南京栖霞山铅锌银多金属矿床的生物成矿作用

许多学者探讨过菌藻生物与形成南京栖霞山铅锌银多金属矿床的预富集作用。然而，生物成矿作用是一个随地质作用的发展而发展演化的过程，本文详细研究了矿床中的矿化生物以及矿石中的吸附有机质，证实它们源自菌菏生物，结合非打开性的红外和荧光光谱方法以及打开性的ＧＣ－ＭＳ分析，重点研究了矿床中发现的有机包裹体，检测出成矿流体中的系列生物标志化合物，证实成矿流体中的有机质也源自菌藻生物。根据成矿流体中有机质特征，矿石中成矿元素闻的关系以及有机质中所古的金属元素，论证了这些源自苗藻生物的有机质、有机流体对成矿元素的活化迁移和还原沉淀作用，建立了生物－有机质－流体成矿系统。     

吐哈盆地十红滩铀矿床铀成矿过程中微生物—有机质相互作用研究

生物、有机质成矿作用是目前国际成矿作用研究前沿领域。本文以我国典型层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床——吐哈盆地十红滩铀矿床为研究对象,分析了矿床的有机质、微生物地球化学特征,探讨了有机质和微生物的相互作用。认为好氧微生物积极地参与了矿床层间氧化带的形成。氧化带铁的生物氧化作用催化了铀的氧化、溶解以及迁移,为铀成矿提供了重要的铀源条件。在氧化还原过渡带,硫酸盐还原菌利用有机质生物化学作用的产物——轻烃和可溶有机物作为碳源,使容矿层地下水中硫酸盐发生还原作用形成硫化氢,地下水Eh降低和pH向弱酸性转化,导致铀的还原成矿和吸附成矿作用,有机质和微生物的相互作用对矿床的形成具有重要的控制作用。     

微生物—有机质在层间氧化带型铀矿床成矿过程中的作用

生物、有机质成矿作用是目前国际成矿作用研究前沿领域。本文以我国典型层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床——十红滩铀矿床为研究对象，分析了矿床的有机质、微生物地球化学特征，探讨了有机质和微生物的相互作用。认为好氧微生物积极地参与了矿床层间氧化带的形成和铀的活化迁移。在氧化还原过渡带，硫酸盐还原菌利用有机质生物化学作用的产物——轻烃和可溶有机物作为碳源，使容矿层地下水中硫酸盐发生还原作用形成硫化氢，地下水Eh降低和pH向弱酸性转化，导致铀的还原成矿和吸附成矿作用，有机质和微生物的相互作用控制着该矿床铀的成矿作用。     

中国若干下寒武统高硒地层的有机地球化学特征及生物樗物研究

通过中国若干下寒武统高硒地层的有机地球化学及生物标志物研究,主伙高硒地层中有机质的先质母体为菌藻类生物,某些生物樗物指标指示了沉积环境为封闭的缺氧环境。同时,文章结合地质实际讨论还原的沉积环境有利于菌藻类生物的生长和保存,硒的富集与菌藻生物的繁盛有关。     

藻吸附金属离子的研究—斜生栅藻富集金

发展了一种新的金属离子的分离富集方法－微生物吸附法，重点研究了斜生栅藻对的吸附和解吸条件，其吸附率和解吸回收率均大于９５％，首次用藻类分离富集了地质样品中的痕量Ａｕ，其标准加入回收率大于９１％，用原子吸收法测定标样中痕量金，其结果与推荐值相符，此外，机理探说明：斜生栅藻富集金的过程起主要作用的是络合吸附，随吸附时间的增长也发生生物吸收作用，同时，伴有氧化还原反应发生。     

从西南硫矿带内黄铁矿生物组构论微生物成矿作用

西南硫矿带黄铁矿床主要产于二叠系龙潭组底部,硫铁矿的形成与峨眉山玄武岩喷发活动有一定关系,本文主要研究了区内生物结构黄铁矿的成因,认为生物组构莓状黄铁矿成因与生物菌群及微生物富集作用有关。研究表明,该区内的黄铁矿成矿作用主要由玄武岩海解而析出铁质与细菌还原硫酸盐及分解有机硫所产生的H₂S作用,形成黄铁矿,生物一方面直接参与了成硫,另一方面又间接参与了成矿作用。     

广西金牙金矿床的有机地球化学特征

从矿石和围岩可溶有机质的生物标志化合物,非烃的红外光谱学特征,以及有机包裹体的光学和谱学特征等方面论述了金牙金矿的有机地球化学特征及其有机流体的成矿作用,查明了参与成矿的有机质主要来源于菌藻类等低等生物,本有机质的成分、结构、成熟度和胡成矿作用的进行而不断演化。在有机碳、金含量及藻类成矿作用模拟实验的分析基础上,认为流体有机质参与成矿的方式主要是活化萃取、还原沉淀,而干酪根则对金起集作用。     

