水文学与水力学相结合的南四湖洪水预报模型

作为“滇池沿岸带生态修复技术研究及工程示范”系列研究论文之一,主要分析研究了滇池东北部沿岸带原有生 态状况、现有环境基础、实施局部岸段生态修复的有限目标、实现这一目标的主要限制性环境因子及其可控性．结果显 示,滇池东北部沿岸带入湖河流密集,发育良好的湖滩湿地原本是拦截净化入湖河水的生态屏障;湖滩湿地被围垦之后, 人工岸堤前风浪侵蚀强烈,水生植物和水生动物消失,但沙质沉积物淤积形成了次生浅滩;在次生沙滩上创建挺水植被, 仍然可以发挥沉积掩埋污染物、捕获分解漂浮性蓝藻的污染控制功效;实施生态修复所面临的限制性环境因子主要为风 浪的强烈冲刷和水质严重污染,这些因素都可以通过相应的环境改造与控制措施加以解决,因而实现生态修复目标是可 能的．     

滇池东北部沿岸带生态修复技术研究及工程示范--环境恶化、生态退化现状及其成因

本文作为“滇池沿岸带生态修复技术研究及工程示范”系列研究论文之一,主要研究了滇池东北部沿岸带环境恶化与生态退化现状、成因及妨碍自然生态恢复的主要限制因素．风浪强烈侵蚀、湖底坚硬贫瘠、水质严重污染、大型水生植物和底栖动物消失,滇池东北部沿岸带已经蜕变成了“水域荒漠”．湖滩湿地围垦、人工岸堤修建和水质污染是导致沿岸带环境恶化、生态退化的主要原因,强烈的风浪冲刷和严重的水质污染是阻碍沿岸带自然生态恢复的主要限制因素．生态恢复必须从基础环境改造入手,实施生态修复．     

湖泊生态修复基准环境的制定:古生态学面临的机遇

全球范围内的湖泊生态环境均出现了不同程度的退化,对其进行生态修复的最终目的,就是要将受损的生态系统尽量恢复到人类干扰前或接近人类干扰前的生态状况,即基准环境.湖泊生态系统是长期演化的产物,其形成及演化机制必须从历史的视角加以考察,因此基于湖泊沉积物的古生态学技术在制定基准环境方面有着独特的优势.本文从基准环境的定义、建立的常用方法、基本特征和典型应用几个方面介绍了古生态学手段在湖泊生态修复中的应用,提出中国今后利用古生态学手段在水环境治理工作的应用前景.     

不同生长型沉水植物配置对生物量积累和水质净化效果的影响

种植水生植物,尤其是沉水植物,是目前广泛应用于受损水体的最主要的生态修复方法之一. 研究不同生长型沉水植物组合对水体理化因子的影响及营养物质的去除效率可为受损水生生态系统修复提供重要的科学依据. 本研究以我国水体修复中常用的3种不同生长型沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)、黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)和穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)为研究对象,采用1种生长型种植和2种生长型及3种生长型混种模式,研究不同生长型沉水植物组合及其不同生长阶段对实验系统水质指标及氮、磷等营养物质去除率的影响. 结果表明,所有植物组合处理均显著提高了系统中总氮、总磷和氨氮去除率; 在实验前中期总氮、总磷和氨氮去除率最高. 从本实验受试物种组合来看,1种和2种生长型组合比3种生长型组合具有更高的生物量累积量和总氮去除率. Pearson相关性分析显示,实验系统中的pH、DO浓度与植物总生物量呈显著正相关,总氮、总磷、氨氮浓度均与植物总生物量呈显著负相关. 建议在受损浅水水生态系统修复过程中,根据生态修复不同阶段考虑不同生活型、生长型和功能群的水生植物组合; 在生态修复过程中需加强管理,如水生植物收割等,才能达到最好的修复效果.     

