天然饰面石材质量问题的原因及使用建议

天然饰面石材的质量主要决定于母岩的成因,造岩矿物成分与风化程度。从天然饰面石材的放射性及理化性能等两个方面对天然饰面石材的质量问题进行了分析,提出了影响质量的因素,并对用户使用石材提出了加强控制,保证质量的建议。     

天然小板块石材放射性现场检测

天然石材的放射性现场检测在实际工作中具有重要的意义.但由于测量条件的限制,使现场检测的误差较大.文章从理论上探讨天然小板材的现场检测方法原理,选用H90-A能谱仪和ZDD3901石材检测仪,实测饱和条件下镭当量含量与伽马照射量率关系曲线.通过实测饱和度曲线,对不满足饱和条件的小板材进行饱和度修正,从而得到小板材的镭当量含量,根据GB6566-2001标准中外照射指标,进行石材类别的划分,可提高现场检测和判别石材类别的精度.通过实际运用得到较好的效果.     

天津市建筑石材放射性及硫酸盐含量水平检测与适用性研究

为了了解天津市建筑石材放射性及硫酸盐的浓度水平,采集了位于天津市北部山区石材样品的野外和室内有害元素放射性数据16 200个,并进行野外与室内对比试验,对样品中的硫酸盐及硫化物含量进行了测试,同时还对石材的适用性进行了分析.结果显示:1)除2个样品所在地天然放射性核素超标,不能用于建筑主体材料,另外2处仅可作为空心率大干25%的建筑主体材料使用外,其余各测量点石材的使用不受任何限制.2)大部分石材可作为A类装修材料使用,1处可作为C类装修材料,天然放射性核素镭超标点一处,该处仅可用于碑石、海堤、桥墩等地方.3)绝大多数样品中硫酸盐及硫化物含量普遍较低,石材均可作为I类建筑碎石石料使用.结论是:天津市北部山区放射性水平绝大多数较低,建筑石材开采应避开少数的超标山区.     

阿坝州壤塘地区天然放射性水平评价

利用γ能谱仪对阿坝州壤塘地区的天然放射性核素进行了现场测量,计算了内、外照射指数、γ照射量率和γ外照射有效剂量,并对该地区进行了天然放射性水平评价。研究结果显示,该地区γ照射量率平均值(100.07Gy/h),高于全国(81.5nGy/h)和世界(80nGy/h)的平均值,但内、外照射指数、γ照射量率和γ外照射有效剂量都在国家限量标准控制的范围内。由于地表水对放射性元素具有富集和运移作用,所以在断裂带附近的放射性水平相对偏高。目前,壤塘地区的天然放射性水平在安全的范围内,适合人类的居住和生活。     

西北某引水工程水质天然放射性调查及评价

通过对该引水工程涉及区钻孔岩心伽玛照射量率测量和区域伽玛照射量率调查以及岩石、土壤、底泥以及地表水、地下水中天然放射性核素U、226Ra、Th、40K及总α、总β放射性水平调查,结果表明,工程涉及区属于天然放射性低背景区,地表及地下水水质较好,能满足引水工程的要求,该引水工程是可行的。     

天然石材放射性及其检测

本文概括地介绍了放射性元素核蜕变及其在地质我矿中的应用,简要地说明了氡气的产生及其危害,重点讨论了天然石材放射性所产生的附加照射剂量及危险估计,详细地介绍了天然石材放射性的检测方法及分类使用标准。     

引洮供水工程某石料场天然放射性水平评价

通过对石料场控制区伽玛照射量率、伽玛能谱调查,进行石料样品放射性核素比活度分析和石料的浸出率试验,了解并评价石料的天然放射性水平。结果表明,石料场石料的使用是安全可行的,能满足饮水工程的需要,为水源地工程环境评价提供了范例。     

试谈花岗石石材的放射性

通过常见花岗石石材岩石矿物特征的论述，介绍了不同的岩石化学成分和矿物组成对花岗石石材放射性强度的影响。指出选用饰面石材时，灰色系列和暗色系列放射性值低较为安全，对于浅色系列需要分别对待，使用前进行放射性活度检测是必要的。     

密集建筑区空气中γ射线照射量率几何效应的研究

建立土壤和建筑物中放射性核素与空气中γ照射量率之间的理论公式，得出了单边建筑物旁和建筑物之间γ射线照射量率的分布规律。由试验验证，结果显示试验数据和理论公式一致。通过对某区天然放射性水平扫面，给出了实验测量地区的分布及其特征。结果显示，实验测量地区的放射性水平基本符合标准，并对偏高地段给出了处理建议。     

