无裂栉江珧种内同工酶表型差异的比较研究

采用垂直板聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳对 4种不同类型无裂栉江珧Atrinapectinata的肾脏、后闭壳肌和鳃组织进行了酯酶 (EST)、过氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶 (MDH)、苹果酸酶 (ME) 5种同工酶的比较研究。结果表明这 4种类型的酶谱表达有差异 ,特别是肾组织的EST ,后闭壳肌的EST、SOD和鳃组织的SOD、MDH的酶谱表型差异明显 ,其特征谱带可作为区别无裂栉江珧种内差异的一种分子标记。     

褐点石斑鱼不同组织4种同工酶的研究

运用聚丙烯酰胺垂直梯度凝胶电泳法对褐点石斑鱼7种组织(眼睛、肌肉、心脏、肝脏、肾脏、尾鳍、脾脏)的4种同工酶(EST、SOD、LDH、MDH)进行了初步研究。结果表明:褐点石斑鱼的4种同工酶系统具有不同程度的组织特异性。EST由4个基因位点编码,具有多态性现象;肌肉SOD与其它组织SOD有明显差异;眼睛LDH酶谱酶带最多;MDH具有线粒体型(m-MDH)和上清液型(s-MDH)两种类型。     

卤虫等位酶的遗传控制

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术分析了孤雌生殖卤虫产生的罕见雄体、两性卤虫及其杂交后代 (F1)的酯酶 (EST)、超氧物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化物酶 (PRX)、碱性磷酸酶 (AL P)、四唑氧化酶(TO)和乳酸脱氢酶 (L DH)的同工酶酶谱表型。对编码 5种酶的 19个位点、35个等位基因的表达进行了遗传分析。结果表明 ,在 EST、PRX和 TO酶谱中既有共显性等位基因 ,又有沉默等位基因的表达 ;卤虫 PRX、AL P和 SOD为单体酶 ,在 EST和 TO酶谱中还存在着二聚体同工酶 ;除 LDH为单态外 ,其余 5种同工酶为多态酶。     

中华绒螯蟹不同发育阶段腹肢粘液腺同工酶的比较

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法对中华绒螯蟹不同发育阶段(幼蟹、未成熟蟹、成熟蟹及抱卵蟹)腹肢粘液腺的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、醇脱氢酶(ADH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、过氧化物酶(POD)、酯酶(EST)及淀粉酶(AMY)等同工酶进行研究。结果表明不同发育阶段中华绒螯蟹腹肢粘液腺中，LDH同工酶的表达较稳定，均只有一条酶带，酶活性呈逐步减弱趋势，至抱卵蟹时活性又增强；ADH同工酶在不同发育阶段酶带数及酶活性也呈减少趋势，至抱卵蟹时又重新增加；MDH同工酶有m-MDH和s-MDH两种类型，其比值随发育阶段不同有一定变化；不同发育阶段POD同工酶活性均较弱；EST同工酶至抱卵蟹时酶带数最多，活性相对最强；AMY同工酶随不同发育阶段，酶带数及酶活性呈逐步复杂趋势。     

硬壳蛤同工酶的组织特异性研究

采用垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对硬壳蛤5种组织(足、外套膜、闭壳肌、鳃和肝)的酯酶(EST)、苹果酸脱氢酶(M DH)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶进行了比较研究,并对酶谱表型及位点表达进行了分析。结果表明,硬壳蛤上述组织的EST和M DH同工酶存在不同程度的组织特异性,而LDH没有组织特异性。在EST酶谱中,肝组织染色最深,说明其EST活性最高,这与肝脏为重要的消化腺和解毒器官相适应。在M DH酶谱中发现了s-M DH和m-M DH所形成的谱带,闭壳肌的M DH谱带染色很深,这与肌肉需要由三羧酸循环提供大量ATP相适应。     

象山港蓝点马鲛8种同工酶特征分析

为探究蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)的生化遗传特征,采用垂直聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术分析了6尾象山港蓝点马鲛个体(3雄,3雌)的9种组织(心脏、鳃、肠、肌肉、胃、肝、眼、肾和性腺)中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、葡萄糖脱氢酶(GDH)、葡萄糖6磷酸脱氢酶(G6PDH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酯酶(EST)、山梨醇脱氢酶(SDH)和苹果酸酶(MEP)等8种同工酶的表达模式。结果表明,同工酶呈现出组织特异性,LDH、MDH和G6PDH在9种组织中均有表达,GDH在肝脏和眼中弱表达;在各种组织中,肝脏中同工酶表达最广泛,8种同工酶均有表达,其中EST的酶条带比较丰富,GDH和G6PDH在肝脏中活性较高。各种同工酶表达谱在雌雄个体组织间无差别。研究结果可为象山港蓝点马鲛的种质鉴定提供一定的理论依据。     

泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)个体发育过程中同工酶基因表达与调控的研究

采用不连续垂直聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法，对泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa Linnaeus)19个发育阶段的ADH、LDH、EST、IDH、ALP、MDH、GDH、POD、ATPase和ME等10种同工酶的基因表达进行检测分析。结果表明，泥蚶在个体发育过程中随着机体分化和生理活动的改变，同工酶基因的表达呈现出显著的时序变化。在10种酶中，LDH和ATPase两种酶的所有酶带及EST、MDH和ME等的部分酶带在各个发育阶段持续表达，其他酶带只出现在发育阶段的某一或某些阶段，并且表现出了与泥蚶营养方式、代谢形式等生理活动的关联性。在泥蚶的个体发育阶段过程中，IDH、MDH、GDH、ME、ALP等5种酶在32细胞期表达的酶带数剧增，因此32细胞期可能是合子基因表达启动的时间；ADH、EST、LDH、MDH、GDH、ME等6种酶在泥蚶的附着变态期酶带大幅减少或产生新酶带，可能与泥蚶附着期运动方式、代谢强度及生活环境的改变有关。     

日本沼虾黑鳃病几种同工酶的变化与病理分析

酯酶（EST），过氧化物酶（POD），乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）同工酶在日本沼虾中存在着组织和器官的特异性，患黑鳃病后酶带发生显著变化。在肌肉、肝脏、心脏和鳃中病虾较健康虾的LDH酶谱分别缺失了2、6、2和1条酶带，同时肝脏中新增了1条酶带；POD酶谱分别缺失了0、7、4和2酶带，肌肉中新增了2条酶带；EST酶谱分别缺失了0、2、3和1条酶带，肌肉、心脏和鳃中分别新增了1、2和2条酶带；MDH酶谱分别缺失了0、2、1和1条酶带，肌肉和脏脏中各新增了1条酶带。     

凡纳对虾个体发育早期的同工酶研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳技术，对凡纳对虾(Penaeus vannamei)个体发育早期6个时期的11种同工酶系统(EST、ALP、ACP、GDH、MDH、LDH、AAT、ME、LAP、ADH、AMY)进行研究。结果表明，凡纳对虾在幼体发育阶段已基本具备分解代谢蛋白质、脂类、碳水化合物的酶系。在早期发育过程中，EST同工酶系最为复杂，显示5-15条谱带，至少由6个位点编码；整个发育早期阶段GDH表达很弱，未见R-AMY及Q_AMY的表达；ALP、GDH、AMY及EST在无节幼体期表达很弱或未见表达；ACP、MDH、ME、ADH及AMY酶谱从糠虾幼体第Ⅲ期开始谱带数明显增加；除LAP、AAT酶谱简单且各期变化差异不大外，其它9种同工酶均随发育进程表现出明显差异。     

温度变化对刺参免疫防御和抗氧化指标的影响

本文研究了温度变化对刺参(Apostichopusjaponicus)免疫和抗氧化指标的影响,实验设置为:对照组(CT,14℃)、慢速升温组(ST,14~20℃)和快速升温组(LT,14~26℃),取样时间为0、3、6、9、12、15、20d,分别取刺参体腔液、体壁和呼吸树测定免疫防御和抗氧化指标。结果表明:温度变化对刺参免疫防御和抗氧化指标影响显著(P0.05)。各处理组总体腔细胞数量、吞噬率以及体腔液溶菌活力在3~12d内呈峰值变化,于第9d时达到最大值,至12d分别恢复至或显著低于对照组水平。而ST和LT抗菌活力、凝集活性分别在15、12d后显著低于对照组水平。各处理组体腔液总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在15d内显著下降,而后维持稳定;各处理组体壁T-AOC活力、SOD活性、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和谷胱甘肽/氧化性谷胱甘肽(GSH/GSSG)在15d内逐渐上升,而后恢复至对照组水平;各处理组呼吸树T-AOC能力、SOD活性、GSH含量和GSH/GSSG逐渐上升,并于15d后维持稳定。由此可见,温度变化会在一定时间内引起刺参免疫应激反应,而随着温度的升高刺参免疫防御功能受到明显抑制,并且刺参不同组织应对温度变化的抗氧化响应机制不同,抗氧化水平为呼吸树体壁体腔液,随着温度的升高刺参整体抗氧化水平受到抑制。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.