城市富营养化湖泊生态恢复—南京莫愁湖物理生态工程试验

在分析了太湖及其流域所面临的水环境质量问题及其原因基础上,回顾总结了“十五”太湖水环境治理经验,认为源头控制需要长期不懈的努力,太湖流域的湖泊治理要针对太湖平原河网与湖荡水系特色,要重视太湖东部草型湖区生态环境恶化的严重性,必须加强生态修复单项技术间的效应优化和有效集成．根据太湖流域的社会经济发展规划,提出了太湖流域水污染控制技术与水体生态修复工程示范的总体思路是:从污染源头到湖泊出口,依次通过污染源控制、河道截污、湖荡调节、河口净化、湖泊生态修复、出湖疏导等多道防线,有效促使太湖水环境向良性方向转化．在此基础上提出了具体实施建议:全流域污染源削减和太湖水源地典型水域生态修复技术集成与工程示范,同时进行全流域水环境治理强化管理政策与决策支持技术的研究与示范．     

修复对湖北洋澜湖富营养化与生态状况的影响:基于大型无脊椎底栖动物的评价

大型无脊椎底栖动物是水生态系统的重要组成部分,也是评价生态系统状态的重要指标.本文比较了洋澜湖修复示范工程实施水域(修复区)和未实施水域(未修复区)水质和大型无脊椎底栖动物群落差异,并对湖泊生态状态进行了评价.结果表明,治理后修复区总氮、总磷和叶绿素a浓度显著低于未修复区,修复区透明度显著高于未修复区.共发现底栖动物30种,隶属于3门4纲12科,其中修复区29种,未修复区19种.修复区与未修复区软体动物的平均密度分别为369.3和34.7 ind./m2,平均生物量(湿重)分别为102.9和37.2 g/m2.耐污值指数和多度量指数评价结果显示,修复区生态系统状态优于未修复区.结果表明,结合透明度改善、鱼类控制与沉水植物重建等手段为主的湖泊修复能改善水质和生态状态.     

北京什刹海生态修复试验工程

什刹海是北京市一个小型浅水城市风景游览的富营养湖泊.生态恢复试验工程以物理除藻为前提,通过实施基底修复而后开展水体充氧等手段,达到恢复水生植被的根本目的.应用的修复技术有:(1)臭氧/超声波除藻;(2)基底修复;(3)水下曝气充氧及冬季冰下底部充氧;(4)上游区复合生物浮床;(5)水下光补偿技术;(6)高等水生植物栽植与优化配置;(7)水生植物调控与机械割草;(8)水质净化与保洁管理.工程实施近1年(2001年8月-2002年6月)后效果明显,总氮、总磷分别下降了4.74mg/L和0.45mg/L,去除率达到79%和91%,什刹海的水质也由Ⅴ类上升为Ⅳ类.     

拯救土地的“奇兵”

土地重金属污染是全球面临的一个亟待解决的环境问题,传统的土壤重金属污染治理的方法不仅费用昂贵、需要专门的仪器和技术人员,而且大多只能暂时缓解重金属的危害,还可能导致二次污染,近年来利用植物对重金属污染物的吸收、富集和转化能力去除土壤中的重金属污染物为修复土地重金属污染提供了一条新的治理途径:相对于常规方法,植物修复技     

湖泊环境科学与工程技术研究进展探讨

湖泊环境与工程学科是近10～20年发展的、研究变化环境条件下湖泊水环境质量演变规律、互动机制、保护治理及和谐发展的一门交叉性的基础研究和应用研究学科.随着人类活动强度增加,我国湖泊面临富营养化、蓝藻水华暴发与引发次生灾害及持久性和新兴污染等多类型或叠加复合的严峻环境问题,迫切需要发展湖泊区域性的复合污染防控与治理技术体系,服务于国家生态文明建设.本文首先简单介绍对湖泊环境与工程学科概念及内涵的认识,然后较系统地阐述了国内外近10年来关于主要污染物在湖泊中环境行为的研究,针对性地分析了主要由蓝藻水华暴发引发的次生灾害"湖泛"的发生原因及防控策略,展示了以湖泊底泥为主的湖泊监测方法和技术研究进展,总结和归纳了从入湖污染控制到内源污染治理的湖泊污染防控技术研发成果,最后对湖泊环境与工程学科研究尺度向宏观与微观两极延伸及治理修复技术向生态/水利工程和智慧感知/大数据技术融合发展等方面进行了展望.     

