西藏改则上三叠统日干配错组生物礁组成特征及演化

西藏改则地区上三叠统日干配错组发育有大量生物礁,造礁生物有六射珊瑚、钙质海绵和钙藻类,附礁生物为双壳类、有孔虫、苔藓虫、棘皮动物、腹足类、腕足类等。单个礁体的生物发育顺序可分为5个阶段,自下而上依次为:钙藻类+双壳类+腹足类→钙藻类+双壳类+六射珊瑚→六射珊瑚→六射珊瑚+钙质海绵+苔藓虫→生物碎屑。与此相对,各礁体岩性演化顺序也包括5段:生物碎屑灰岩→障积岩→骨架岩→粘结岩→生物碎屑和内碎屑灰岩。台地边缘生物礁的发育经历了3个旋回,各旋回组成结构相似,礁体均由礁基、礁核和礁顶构成,生物礁经历了生物礁奠基、初期繁盛、最大繁盛和生物礁衰亡4个演化阶段。旋回Ⅰ和旋回Ⅱ规模较大,内部构成复杂,旋回Ⅲ规模较小,内部构成较简单,自下而上构成一个海侵大背景下的次级进积序列。     

黔南惠水下石炭统上司组礁滩灰岩微相

黔南惠水雅水剖面下石炭统上司组底部含有厚度约7m的生物沉积和建造灰岩,为上下生屑滩夹含5m厚的珊瑚格架礁,微相类型丰富,可划分出4种类型:1泥粒状灰岩;2粒泥状灰岩;3珊瑚障积岩;4层孔虫盖覆岩。在生屑滩沉积生物碎屑泥粒状灰岩中,珊瑚、腕足类、钙藻、介形类、海百合茎等破碎程度高,分选性低,为较强水动力条件远距离或频繁搬运后快速沉积的产物,此时不适宜大型珊瑚原地生长保存,仅见少量而单调的单体四射珊瑚和复体四射珊瑚。珊瑚格架礁以生物碎屑粒泥状灰岩、珊瑚障积岩为主,发育少量层孔虫盖覆岩和藻类粘结作用。腕足类、钙藻、有孔虫、海百合茎、介形类、腹足类较为丰富,苔藓虫以及层孔虫的丰度未达到支撑程度,昭示珊瑚格架礁生长期的水动力条件减弱,为单体四射珊瑚、笛管珊瑚(Syringopora)和丛管珊瑚(Siphonodendron)为主体的珊瑚群落形成原地礁灰岩创造了条件。     

藏北安多东巧地区晚侏罗世生物礁古生态学研究

安多东巧地区上侏罗统沙木罗组主要为一套潮坪相碎屑及台地相碳酸盐沉积,其中的特征沉积是发育有生物礁。造礁生物主要为层孔虫,其次为珊瑚,其中,层孔虫又可以分为筒状、块状和枝状3种宏观形态。在对造礁生物的个体生态学分析基础上,根据其组合特征,将生物礁划分为3个造礁群落,分别是Milleporidium—Cladocorops...     

峡东宜昌黄花场下奥陶统生物礁的研究

首次发现峡东下奥陶统生物礁。造礁生物为攀苔藓虫、托盘藻、古钵海绵、蓝细菌和Pulchrilamina等。按造礁生物形成的格架类型有:粘结粒泥岩,藻粘结岩,攀苔藓虫障积岩,粘结障积岩等4种礁岩微相。这些微相在礁核中有、无和分布差异形成了灰泥岩隆礁,藻岩隆礁,攀苔藓虫障积岩隆礁和藻粘结-古钵海绵障积岩隆礁。各类礁都经历了奠基、发育、衰亡3个阶段。这一演化过程反映了沉积环境和水能量强度对礁发育的制约作用。     

广西南丹县六寨泥盆纪生物礁

南丹县六寨生物礁,产于中泥盆世东岗岭组中。它长4.5km、宽300m,最大厚度达158m,是广西最大的生物礁之一。该礁体属台地边缘相中的堤礁,可细分为六个亚相。岩石类型有棘屑灰岩,塌积角砾岩,生物屑灰岩,层孔虫——珊瑚灰岩、泥晶灰岩等。造礁生物有层孔虫、刺毛类,附礁生物有珊瑚、腕足类、棘皮类等。礁体生长经历了二个阶段,五个造礁时期,至东岗岭末期即告结束。     