运用1∶25万化探数据进行区域天然放射性填图评价

以1∶25万化探数据为切入点,在分析全国各城市天然放射性水平特征的基础上,运用放射性填图评价技术研究了成都平原天然放射性水平分布特征。结果表明:研究区环境天然放射性核素238 U、232 Th、40 K含量频数均呈正态分布,数值均在正常本底范围内;238 U比活度总体上低于全国平均水平,232 Th和40 K比活度总体上高于全国平均水平;研究区天然放射性辐射水平、γ射线照射量率、吸收剂量率、年有效剂量当量均低于世界和全国的平均水平;研究区γ射线内、外照射指数均在国家限量标准控制范围之内。     

大辛庄商代石器原料来源和开发战略分析

石器生产是一个动态的生产系统,而石料是石器生产和研究的前提。通过对大辛庄遗址周围考古与地质调查和对出土商代石器标本的细致分析表明,该遗址商代石器原料使用种类丰富,石料的利用率与遗址周围石质类型分布有着极为密切的关系。原料分布广泛,具有高含量、低质量的特点,明显影响着当地石器工业的面貌和开发与利用自然的策略。大辛庄石料应当来源于当地,主要有两种途径:一种是就地取材;另一种主要来源于南部山区和鲍山一带,主要通过水路运输,陆路运输条件具备。在利用与开发石料的战略上,大辛庄人充分认识到石料特性,尤其对沉积岩的认识与利用,重视选材,考虑石器功能和使用方式,并很好地实施到石器制作过程中,制定相应的应对策略。通过对大辛庄商代石料来源地和开发策略的考察,有利于认识当时人地关系和大辛庄人认识自然、开发自然的认知水平。     

The human impact on natural rock reserves using basalt,anorthosite, and carbonates as raw materials in insulation products

Typical crustal rocks such as basalt, limestone, and anorthosite are used in stone wool insulation products. The raw materials for stone wool production are not specific to any rare mineral source but depend upon the mixture of materials having the correct chemical composition, exemplified by 40 wt% basalt, 20 wt% anorthosite, and 40 wt% cement-bonded renewable materials. This study provides an overview of the natural cycle of these resources, including their abundances in nature, and sets the consumption by the stone wool industry and other human activities in perspective.

Basalt, anorthosite, and carbonates are widespread on all continents. Although basaltic rocks cover most of the ocean floor, these reserves are hidden below several kilometres of water and therefore are regarded as inaccessible. Instead, large igneous provinces on land constitute major basaltic reserves useful for human rock exploration. Globally, anorthositic provinces comprise smaller volumes than do limestone or basalt, but still occur in sufficient amounts to supply for the production of insulation materials indefinitely. An evaluation of the modern consumption rates and reserves shows that the crustal inventories of these rock types are so large that they could supply current human demand for millions of years.

The natural degradation of surface rocks occurs by physical and chemical weathering creating sediment that is transported along rivers and deposited in the ocean. Sediments are either obducted with continental lithosphere or subducted with oceanic crust and recycled through the mantle by plate tectonics. Insulation products have a chemical composition similar to average crustal rocks and participate in the natural rock cycle. However, these products need not accumulate in nature, inasmuch as old insulation materials serve as excellent source materials for new products. Moreover, current production lines exploit more than 30 natural and 20–30 synthetic source materials that circumvent regional depletion and contribute to the recycling of other industrial materials.     

Non‐Destructive or Noninvasive? The Potential Effect of X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometers on Luminescence Age Estimates of Archaeological Samples

The non‐destructive nature of X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers is a principal reason for an increase in their use in archaeological science over the last 15 years, especially for analyzing museum‐curated artifacts and in situ site fabrics. Here, we show that low‐power XRF spectrometry can be detrimental for luminescence dating (surface applications such as mud‐wasp nest dating in particular). We investigated the effects of irradiation by X‐rays emitted from handheld and benchtop spectrometers on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signals. Measurements were taken using a portable OSL (pOSL) unit on the following unprepared archaeological materials: sedimentary quartz grains, pottery, a mud‐wasp nest, stone tools, and a rock flake with anthropogenically applied pigment and natural pigmentation (iron oxides). We observed an increase in luminescence compared to initial background counts for all materials tested, which could lead to overestimation of age determinations in some situations. Our experiment provides a reminder of the potential effects of X‐ray radiation, and the need for thorough documentation of all recording and analytical techniques applied to archaeological materials.     