太湖湖滨带类型划分及生态修复模式研究

太湖湖滨带岸线总长405 km,73%以上被防洪大堤所包围,其余部分临近山体,属于典型的大堤型湖滨带.按照湖滨带地形地貌分为大堤型、山坡型、河口型三类,根据水文条件和露滩情况,又将大堤型分为长期露滩、间歇露滩、无滩地型,山坡型分为有滩地型、无滩地型,形成6种类型的湖滨带.根据以上太湖湖滨带划分类型,结合湖滨带生境、气候、水文条件以及植被分布现状等因素,分别采取生态保育、生态修复、生态重建的对策,设计了不同类型的太湖湖滨带生态修复模式,并分别提供了形象的修复模式示意图,以期为太湖及其类似湖滨带的生态修复提供一定的借鉴.     

Plant root traits affecting the resistance of soils to concentrated flow erosion

The effect of plant species on erosion processes may be decisive for long‐term soil protection in degraded ecosystems. The identification of functional effect traits that predict species ability for erosion control would be of great interest for ecological restoration purposes. Flume experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of the root systems of three species having contrasted ecological requirements from eroded marly lands of the French Southern Alps [i.e. Robinia pseudo acacia (tree), Pinus nigra austriaca (tree) and Achnatherum calamagrostis (grass)], on concentrated flow erosion rates. Ten functional traits, describing plant morphological and biomechanical features, were measured on each tested sample. Analyses were performed to identify traits that determine plant root effects on erosion control. Erosion rates were lowest for samples of Robinia pseudo acacia, intermediate in Achnatherum calamagrostis and highest in Pinus nigra austriaca. The three species also differed strongly in their traits. Principal components analysis showed that the erosion‐reducing potential of plant species was negatively correlated to root diameter and positively correlated to the percentage of fine roots. The results highlighted the role of small flexible roots in root reinforcement processes, and suggested the importance of high root surface and higher tensile strength for soil stabilization. By combining flume experiment to plant functional traits measurements, we identified root system features influencing plant species performance for soil protection against concentrated flow erosion. Plant functional traits related to species efficiency for erosion control represent useful tools to improve the diagnosis of land vulnerability to erosion, plant community resistance and the prediction of ecosystem functioning after ecological restoration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

现浇生态混凝土应用于边坡灾害治理及生态恢复的研究

通过研究生态混凝土的微观结构与孔隙率、透水性、强度三者的耦合关系,对生态混凝土的孔隙结构特征进行了分析,提出孔隙结构分布值R是影响生态混凝土的重要指标。通过对生态混凝土护坡的防冲刷机理分析和试验验证,提出了边坡生态恢复和灾害治理相结合的方法,即采用生态混凝土和预应力锚索框架格护坡。对河南洛阳段高速公路一侧的土质高陡边坡,在进行稳定性分析的基础上应用该方法,并且对后续的生态恢复效果进行了研究。研究结果表明：该方法适宜于坡度较大的边坡,结合预应力锚索框架格能对滑坡起到防治作用;降雨条件下抗;中刷能力强,植物覆盖率较高,对周围的生态恢复起到了一定的作用。     

Soil erosion in the Anthropocene: Research needs

Soil erosion is a geomorphological and, at the same time, a land degradation process that may cause environmental and property damage, loss of livelihoods and services as well as social and economic disruption. Erosion not only lowers soil quality on‐site, but causes also significant sediment‐related problems off‐site. Given the large number of research papers on this topic, one might therefore conclude that we know now almost everything about soil erosion and its control so that little new knowledge can be added. This conclusion can be refuted by pointing to some major research gaps. There is a need for more research attention to (1) improved understanding of both natural and anthropogenic soil erosion processes and their interactions, (2) scaling up soil erosion processes and rates in space and time, and (3) innovative techniques and strategies to prevent soil erosion or reduce erosion rates. This is illustrated with various case studies from around the world. If future research addresses these research gaps, we will (1) better understand processes and their interactions operating at a range of spatial and temporal scales, predict their rates as well as their on‐site and off‐site impacts, which is academically spoken rewarding but also crucial for better targeting erosion control measures, and (2) we will be in a better position to select the most appropriate and effective soil erosion control techniques and strategies which are highly necessary for a sustainable use of soils in the Anthropocene. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using a historical aerial photograph analysis to inform trout habitat restoration efforts