我国盐湖沉积物中的硫酸盐还原细菌及其地球化学作用(英文)

本文对我国某些盐湖和苦水湖沉积物中的硫酸盐还原细菌进行了分离和鉴定。讨论了它们所处的耐盐度、温度、pH等生态条件。从而探讨了它们对沉积物中有机质的富集和保存所起的作用。同时,由于它们在还原硫酸盐时产生大量的硫化氢,导致沉积物中的金属离子以硫化物形式大量地沉淀和富集,这对次生硫化矿沉积物的形成也起着较大的作用。     

江汉平原浅层含水层中土著硫酸盐还原菌对砷迁移释放的影响

硫酸盐还原菌是厌氧环境中参与砷形态转化的重要微生物种群,其介导的生物地球化学循环过程对铁氧化物表面吸附态砷迁移转化的影响亟待深入研究.选取江汉平原典型高砷含水层原位沉积物分离纯化出一株严格厌氧硫酸盐还原菌Desulfovibrio JH-S1,对其进行砷和铁还原能力鉴定,并通过模拟培养实验探究硫酸盐还原菌参与下的铁矿物相转化对吸附态砷迁移的影响.Desulfovibrio JH-S1具有Fe(III)还原能力,无硫和有硫体系中Fe(III)均能被还原,但在硫酸盐充足条件下铁还原量显著增加;该菌株不具备As(V)还原能力,但添加硫酸盐的培养体系中As(V)去除率可达96%以上.Desulfovibrio JH-S1能够还原硫酸盐从而促进载砷的水铁矿还原转化为纤铁矿,并导致吸附的砷释放.江汉平原高砷含水层土著硫酸盐还原菌兼具硫酸盐/铁还原功能,参与了高砷含水层系统中砷-铁-硫耦合循环,对高砷地下水的形成具有重要作用.      

云南金顶铅锌矿床成矿物质来源及有机成矿作用

分析了金顶铅锌矿床同位素及生物标志化合物特征,探讨了矿床成矿物质来源及有机成矿作用。结果表明,矿石铅主要来自上地幔,成矿流体主要为地幔流体和盆地卤水。矿区有机质的母质来源以低等水生生源的海藻类为主,同时伴随有一定量的陆源高等植物组分的输入,有机质来源于三叠纪三合洞组碳酸盐岩地层。有机质在成矿作用中可能起到的作用有：还原硫酸盐提供成矿所需的硫源;形成有机一金属络合物,活化运移成矿金属元素;改变成矿物理化学环境对成矿物质的还原沉淀作用。     

Mineralogy,Sulfur Isotope and Fluid Inclusion Studies of Hydrothermal Ore at the Hakurei Deposit,Bayonnaise Knoll,Izu‐Bonin Arc

Sulfide and sulfate ore samples collected from the Hakurei deposit of the Bayonnaise knoll were examined for the occurrence and chemical composition of minerals, including the sulfur isotopes and the microthermometry of fluid inclusions. Massive sulfide ore, mineralized volcanic rock, and anhydrite ore occur in descending order, from the seafloor to the bottom of the cored sample. The massive sulfide ore is dominated by sphalerite and accompanied by tennantite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite with lesser amounts of galena, enargite, and covellite. Amorphous silica is commonly precipitated on the surface of the sulfide minerals. As‐bearing minerals such as tennantite, enargite, and luzonite are common, while galena and Sb‐rich tetrahedrite are scarce. The mineral abundance and chemical composition of the minerals differs from that found in chimneys of the deposit. The sulfur isotope compositions in the minerals are +3.1–5.2‰ for sulfides and +19.6–21.8‰ for sulfate minerals. The homogeneous nature of the sulfur isotopes suggests that sulfur incorporated in the Hakurei deposit came from the reduction of aqueous sulfate in seawater.     