Investigation of Flexural Behavior of Geocell Reinforcement Using Three-Layered Beam Model Testing

The study presented in this paper aimed to investigate the flexural behavior of geocell reinforcement by means of three-layered beam model testing. The geocell reinforcement was assumed to be a continuous beam sandwiched between two identical polywood beams. An analytical analysis was conducted to derive the closed-form solution to calculate the deflection of the three-layered beam model. A series of four-point bending tests using dead weights were carried out to test the three-layered beam models. Two geocell products of different dimensions and two types of infill materials, crushed stone and silty sand were tested in this study. Deflections of the layered beam models were measured along with the increment of applied loads. Testing results showed that the geocell reinforcement provides considerable resistance to flexural deformation, especially at higher load levels. The geocell with greater cell height to cell length ratio exhibited overall greater resistance to flexural deflection, especially when crushed stone was used as infill materials. Geocell reinforcements filled by crushed stone showed less flexural deformation than the geocells filled by silty sand. The modulus of the geocell reinforcement was calculated based on the closed-form solution and deflection measurements from the four-point bending tests. Ranges of elastic modulus were presented for the geocell reinforcement filled with compacted crushed stone and silty sand, which can be used as reference values for material property inputs in mechanistic-empirical design of geocell-reinforced pavements.     

Analysis of the Xiaonanhai lithic assemblage,excavated in 1978

An analysis of the lithic artifacts excavated by the late Mr. Zhimin An in 1978 from the Xiaonanhai (Hsiao-nan-hai) Cave site in Anyang County, Henan Province, is presented, in addition to the materials reported in 1965 from the first excavation. Analysis suggests the poor quality of the raw material (e.g. chert) was a major constraint on lithic production at Xiaonanhai. Highly developed fissures within the locally available chert resulted in lithic artifacts that are small in size. Hard hammer direct percussion was the primary mode of stone knapping. The bipolar technique was commonly used as well, which might have been employed to cope with the small, poor quality raw materials. Secondary retouch is simple and not sophisticated. Limited tool types could be classified; most are probably debitage or discarded blanks. Use-wear analysis indicates that most of the flakes were used to process soft materials. Based on the associated faunal diversity, the environment is characterized as a tropical/subtropical forest. This could be the reason for the expedient nature of lithic production at Xiaonanhai. The Xiaonanhai industry might not be related to the Zhoukoudian Locality 1 stone tool industry as traditionally thought, but instead may represent a specific adaptation to the local environment. In terms of what is currently known about the nature of Paleolithic stone tool technology in China, the unilinear model is no longer relevant to explain the Paleolithic development in North China. In order to better understand the complexity and diversity of human behavior, study of the adaptation and idiosyncrasy of specific lithic industries in terms of cultural ecology and how they reflect variability in time stress and risks is required.     

Application of protective products to “Noto” calcarenite (south-eastern Sicily): a case study for the conservation of stone materials

Noto is an important Baroque urban center in south-eastern Sicily, which was completely reconstructed after the severe earthquake of 1693. Most of its monuments and historic buildings were built in Pietra di Noto stone, a pale cream calcarenite, quarried in outcrops located near the city. This stone, still currently used as building material, is undergoing many forms of alteration and degradation, which cause significant damage to monuments. In this study, three commercial protective products were tested on some Noto calcarenite samples from quarries, with the aim of assessing their protective effectiveness. In particular, petrographic analyses by optical microscopy were carried out for textural characterization of the stone materials. Capillary water absorption, porosimetric and colorimetric procedures, UV radiation and salt crystallization aging tests were performed to better evaluate interactions between protective products and substrate.     

Evaluation of weathering-resistance classes in clastic rocks on the example of Polish sandstones

The scope of the paper is an attempt at the identification of the weathering-resistance classes within clastic rocks by means of analysis of capillary pressure saturation curves. The porosimetric parameters corresponding to the cementing character and the grains’ mineralogical content are very important features of stone building materials, because of the weathering processes. The analysed rocks were Polish sandstones and muddy sandstones used for building purposes, collected from different geological units of Poland (i.e. Sudety Mts. Carpathian Mts. and Holy Cross Mts.) The results indicate the usefulness of sandstone materials for building purposes. They could also be used in conservation procedures and for the reconstruction of existing buildings and monuments. Basing on the parameterisation, with the van Genuchten function, of cumulative capillary pressure saturation curves, it was possible to distinguish four groups of the sampled rocks. The lithological features and weathering sustainability within the groups are quite uniform, what allow identifying the weathering resistance classes. Taking into account the complicated nature of all the factors influencing weathering processes, it is supposed that the presented parameterisation could be a useful tool for weathering-resistance classification of clastic rocks. The classification could be useful in building industry and in conservation of historical stone monuments.     