Restoration of the upper Strawberry River included bank stabilization techniques because it was assumed that excessive bank erosion was degrading spawning habitat for Bonneville cutthroat trout (BCT). Using a long‐term aerial photograph record, the historical range of variability in bank erosion rates and channel geometry was determined, and this information was used to assess present‐day conditions and the rationale for restoration. Relative to historical variability, the channel planform was relatively stable and bank erosion rates were the lowest recorded in the post‐disturbance era. Although a historical loss of riparian vegetation coincided with a shift to a wider and more sinuous channel, lateral migration rates declined and the channel narrowed as riparian cover increased in the decades before restoration, indicating a process of natural recovery. Furthermore, it was found that the percentage of fine sediment in the streambed before restoration was insufficient to affect BCT spawning success. Together these results suggest that bank erosion and fine sediment did not affect the quality of spawning habitat or the abundance of BCT on the upper Strawberry River. The results highlight how a historical analysis can be used to identify the sources of habitat degradation and inform the selection of restoration goals and strategies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

改性当地土壤技术修复富营养化水体综合效果研究:Ⅱ.底栖动物群落结构和多样性的响应

从2010年10月开始在太湖梅梁湾围隔内实验区实施了改性当地土壤技术,在研究其对水体富营养化和蓝藻水华长效控制作用的同时,重点研究了底栖动物群落对此技术的响应.研究发现:经过11个月的处理,相比对照区,实验区内软体动物的平均密度和生物量分别增长了124%和33.8%,底栖动物Margalef和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别增长了41.1%和18.5%.环境因子和底栖动物群落的典范对应分析发现叶绿素a、温度、溶解氧和总磷对底栖动物群落有显著影响.本研究表明通过改性当地土壤技术降低水体营养盐含量和叶绿素a含量、增加底泥表层溶解氧含量,可以在一定程度上改善底栖动物生境,提高其物种多样性.     

Application of Structure‐from‐Motion photogrammetry to river restoration

Structure‐from‐Motion (SfM) photogrammetry is now used widely to study a range of earth surface processes and landforms, and is fast becoming a core tool in fluvial geomorphology. SfM photogrammetry allows extraction of topographic information and orthophotos from aerial imagery. However, one field where it is not yet widely used is that of river restoration. The characterisation of physical habitat conditions pre‐ and post‐restoration is critical for assessing project success, and SfM can be used easily and effectively for this purpose. In this paper we outline a workflow model for the application of SfM photogrammetry to collect topographic data, develop surface models and assess geomorphic change resulting from river restoration actions. We illustrate the application of the model to a river restoration project in the NW of England, to show how SfM techniques have been used to assess whether the project is achieving its geomorphic objectives. We outline the details of each stage of the workflow, which extend from preliminary decision‐making related to the establishment of a ground control network, through fish‐eye lens camera testing and calibration, to final image analysis for the creation of facies maps, the extraction of point clouds, and the development of digital elevation models (DEMs) and channel roughness maps. The workflow enabled us to confidently identify geomorphic changes occurring in the river channel over time, as well as assess spatial variation in erosion and aggradation. Critical to the assessment of change was the high number of ground control points and the application of a minimum level of detection threshold used to assess uncertainties in the topographic models. We suggest that these two things are especially important for river restoration applications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

