北大西洋涛动对青藏高原夏季降水的影响

利用青藏高原中东部1961-2004年60个气象台站夏季(6-8月)降水资料,通过旋转经验正交函数分解发现青藏高原夏季降水存在南北反向变化的空间模态,分析表明这种变化模态与北大西洋涛动(NAO)密切相关.利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料进行环流场分析,探讨了NAO对青藏高原这种降水空间变化模态的影响机制.结果表明:强NAO年份时,高原北部水汽输送通量强度增强,水汽辐合增强,而高原南部水汽输送通量强度减弱,此时高原切变线位置明显偏北,正是在这种水汽输送和环流形式配置下使得高原北部降水偏多而高原南部降水偏少;在弱NAO年份,上述情况基本相反.     

西风带与季风对中国西北地区的水汽输送

利用美国国家环境保护委员会/国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)再分析气候资料,分析了西风带与季风对我国西北地区水汽输送的作用。分析表明,大气水汽输送在西北地区的3个分区特征非常明显:高原切变线以南,主要是来自西南季风的水汽输送;高原切变线以北,主要是来自西风带的水汽输送;高原切变线向东北方向的延长部位是一鞍型区,为西风带与西南季风的共同影响区。青藏高原东部的西南季风气流有绕行和向北翻越青藏高原的水汽输送;而在青藏高原中西部地区,主要是由青藏高原周边向主体的水汽输送,没有明显的翻越青藏高原的水汽输送。在青藏高原以北的大部分地区以对流层中层的水汽输送为主;在青藏高原南部以低层水汽输送为主。在青藏高原以北的大部分地区,水汽输送为辐散,即输入的水汽又被扩散出去了;在青藏高原主体和我国西北地区东部为水汽输送的辐合区。西风带的水汽输送为我国西北大部分地区提供了基本的水汽来源,西风变化对其水汽输送通量散度年际变化有直接的作用;南亚夏季风通过西南季风气流水汽输送直接影响我国西北地区南部和东部,并且,其变化通过环流结构调整影响西风带的波动,进而影响西风带对西北地区的水汽输送。     

1979—2016年青藏高原水汽收支的气候变化特征及其成因北大核心CSCD

利用1979—2016年ERA-Interim的月平均再分析资料,通过统计分析、诊断研究等方法,分析了青藏高原水汽收支的气候变化特征及其成因。结果表明:青藏高原水汽四个季节均是从南、西、北边界流入高原,从东边界流出高原;青藏高原春、夏、秋季都表现为一个明显的水汽汇,夏季是高原水汽输送最活跃的季节,而冬季水汽从高原向外输出;高原东部(南部)水汽输送和收支量远大于高原西部(北部)。青藏高原年和夏季有逐渐变湿的趋势,主要是由于东边界水汽流出量的显著减少;高原东、西部的水汽净收入均呈增加趋势,高原西部的增幅明显大于高原东部;东边界水汽流出量的减少是高原东部水汽净收入增加的原因,而南边界水汽流入量的明显增加是高原西部水汽净收入增加的原因;高原北部水汽收支的年际变化比高原南部更明显,高原北部有明显增湿的趋势,而高原南部增湿趋势不明显。夏季青藏高原南边界水汽收支变化主要受青藏高原以南、以东的季风控制区偏南风水汽输送的影响,与西太副高的变化也有密切联系。西边界水汽收支的变化主要受中纬度西风带水汽输送的影响,北边界水汽收支的变化主要受到“丝绸之路”遥相关波列的影响,东边界的水汽输出偏少与高原地区东北侧至贝加尔湖附近上空的反气旋异常和华南地区上空的气旋异常有关。     

青藏高原雨季降水的水汽条件研究

利用1961—2017年青藏高原109站降水量资料、NCEP全球逐月再分析资料,讨论了雨季期间高原的水汽输送特征。结果表明：高原雨季降水呈显著的年际变化特征,高原雨季降水主模态为南北反向型和全区一致型。气候态高原雨季的水汽输送路径为来自阿拉伯海的偏西风水汽输送,在孟加拉湾附近分为三支水汽输送气流：一支向北输送,自高原南缘输入;一支在南海附近转为偏南风水汽输送,自东南侧输入高原;一支受高原大地形的阻挡作用,转为偏西风水汽输送。在全区一致型降水偏多年,高原主体呈现北部弱辐合、南部辐散的分布形态;在全区一致型降水偏少年,来自阿拉伯海偏南水汽输送在25° N附近转为偏东水汽输送,在高原南缘形成较强的水汽辐合中心。雨季期间高原各边界的水汽收支情况表现为西、南、东边界以水汽输入为主,北边界为水汽输出,南边界水汽输入量最大,西边界次之。     

青藏高原冬春季积雪异常与西南地区夏季降水的关系

选取1961-2007年青藏高原冬、春季积雪日数资料和西南地区夏季降水资料,对高原积雪和降水作奇异值分解(SVD)分析.结果表明:冬春季高原积雪对西南地区夏季旱涝有重要的影响.冬、春季高原积雪的不同分布将造成后期西南地区夏季降水分布出现差异.西南地区夏季降水对冬季高原积雪异常最敏感的区域主要是四川东北部、重庆、西藏中西部,对春季积雪异常最敏感的区域主要位于四川东部、重庆、贵州东北部,以及西藏中东部.与降水敏感区相对应的冬季高原积雪分布的关键区是西藏中西部和青海中南部至四川西北部地区,春季则转变为西藏西部和青海部分地区.总的来说,冬季高原积雪的异常变化比春季对西南地区夏季降水的影响更为明显.因此,前期青藏高原积雪是西南地区夏季降水预测中的一个重要信号,对夏季西南地区降水有一定的指示和预测意义;冬季高原积雪日数尤其具有预报指示意义,可作为一个重要的预测指标.     

