富儿沟JK--1井于1 727 m、杨家杖子岭前矿南沟JK-2井于1 514. 79 m、喜鹊沟JK--5井于1 159. 92 m分别钻遇到花岗岩地质体;大地电磁测深显示杨家杖子向斜构造下部1 160～1 750 m存在隐伏花岗岩地质体,虹螺山大岩基与杨家杖子向斜构造下部的花岗岩体是连通的。以喜鹊沟JK-5井为例,隐伏花岗岩接触变质影响厚度780 m±,接触变质内带,角岩--矽卡岩带,变质程度为辉石角岩相,影响厚度约500 m,发育辉钼矿化;接触变质中带,透辉石大理岩带,角闪角岩相,影响厚度100 m±,发育含有透辉石大理岩;接触变质外带,为含透闪石微晶大理岩,钠长石--绿帘角岩相,宽度180 m,180 m以上过渡到未变质石灰岩。杨家杖子钼矿的主要矿体均产于石灰岩与花岗岩接触带的矽卡岩和斑状花岗岩中,属于矽卡岩-斑岩型钼矿床。     

图们市银洞子铅锌矿床地质特征及成因探讨

介绍了银洞子铅锌矿床成矿背景、矿体的空间赋存规律及特征。分析了地层、岩浆和构造控矿因素,即矿化围岩为大理岩、硅质大理岩及角岩;矿化与燕山期侵入岩有关;大部分矿化均赋存在背斜、向斜的轴部及其附近。区内硫同位素具有较好的均一性,反映了矽卡岩型矿床硫同位素的特征。认为该矿床为矽卡岩型矿床,矿区内的细脉浸染型及热液充填型矿化的出现是较晚期中温热液活动叠加的结果。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.