广西二叠纪生物礁的特征和分布规律

广西二叠纪生物礁（丘）非常发育，自栖霞期至长兴朝的均有分布，以茅口期最繁盛，生物礁主要发育于具陡斜坡的孤立浅水台地边缘，包括堤礁，马蹄形礁，环礁，链状礁和块状礁，造礁生物以钙质海绵为主，另有水螅，管壳石、苔藓虫及红藻等。包覆粘结生物以古三石孔藻、层纹状蓝绿藻为主，附礁生物为底栖生物和藻类，礁岩类型以复合型为主，包括包覆骨架岩，粘结骨架岩，包覆障积粘结岩，包覆粘结岩等。生物丘则主要产在碳酸盐缓坡，孤     

湘南上二叠统长兴组生物礁基本特征

湘南生物礁发育于上二叠统长兴组。该礁体的岩石组合类型有:骨架岩、障积岩、粘结岩等。组成礁体的生物极为丰富,类型繁多。造架生物有:串管海绵、纤维海绵、Tabulozoan、水螅类、四射珊瑚等。粘结生物有:Archaeolithoporella、Tubiphytes、Tabulozoan及蓝绿藻。附礁生物有:腕足类、有孔虫等。礁体发育大致可以分为四个阶段:萌芽期、发育期、繁盛期和衰亡期。从礁体的发育关系来看,具有海侵过程中向岸推移的趋势。     

天山东部晚灰炭世碳酸盐岩隆岩石学与成岩作用

新疆天山东部广泛发育晚石炭世碳酸盐岩隆。这些岩隆主要为生物丘,少数为生物滩及与岩隆有关的生物层,其中生物丘含大量灰泥和内碎屑,基本岩石类型为泥粒状灰岩、粒泥状灰岩、粒泥状－尼粒状灰岩、少量岩石类型包括颗粒岩、骨架岩和障积岩。成岩作用 岩隆发展演化的重要阶段和过程,在生物丘内,已经识别出四种重要的胶结物,即球粒泥晶、纤状主解石、放射轴状方解石和粒状方解石。尽管缺失典型的造礁生物,但通过岩石类型研究和     

塔中地区中上奥陶统台地镶边体系分析

塔里木盆地塔中地区中上奥陶统碳酸盐岩台地边缘以发育良好的多种粒屑滩和生物礁组成的镶边沉积体系为特征。通过精细的单井相分析,识别出砂屑滩、砾屑滩、生屑滩以及鲕粒滩等,并且区分出3种不同类型的生物礁：①隐藻灰泥丘;②主要由枝状苔藓虫、海绵或（和）珊瑚建造的障积礁;③由石质海绵、托盘类、层孔虫、珊瑚、管孔藻等建造的骨架礁。在面向深水盆地的台缘外带,以发育中～高能粒屑滩和骨架礁组合为特征。在背靠开阔海台地的台缘内带,主要表现为中低能粒屑滩、隐藻灰泥丘以及障积礁的组合。这个台缘镶边沉积体系总体上沿塔中1号断层西侧呈北西-南东向长带状展布,长度100多公里,是本区重要的油气聚集带之一。储层质量台缘外带总体上优于台缘内带,其中骨架礁礁核和粒屑滩灰岩最好,礁间海和滩间海沉积物较差。     

中韩第五次《东北亚地壳演化》学术研讨会在北京举行

新疆天山东部广泛发育晚石炭世碳酸盐岩隆。这些岩隆主要为生物丘,少数为生物滩及与岩隆有关的生物层,其中生物丘含大量灰泥和内碎屑。基本岩石类型为泥粒状灰岩、粒泥状灰岩、粒泥状－泥粒状灰岩,少量岩石类型包括颗粒岩、骨架岩和障积岩。成岩作用是碳酸盐岩隆发展演化的重要阶段和过程,在生物丘内,已经识别出四种重要的胶结物,即球粒泥晶、纤状方解石、放射轴状方解石和粒状方解石。尽管缺失典型的造礁生物,但通过岩石类型研究和微相分析,认为碳酸盐岩隆的形成主要取决于生物作用及古环境格局。本区碳酸盐岩隆可以同欧洲瓦尔索坦的岩隆对比     