珠江干流梯级开发对鱼类的影响与减缓对策

2013年6—7月对珠江龙滩库尾至长洲坝下江段干支流鱼类进行了调查,共采集到鱼类6418尾,隶属于10目23科82属122种.分析了渔获物的种类组成与分布、生态类型、珍稀濒危特有鱼类采样情况、各江段群落相似度和鱼类多样性等,并与该区域鱼类历史记录进行了对比分析.总体来看,珠江干流梯级开发后,由于大坝阻隔、水文情势改变等,鱼类资源发生了较大变化,河海洄游性鱼类和河口鱼类受大坝阻隔影响分布范围变窄;珍稀濒危特有鱼类由于生境破坏,种群规模变小,濒危程度加剧;库中江段流水性鱼类种类数和资源量显著下降,静缓流鱼类成为优势种;外来鱼类种类多、分布广.对导致珠江干流鱼类资源衰退的其他原因进行了分析,主要包括过度捕捞、生境破坏、水污染和外来鱼类入侵等.针对珠江干流梯级开发及鱼类资源现状,提出了栖息地保护、河流连通性恢复、鱼类增殖放流站建设、生态调度、渔政管理和生态补偿等措施建议.     

The influence of leaf litter diversity and soil fauna on initial soil erosion in subtropical forests

Although the protective role of leaf litter cover against soil erosion is known for a long time, little research has been conducted on the processes involved. Moreover, the impact of soil meso‐ and macrofauna within the litter layer on erosion control is not clear. To investigate how leaf litter cover and diversity as well as meso‐ and macrofauna influence sediment discharge in subtropical forest ecosystems, a field experiment has been carried out in Southeast China. A full‐factorial random design with 96 micro‐scale runoff plots and 7 domestic leaf species was established and erosion was triggered by a rainfall simulator. Our results demonstrate that leaf litter cover protects soil from erosion (?82 % sediment discharge on leaf covered plots) by rainfall and this protection is removed as litter decomposes. The protective effect is influenced by the presence or absence of soil meso‐ and macrofauna. Fauna presence increases soil erosion rates significantly by 58 %, while leaf species diversity shows a non‐significant negative trend. We assume that the faunal effect arises from arthropods slackening and processing the soil surface as well as fragmenting and decomposing the protecting leaf litter covers. Even though the diversity level did not show a significant influence, single leaf species in monocultures show rather different impacts on sediment discharge and thus, erosion control. In our experiment, runoff plots with leaf litter from Machilus thunbergii showed the highest sediment discharge (68.0 g m^?2) whereas plots with Cyclobalanopsis glauca showed the smallest rates (7.9 g m^?2). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Topographic thresholds for plant colonization on semi‐arid eroded slopes

Soil erosion plays an important role in plant colonization of semi‐arid degraded areas. In this study, we aimed at deepening our knowledge of the mechanisms that control plant colonization on semi‐arid eroded slopes in east Spain by (i) determining topographic thresholds for plant colonization, (ii) identifying the soil properties limiting plant establishment and (iii) assessing whether colonizing species have specific plant traits to cope with these limitations. Slope angle and aspect were surrogates of erosion rate and water availability, respectively. Since soil erosion and water availability can limit plant establishment and both can interact in the landscape, we analysed variations in colonization success (vegetation cover and species number) with slope angle on 156 slopes, as a function of slope aspect. After determining slope angle thresholds for plant colonization, soil was sampled near the threshold values for soil analysis [nitrogen, phosphorous, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), water holding capacity]. Plant traits expressing the plant colonizing capacity were analysed both in the pool of species colonizing the steep slopes just below the threshold and in the pool of species inhabiting gentler slopes and absent from the slopes just below the threshold. Results show that the slope angle threshold for plant colonization decreased from north to south. For the vegetation cover, threshold values were 63°, 50°, 46°, 41° for the north, east, west and south slope aspect classes, respectively, and 65°, 53°, 49° and 45° for the species richness and the same aspect classes. No differences existed in soil properties at slope angle threshold values among slope aspects and between slope positions (just below and above the threshold) within slope aspect classes. This suggests that variations between slope aspect classes in the slope angle threshold result from differences in the colonizing capacity of plants which is controlled by water availability. Long‐distance dispersal and mucilage production were preferably associated with the pool of colonizing species. These results are discussed in the perspective of a more efficient ecological restoration of degraded semi‐arid ecosystems where soil erosion acts as an ecological filter for plant establishment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.