贵州天柱大河边重晶石矿床硫同位素研究

对贵州天柱大河边重晶石矿床硫同位素组成进行了系统研究,该矿床重晶石的硫同位素组成为36.7‰-41．6‰,具有比同期海水硫酸盐高得多的硫同位素组成特征,且在834S分布直方图上呈塔式,表明形成该矿床的硫来源单一,主要来自于海水中硫酸盐并经历了较强的生物细菌分馏作用,且矿床形成环境为半封闭一封闭的台地泻湖环境。     

Algal-bacterial fabrics of ores and their genetic implications in the longtang lead-zinc deposit at Yanbian,Sichuan

The Longtang Pb-Zn deposit occurs in the Upper Sinian Guanyinyan Formation. The host rocks include sandy shale, cherty limestone and dolomitic limestone. The deposit is a typical one of thallogen origin. The mineral assemblage in the ore is made up of sphalerite, galena, pyrite, enargite, tennantite, seligmannite, asphalt, etc. The ore-forming process is possessed of multiepisode and multi-stage characters. Generally, sphalerites exhibit algal stromatolitic, bacterial and algal colloidal textures, providing evidence for the direct involvement of algae and bacteria in mineralization of ore-forming elements during sedimentary diagenesis. This is the first transmigration of ore-forming elements. However, pyrite embracing bacteria and galena replacing/filling trichomes are typical organic textures, which are related to organic carbon and bitumen that can adsorb or reduce ore-forming elements. This is an indirect process of organic mineralization, i.e., the second transmigration of ore-forming elements. δ³⁴S values are all greater than 5%., indicating the dominance of the heavy sulfur isotopes. The ore-forming temperature deduced from fluid inclusions ranges from 100°C to 150°C±. All this goes to show that the Longtang Pb-Zn deposit is of thallogen origin. This project was granted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

贵州遵义下寒武统黑色岩系Ni-Mo多金属矿地球化学特征及成矿作用

华南扬子板块分布广泛的下寒武统黑色岩系中富含Ni、Mo、Cd、V、Cu、Zn、Ba、REE和铂族元素(PGE),多处Ni-Mo-PGE矿化已形成了矿化体。由于其特殊的形成时代及特殊的多金属组合特点,其成因一直是地质学家研究的热点。作者以贵州遵义黄家湾矿区的黑色岩系硫化物矿床为主要研究对象,对围岩及矿层进行了元素地球化学及不同形态硫的分离、测试分析。结果表明,钼矿层处亲硫元素Ni、Mo、Cd、V、Cu、Zn明显富集,而高场强元素Nb、Th、Hf、Zr、Ti亏损。在剖面上U/Th比值大于1,在矿层处接近70,代表了一种非正常的海水沉积作用,各形态硫与金属元素沿剖面的变化趋势相似,都在矿层处异常富集。镜下观察发现红藻囊果与金属硫化物之间有密切的共生关系。结合前人研究结果,认为镍、铜、锌等金属元素的来源与深部基岩物质有关,这些成矿元素在缺氧的还原沉积环境下,通过有机硫和硫酸盐还原细菌提供的S2-,富集形成Ni-Mo多金属硫化物矿床。红藻囊果的发现及其与各种金属矿物之间密切的空间关系进一步证实生物参与了成矿作用。     

Stable Sulfur Isotopic Evidence for Historical Changes of Sulfur Cycling in Estuarine Sediments from Northern Florida

Data on abundance and isotopic composition of porewater and sedimentary sulfur species are reported for relatively uncontaminated and highly contaminated fine-grained anoxic sediments of St. Andrew Bay, Florida. A strong contrast in amount and composition of sedimentary organic matter at the two sites allows a comparative study of the historical effects of increased organic loading on sulfur cycling and sulfur isotopic fractionation. In the contaminated sediments, an increase in organic loading caused increased sedimentary carbon/sulfur ratios and resulted in higher rates of bacterial sulfate reduction, but a lower efficiency of sulfide oxidation. These differences are well reflected in the isotopic composition of dissolved sulfate, sulfide, and sedimentary pyrite. Concentration and isotopic profiles of dissolved sulfate, organic carbon, and total sulfur suggest that the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter is most active in the upper 8cm but proceeds at very slow rates below this depth. The rapid formation of more than 90% of pyrite in the uppermost 2 cm which corresponds to about 3 years of sediment deposition allows the use of pyrite isotopic composition for tracing changing diagenetic conditions. Sediment profiles of the sulfur isotopic composition of pyrite reflect present-day higher rates of bacterial sulfate reduction and lower rates of sulfide oxidation, and record a profound change in the diagenetic cycling of sulfur in the contaminated sediments coincident with urban and industrial development of the St. Andrew Bay area.     