重庆市2013年10-12月大气降水中氢氧同位素特征及水汽来源分析

文章对重庆市北碚区西南大学2013年10-12月间降水进行收集并测试样品中δD、δ18O值,得到重庆大气降水线方程δD= 8.19δ18O +17.39,r=0.97（p<0.01）;发现该地区降水中δ18O与气温、降水量之间存在反温度效应、降雨量效应,但两种效应表现较弱。该地区10-12月大气水汽中的同位素组成复杂,场降水中δD、δ18O的变化受天气因素影响大。为了探明水汽输送过程中δD和δ18O变化,采用HYSPLIT模式追踪并验证该地区场降水的水汽输送轨迹,发现该时段西南季风较弱,主要受西风影响,10、11月水汽主要来源于中国横断山区三江流域,测试表明11月存在台风海燕的水汽输送记录,不同水汽来源对δD、δ18O的影响较大、响应值较好,12月主要来自局地的水汽蒸发。      

青藏高原春季地表感热加热特征及其对黄河源区 汛期降水的影响

利用NCEP再分析资料分析1961～2017年青藏高原春季表面感热和黄河源区汛期降水的时空变化和相应的环流场异常,并对二者的可能联系进行讨论。结果表明:春季高原中东部表面感热年代际震荡明显。当春季高原感热异常偏强(弱)时,索马里越赤道气流异常偏强(弱),印度夏季风偏强(弱),对流层中层的"南冷北暖"温度梯度异常偏强(弱);黄河源区汛期降水年际变化主要表现为全区一致型,降水异常偏多(少)年,高原季风低压偏强(弱),经向水汽输送偏强(弱),新地岛南部的高度场偏低(高),亚洲区域极涡强度偏强(弱)。印度夏季风是春季高原表面感热与黄河源区汛期降水之间的联系纽带。     

北京连续降水水汽输送差异的同位素示踪

为了探讨连续降水过程中水汽输送的变化,应用NCEP/NCAR资料、HYSPLIT后向轨迹模拟及降水稳定同位素资料对北京22场连续降水的水汽输送差异进行了研究。结果表明:连续降水的水汽输送可分为西向水汽输送、远洋水汽输送、近海水汽输送、远源大陆水汽输送和局地大陆水汽输送5种类型,并以近海水汽输送和西向水汽输送为主（降水量占比60.8%）。不同水汽输送类型下降水δ18O的差异主要受水汽源区同位素富集程度及水汽输送途中降水过程的影响,降水氘盈余的变化反映出二次蒸发的影响及水汽源区大气相对湿度的差异。14场连续降水的水汽输送类型发生了变化,且降水δ18O值的变化能够较好地指示水汽输送类型的变化。该结果说明降水同位素特征能够为识别水汽输送类型提供有效信息。     

东亚干旱半干旱区水汽来源研究进展

气候增暖背景下,东亚干旱半干旱区降水发生了显著变化,水汽输送变化对该区域降水异常具有重要作用。回顾和梳理了近年来关于东亚干旱半干旱区的水汽来源的研究,重点关注外部水汽输送来源、季节差异以及局地蒸散发变化,讨论并展望了未来研究方向。现有研究表明,来自孟加拉湾—印度洋、南海、西太平洋和欧亚大陆陆地蒸散发的水汽分别通过南亚季风、南海季风、副热带季风和中纬度西风带传输至东亚干旱半干旱区,夏季以来自南海和西太平洋的水汽占主导,冬季基本取决于西风所携带的水汽含量。1979年以来,东亚干旱半干旱区年降水再循环率均呈现增加趋势,季节尺度夏季的再循环率高于冬季。未来主导东亚干旱半干旱区水汽输送特别是夏季水汽输送进而影响降水的源地以及路径需要进一步验证,量化外部输入水汽和内部蒸散发水汽相对贡献的研究或将成为未来研究热点,全球变暖背景下降水水汽来源变化仍需进行更为深入的研究探讨。     

青藏高原地区云水时空变化特征及其与降水的联系

利用1984-2009年ISCCP的云量、云光学厚度(COT)、云水路径(CWP)资料,分析了青藏高原云水的分布特征、变化趋势,及其与夏秋季降水、冬春季降雪的联系.结果表明:青藏高原地区大气中的云水有着显著的季节变化与水平分布差异;青藏高原春夏季总云量、高云云量高于秋冬季,CWP、COT与总云量的分布特征具有较好的一致性.高原云量高值区位于喀喇昆仑山与高原东南部;可可西里地区由于羌塘高压的下沉作用为云量低值区.青藏高原总云量在1984-2009年间呈现减少趋势;而CWP在高原总体以增加为主,但在各区域上的变化不一致,高原东部CWP增加而西部出现较弱的减小,这与来自孟加拉湾的水汽输送增加有关.青藏高原中东部地区夏秋季降水受云量减少影响较小而与CWP的增加相一致呈增长趋势;该地区冬春季降雪略有减少,与总云量的年际变化具有正相关.     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with