高密度电法在石材矿探测中的应用

针对石材矿勘探和开发中存在的矿体边界确定、石材完整性判别等实际难题,首次将高密度电法技术引入到石材矿探测中,在新疆哈密黄山南黑冰花型石材矿开展了探测研究。通过改造测线布置方法、优选装置,获取了高分辨率的测量数据;进行二维反演和三维电阻率成像反演,实现了三维电阻率数据体在三维可视化环境下的交互式显示和操作;结合地质资料,完成了对石材矿的探测解释及评价。结果表明:高密度电法能清晰地刻画出具有高电阻率特征的石材矿矿体三维空间形态,对影响石材矿质量的风化层、裂隙构造等不利因素有较强的识别能力。     

Heritage stone in South Australia

South Australia has the greatest utilisation of heritage or building stone in Australia because of its lack of timber resources. Consequently, natural stone was intensively used from the beginning of European colonisation. Building stones in South Australia, notable for their variety given the State’s diverse geology, can be challenging to designate as to their international importance. However, dimension stone in South Australia can also be designated as having national, regional, local or prospective importance. Commonly, stone in South Australia is restricted in use to a specific town, or even a single construction, and has only local significance except where use involves special stone characteristics, unusual stone masonry or use in a building with significant heritage. For instance, the town of Second Valley has a localised use of marble, likely the earliest use (1849) of this rock type in the State. Another example, ‘Adelaide Black Granite’, quarried since 1958, should probably be recognised internationally as a ‘Global Heritage Stone Resource’, as it has had intensive monumental use around Australia, utilisation as cladding in modern buildings, as well as paving and walling in Australia’s National Parliament in Canberra. It has also been exported, notably used for the Australian Embassy in Japan and for a major War Memorial at Le Hamel, France. South Australian slate quarries also provide significant heritage stone. For example, the Willunga Slate quarry south of Adelaide has been sourced for roofing slate and walling since 1840 and is arguably the longest continuous mining operation in Australia; this resource has obvious national significance given a period of quarrying extending to the present, coupled with national distribution of its products. Probably the most widespread stone sourced in South Australia is the surface limestone or calcrete, quarried in the Adelaide area until the 1850s and used for general construction. The stone continues to be used in rural areas. While arguably only of local significance, it could be considered to have national importance because of its extensive use in churches, public building, hotels, houses and simple walling across a vast area of South Australia. Additional research is needed to clarify the heritage status of many building stones used in South Australia.     

Chemical Characterisation of Geological Raw Materials Used in Traditional Ceramics

A wide range of natural raw materials is used in the manufacture of traditional ceramic products such as ceramic tiles, frits, glazes and pigments. The chemical composition of these raw materials needs to be strictly controlled to assure end-product quality and enable the identification of the origin of defects caused by impurities or contamination. Six types of ceramic raw materials (silica sand, clays and kaolin, feldspars and related minerals, calcium and magnesium carbonates, sodium and calcium borates, and zirconium silicates) have been analysed in this study. X-ray fluorescence (XRF), potentiometry, coulometry and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) were used in this chemical characterisation. A methodology has been established for characterising each studied raw material, by identifying the chemical elements to be determined, selecting the most appropriate technique and validating each measurement. The reference materials used for validation were BCS CRM 267, 313/1, 393 and 388 (BAS), GBW 03103, GBW 07404, NIST SRM 181, 201a and 1835, Euronorm CRM 782-1 and Syenite SY-2. The results showed that most of the elements present in the geological samples used as traditional ceramic raw materials could be determined by XRF. The determination of light elements, such as lithium, fluorine and boron, is more suitably conducted by ICP-AES/AAS, potentiometry or potentiometry/ICP-AES respectively. Organic and inorganic carbon could be determined by coulometry. Inorganic carbon (CO₂) could also be determined by coulometry or by thermogravimetry, if samples did not contain clay minerals. Loss on ignition was always determined by gravimetry.