黔南布寨泥盆纪生物礁的初步研究

黔南布寨生物礁受同沉积断层控制,发育在开阔台地边缘,其西南部和东北部分别是台盆相和滨海相沉积区。礁主要由以层孔虫和床板珊瑚为主的群落建成。礁相可明显划分出礁前、礁核、礁翼和礁后等亚相,其中礁后亚相与邻区的生物礁有很大区别,显示它发育在比邻区礁相对较深的环境中。生物礁的发育受到海平面升降的控制,分为两个大的旋回,分别形成鸡泡段和鸡窝寨段的生物礁     

Stromatoporoid growth forms and Devonian reef fabrics in the Upper Devonian Alexandra Reef System,Canada – Insight on the challenges of applying Devonian reef facies models

Existing facies models for Devonian reef systems can be divided into high‐energy and low‐energy types. A number of assumptions have been made in the development of these models and, in some cases, criteria that distinguish important aspects of the models are poorly defined. The Upper Devonian Alexandra Reef System contains a variety of reef fabrics from different depositional environments and is ideal for studying the range of environments in which stromatoporoids thrived and the facies from these different environments. A wide variety of stromatoporoid growth forms including laminar, tabular, anastamosing laminar and tabular, domal, bulbous, dendroid, expanding conical, concave‐up whorled‐laminar, concave‐up massive tabular and platy‐multicolumnar are present in the Alexandra Reef System. The whorled‐laminar and massive tabular concave‐up growth forms are virtually undocumented from other Devonian reefs but were common in the reef front of the Alexandra, where they thrived in a low‐energy environment around and below fair‐weather wave base. In contrast, high‐energy parts of the reef margin were dominated by bioclastic rubble deposits with narrow ribbon‐like discontinuous bodies of laminar stromatoporoid framestone. In the lagoon, laminar stromatoporoids formed steep‐sided sediment‐dominated bioherms in response to sea‐level rise and flooding. Relying mostly on the different reef facies in the Alexandra system, a new classification scheme for Devonian reef fabrics has been developed. Devonian reef fabrics can be classified as being: (i) sediment‐laden metazoan dominated; (ii) metazoan–microbial dominated (boundstone); (iii) metazoan dominated (framestone); or (iv) metazoan–marine cement dominated. Distinction of these fabrics carries important sedimentary and palaeoecological implications for reconstructing the depositional environment. With examples from the Alexandra Formation, it is demonstrated that reef facies accumulated in a range of depositional environments and that the simple observation of massive stromatoporoids with or without microbial deposits does not automatically imply a high‐energy reef margin, as otherwise portrayed in a number of the existing facies models for these systems.     

Large-scale Tazhong Ordovician Reef-flat Oil-Gas Field in the Tarim Basin of China

The Tazhong reef-flat oil-gas field is the first large-scale Ordovician organic reef type oil-gas field found in China. Its organic reefs were developed in the early Late Ordovician Lianglitag Formation, and are the first large reefs of the coral-stromatoporoid hermatypic community found in China. The organic reefs and platform-margin grain banks constitute a reef-flat complex, mainly consisting of biolithites and grainstones. The biolithites can be classified into the framestone, bafflestone, bindstone etc. The main body of the complex lies around the wells from Tazhong-24 to Tazhong-82, trending northwest, with the thickness from 100 to 300 m, length about 220 km and width 5-10 km. It is a reef-flat lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir, with a very complex hydrocarbon distribution: being a gas condensate reservoir as a whole with local oil reservoirs. The hydrocarbon distribution is controlled by the reef complex, generally located in the upper 100-200 m part of the complex, and largely in a banded shape along the complex. On the profile, the reservoir shows a stratified feature, with an altitude difference of almost 2200 m from southeast to northwest. The petroleum accumulation is controlled by karst reservoir beds and the northeast strike-slip fault belt. The total geologic reserves had reached 297.667 Mt by 2007.     