沉积过程对自生黄铁矿硫同位素的约束

自生黄铁矿是海洋沉积物中还原态硫的主要赋存形式,其形成过程与有机质矿化相关,影响全球的C-S-Fe生物地球化学循环。自生黄铁矿硫同位素分馏主要受微生物硫酸盐还原的控制,但近期的研究成果表明局部沉积环境的改变也可以影响黄铁矿硫同位素的组成,特别是在浅海环境。在浅海非稳态沉积环境内,物理再改造和生物扰动作用,导致硫酸盐还原带内生成的硫化物被再氧化,进而影响黄铁矿的硫同位素值。浅海沉积过程容易受到古气候和海平面变化的影响,引起沉积速率的剧烈波动,导致有机质和活性铁输入的不稳定,进而影响成岩系统的开放性和硫酸盐还原速率,最终影响黄铁矿的硫同位素值。另外,沉积速率的改变还影响硫酸盐—甲烷转换带的迁移,造成有机质和甲烷厌氧氧化硫酸盐还原的相互转化,产生不同的硫同位素信号。东海内陆架泥质区为研究沉积过程对自生黄铁矿的形成及其硫同位素组成的约束机制提供了很好的研究材料。该区域有很好的沉积学研究基础,自生黄铁矿丰富、并且个别层位有生物气（甲烷为主）存在,是研究边缘海C-S-Fe循环的理想场所。     

山东烟台南张家金矿黄铁矿的标型特征

通过对烟台南张家金矿黄铁矿的形态、成分和热电性标型的分析和测试 ,对金矿的深部成矿远景进行了评价。南张家金矿黄铁矿的形态以 { 1 0 0 } +{ 2 1 0 }为主 ,反映了成矿溶液中硫浓度较高 ,金具有明显的亲硫性。黄铁矿成分贫 Co、Ni,富 As、Hg。热电导型主要为 P型 ,表明所采矿体为浅部矿 ,深部仍有远景。同时 ,黄铁矿 P型导型出现率由上到下变化很小 ,成矿环境稳定 ,显示矿体向下继续延伸。另外 ,矿石中的黄铁矿与磁山二长花岗岩中的副矿物黄铁矿在形态、成分和热电性上具相似性 ,表明二者具有继承关系 ,佐证了金矿的形成与岩体的演化有关。     

Isotopic Compositions of Sulfur in the Jinshachang Lead–Zinc Deposit, Yunnan, China, and its Implication on the Formation of Sulfur-Bearing Minerals

The Jinshachang lead–zinc deposit is mainly hosted in the Upper Neoproterozoic carbonate rocks of the Dengying Group and located in the Sichuan–Yunnan–Guizhou(SYG) Pb–Zn–Ag multimetal mineralization area in China.Sulfides minerals including sphalerite,galena and pyrite postdate or coprecipitate with gangue mainly consisting of fluorite,quartz,and barite,making this deposit distinct from most lead–zinc deposits in the SYG.This deposit is controlled by tectonic structures,and most mineralization is located along or near faults zones.Emeishan basalts near the ore district might have contributed to the formation of orebodies.The δ34S values of sphalerite,galena,pyrite and barite were estimated to be 3.6‰–13.4‰,3.7‰–9.0‰,6.4‰ to 29.2‰ and 32.1‰–34.7‰,respectively.In view of the similar δ34S values of barite and sulfates being from the Cambrian strata,the sulfur of barite was likely derived from the Cambrian strata.The homogenization temperatures(T ≈ 134–383°C) of fluid inclusions were not suitable for reducing bacteria,therefore,the bacterial sulfate reduction could not have been an efficient path to generate reduced sulfur in this district.Although thermochemical sulfate reduction process had contributed to the production of reduced sulfur,it was not the main mechanism.Considering other aspects,it can be suggested that sulfur of sulfides should have been derived from magmatic activities.The δ34S values of sphalerite were found to be higher than those of coexisting galena.The equilibrium temperatures calculated by using the sulfur isotopic composition of mineral pairs matched well with the homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions,suggesting that the sulfur isotopic composition in ore-forming fluids had reached a partial equilibrium.     

新疆乌恰县乌拉根铅锌矿床地质特征和S-Pb同位素组成

乌拉根矿床是喀什中新生界凹陷内新近勘查的具超大型远景的铅锌矿床。铅锌矿体呈板状,顺层分布于乌拉根向斜南、北两翼,容矿地层为下白垩统克孜勒苏群第五岩性段(K1kz5)褪色灰白色砂砾岩及古新统阿尔塔什组(E1a)泥质白云岩。矿石具块状、微细浸染状、细脉状、团斑状等构造及胶结结构、交代反映边结构等。乌拉根矿床硫化物δ34S值为-27.9‰~14.6‰,指示相邻层位中石膏、天青石等硫酸盐提供硫,同时有机物的热分解也可能作为硫的来源,硫的还原可能包括生物还原与有机质热化学还原两种模式。硫化物的206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb、208Pb/204Pb分别为18.528~18.663、15.611~15.669、38.616~38.839,极为均一,指示上地壳和造山带剥蚀区是成矿金属的来源。综合分析乌拉根铅锌矿床地质、地球化学特征,并与已有成因认识进行对比,判定乌拉根矿床是与盆地流体活动相关的砂岩型铅锌矿床。