“2010.09.21”罕见冷式切变线暴雨的异常环流特征

利用常规气象观测资料、数值预报产品,对2010年9月21日发生在内蒙古中西部的罕见冷式切变线区域性暴雨过程的异常环流特征进行了分析。分析表明:本次暴雨的发生与大气环流异常有关。欧亚中高纬西风带持续呈两槽一脊形势,亚洲中高纬度盛行纬向西风气流;东亚中低纬西太平洋副热带高压和南亚高压偏北偏强,热带低纬超强台风凡亚比在我国登陆,因此不同纬度环流系统的整体异常及其相互作用是本次暴雨发生的关键。     

1994年北上台风活动期间500hPa ECMWF产品的检验

1 引言 大范围的大暴雨和特大暴雨与西风带、副热带和热带(以下简称“三带”)环流系统的相互作用有着密切的联系,是“三带”环流相互作用的结果,因此,对于“三带”环流形势的正确分析和预报,是暴雨预报的关键。 欧洲中期天气预报中心(以下简称     

山东“8.11”暴雨主要特征分析

通过对“８．１１”山东特大暴雨过程的天气形势、冷空气活动、水汽、稳定度条件、中尺度系统和地形的分析,指出西风带弱冷空气与副高边缘热带风暴环流的相互作用是造成特大暴雨的大环流背景,特大暴雨的产生是热带风暴环流、热带辐合带、习冷空气与东南暖湿气流共同作用的结果,地形对局地特大暴雨有着重要的影响。     

1994年北上台风活动期间500hPa ECMWF产品的检验

大范围的大暴雨和特大暴雨与西风带、副热带和热带(以下简称“三带”)环流系统的相互作用有着密切的联系，是“三带”环流相互作用的结果，因此，对于“三带”环流形势的正确分析和预报．是暴雨预报的关键。     

广西大范围热带气旋暴雨的中低纬环流

1、前言 经分析表明,在盛夏(7—9)期间,广西产生大范围持续暴雨的主要天气系统是热带辐合带上的低值系统北上影响及生成于西藏高原东部、四川南部的西南低涡,这里重点分析前者。据分析,中、低纬环流相互结合,同时低纬向极气流及热带辐合带南北的气旋性切变基本气流的CLSK作用很重要,     

中低纬系统相互作用突发鲁西北大暴雨分析

通过对鲁西北一次中低纬系统相互作用突发大暴雨天气过程的分析，揭示了台风低压环流和西风带之间不同尺度、不同性质的天气系统相互作用而形成的有利于暴雨的环境场特征，为鲁西北这类暴雨的 分析邓预报提供有益的借鉴。     

山东省远距离热带气旋暴雨研究

应用1971-2003年的山东降水资料、常规天气图资料、台风年签和NCEP资料,对在华南沿海登陆和活动的热带气旋在山东造成远距离暴雨的气候特征进行统计分析,对环流形势场进行合成分析.建立了山东省远距离热带气旋暴雨的天气学模型.分别计算分析了山东有和无远距离热带气旋暴雨合成的水汽和温湿能的收支.结果表明:在华南沿海登陆和活动的热带气旋与西风带环流系统和副热带高压相互作用在山东造成的远距离热带气旋暴雨年均2.5次.暴雨的范围广、强度大.出现暴雨的时间比热带气旋登陆时间滞后.在山东造成远距离暴雨的热带气旋在华南沿海登陆时,中心东部有一股东南风或偏南风低空急流指向内陆.中高纬度中低层西风带环流弱,位置偏北.500 hPa西风带中的偏北气流与副高边缘的偏南气流在山东境内汇合.低层850-700 hPa伴有低值系统影响,山东为气旋性环流控制.热带气旋登陆后其中心附近的中低层偏南风急流向北伸展,绕过副高脊线直达山东.在台风中心附近至山东之间建立起水汽和温湿能的输送通道,把高温高湿的暖湿空气源源不断地向山东输送.在台风登陆后12-48小时内,山东暴雨区上空有大量的水汽和温湿能的净流入.暖湿气流与西风带气流相汇合,产生辐合上升,造成暴雨.     

中国暴雨的天气学研究进展

自1949年建国至今70 a来,我国气象工作者对中国暴雨的特点和规律等做了大量研究并取得了丰硕成果。本文主要就中国暴雨的特点、环流形势、天气系统、形成机制及其诊断和预报方法等方面的研究进展做一简要回顾。研究表明:(1)中国暴雨具有明显的地域性、季节性和阶段性特点。东部地区有三个季节性大雨带,自南向北移动,具有明显跳跃性。大范围降水的环流形势有稳定经向型、稳定纬向型及中低纬相互作用型等基本类型。各地区暴雨又各有独特的典型形势。(2)西风带长波槽、阻塞高压、副热带高压和热带环流等行星尺度系统以及东亚夏季风系统与我国夏季的降水有密切关系。低槽、气旋、静止锋、高空冷涡、低空切变线、低涡和高低空急流等中纬度天气系统在大部分强降水过程中扮演重要角色。台风是最强的暴雨天气系统,大部分近海省市最强降水均与台风相关。(3)中尺度系统与暴雨关系密切,特别是中尺度对流系统,通常是暴雨的直接制造者或载体。本文讨论了基于大气动力学和热力学理论的各种暴雨诊断分析方法,通过诊断分析使暴雨研究客观化和定量化,有助于深入认识暴雨形成机理和改进各种时效的暴雨现代天气预报,最后对如何进一步深入进行暴雨研究的问题做了思考和展望。     

谢义炳对大气环流系统研究的贡献

对谢义炳在大气环流系统方面所做出的科学贡献作了简要的全面回顾。其中包括:(1)北美切断低压的生命史;(2)东亚高空锋和急流的多层结构;(3)中国降水系统的结构和演变规律(包括梅雨锋、西南低涡等),热带和中纬度扰动相互作用在暴雨过程中的重要性;(4)西北太平洋的台风形成在ITCZ(赤道辐合带)/季风槽中;印度西南季风的低频变化;(5)降水系统的湿斜压动力学理论及其在天气预报中的应用;(6)大气环流的中期变化理论。谢义炳的这些贡献为我们更好地理解大气环流系统并改善了中国的暴雨预报。     

暴雨天气过程的中尺度系统预报分析

暴雨是各种尺度天气系统相互作用的产物,其中直接作用造成暴雨的系统是在大尺度环流背景上发展起来的中尺度系统[1]。以2008年6月8~16日发生在河池市的三次强降水过程为例,对三次强降水过程的中尺度系统进行定性分析,结果发现:南亚高压、中高纬"两槽一脊"的环流型式和西太平洋副热带高压是本次过程的环流背景,锋面上的扰动、切变线、辐合线和低涡等中尺度系统共同作用产生了这次暴雨、大暴雨天气过程。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...