松滋刘家场地区Tremadocian早期Pelmatozoan生物礁的发现

首次在刘家场地区早奥陶世Tremadocian早期地层（南津关组下部）中发现Pelmatozoan生物礁, Pelmatozoan不仅单独形成障积礁,而且和低等微生物菌藻类一起联合形成微生物岩礁--障积礁和粘结礁。障积礁可分为Pelmatozoan障积礁和有柄棘皮类包壳状蓝细菌粘结障积礁,粘结礁可分为硅化海绵有柄棘皮类蓝细菌障积粘结礁和有柄棘皮类蓝细菌障积粘结礁。相应地,可以划分为4个生物群落,即Pelmatozoan群落、有柄棘皮类包壳状蓝细菌群落、硅化海绵有柄棘皮类蓝细菌群落和有柄棘皮类蓝细菌群落。在对研究区Pelmatozoan与叠层石纹层破坏的关系讨论中,笔者认为Pelmatozoan障积作用而阻断部分纹层的生长可能是主要原因,Pelmatozoan滤食可能是次要原因。生物礁发现表明,有柄棘皮动物在全球最早建礁的时间是Tremadocian早期,更重要的是该发现提供了中寒武世古杯点礁衰亡之后后生动物第一次恢复造礁的证据。因此,Tremadocian早期Pelmatozoan生物礁的发现不仅对于有柄棘皮动物生物礁和奥陶纪生物礁的演化史研究具有重要理论意义,而且对江汉平原油气评价等经济领域具有一定的实际意义。     

A Study of Devonian Reefs from Southern China

Three Devonian reefs (bioherms) from Yunnan and Guangxi, southern China, are studied in detail. Six microfacies types are differentiated. Colonial rugose corals (Columnaria, Disphyllum and Hexagonaria) at Qujing, tabulate corals (Alveolites) with massive stromatoporoids (Actinostroma and Stromatoporella) and sponges at Panxi, and massive stromatoporoids (Actinostroma, Trupetostroma and Stromatoporella) at Yangshuo belong to the most important reef builders. All the three reefs studied clearly reveal a successive evolution history. They developed on the carbonate banks, shallow carbonate platforms and platform margins in the Late Givetian and terminated in the Frasnian due to sea-level falls related to local uplifts of platforms. This coincides with a eustatic fall of relative sea level at the Frasnian/Famennian transition.     

西沙西科1井第四系生物礁-碳酸盐岩的岩石学特征

从西科1井生物礁-碳酸盐岩的岩心观察和岩石学特征的分析入手, 重点刻画了第四系全新-更新统乐东组生物礁-碳酸盐岩的岩石类型和生物礁类型.543片铸体薄片分析和214.89 m岩心观察表明: 岩石类型主要为粒泥灰岩、泥粒灰岩和骨架灰岩, 其次为粘结灰岩、颗粒灰岩、漂砾灰岩和砾屑灰岩.在纵向上, 埋深0~10 m层段以颗粒灰岩为主, 埋深10~22 m层段为生物碎屑砂分布段, 埋深22.00~214.89 m层段以粒泥灰岩、泥粒灰岩和骨架灰岩为主.生物礁类型以骨架礁为主, 造礁生物为珊瑚和少量珊瑚藻.骨架礁在埋深0~214.89 m均有发育, 丛状和块(段)状礁仅分布于埋深83~98 m.      

重庆开县上二叠统长兴组红花生物礁成礁模式

通过对红花生物礁露头的精细解剖和微相分析,研究了礁的内部构成和成礁模式。红花生物礁发育3期礁体旋回：礁A、礁B和礁C。礁A由生屑泥晶灰岩和骨架岩构成;礁B由生屑泥晶灰岩、粘结岩、骨架岩和生屑灰岩构成;礁C由粘结岩、骨架岩和生屑灰岩构成。红花生物礁造礁生物有钙质海绵、钙藻类、苔藓虫和水螅类,附礁生物为有孔虫、腕足类、双壳类、腹足类和棘皮动物等。单个礁体内,由下往上的生物演化为：腕足类+双壳类+有孔虫组合→钙藻类→钙质海绵+水螅类+钙藻类+苔藓虫组合→生物碎屑;岩性演化为：生屑泥晶灰岩→粘结岩→骨架岩→生屑灰岩。礁B的生屑滩内生屑间为泥晶充填,生屑分选、磨圆较好,是由相邻的高能生屑滩侵蚀搬运到礁B侧翼低能区沉积形成。3期礁都发育在碎屑滩上,礁A为低能环境下形成的礁,礁B和礁C在礁A形成的高地上成礁,为高能环境礁;单个礁体的完整成礁模式为：在浅滩之上,钙藻类大量生长、粘结吸附颗粒固结基底,钙质海绵和钙藻类在硬质基底上繁茂生长,形成具有抗浪格架的生物礁,礁体暴露水面死亡后遭波浪、水流改造形成生屑滩。