卵胎生硬骨鱼褐菖精子发生的超微结构研究

研究了卵胎生硬骨鱼褐菖 Sebastiscus marmoratus精子发生的过程.褐菖的精子发生经历了初级精原细胞、次级精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞等阶段,最终形成精子.在初级精原细胞和次级精原细胞阶段,细胞核中释放出拟染色体.拟染色体分布于精原细胞和前期Ⅰ的初级精母细胞的细胞质中.在前期Ⅰ以后的初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞和精子细胞中,拟染色体已消失.在初级精母细胞阶段,前期Ⅰ至末期Ⅰ的细胞形态变化明显.在前期Ⅰ的偶线期,同源染色体开始配对并形成联会复合体;在粗线期,联会复合体完全形成;在双线期,联会复合体开始解体.     

卵胎生硬骨鱼褐菖You精子发生的超微结构研究

研究了卵胎生硬盘鱼褐草YouSebastiscus marmoratus精子发生的过程。褐菖You的精子发生经历了初级精原细胞、次级精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞等阶段，最终形成精子。在初级精原细胞和次数精原细胞阶段，细胞核中释放出拟染色体。拟染色体分布于精原细胞和前期I的初级精母细胞的细胞质中。在前期I以后的初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞和精子细胞中，拟染色体已消失。在初级精母细胞阶段，前期I至末期I的细胞形态变化明显。在前期I偶线期，同源染色体开始配对并形成联会复合体；在粗线期，联会复合体完成形成；在双线期，联会复合体开始解体。     

我国海域耳鲍(Haliotis asinisne)精子发生的超微结构研究

应用透射电子显微镜技术研究了我国海域耳鲍精子发生的全过程。结果表明,耳鲍精原细胞呈近椭圆形,染色质分布较均匀,线粒体较少;初级精母细胞较大,染色质凝聚成小块状,线粒体增多;次级精母细胞较初级精母细胞小,线粒体较多,部分线粒体发生融合,呈扁囊状。分化早期精细胞染色质凝聚成团块状,多数贴附于核膜内面,胞质中出现前顶体颗粒。分化中期精细胞染色质继续凝聚成较大的团块,线粒体在核的一端融合,形成数量少、体积大的线粒体,前顶体颗粒形成圆形外膜明显的前顶体。分化后期精核由近圆形变成长桶状,核内染色质凝聚并均质化,前顶体泡化发育成顶体,鞭毛形成,精细胞分化成精子。成熟精子为鞭毛型精子,由头部、中段和尾部(鞭毛)3部分组成。     

鲻鱼精子发生的组织学研究

本文报道用组织学方法研究了不同季节鲻鱼的精巢结构和精子发生过程。结果表明，鲻鱼精巢属于叶状结构。根据精子发生的特点，分为5个时期：精原细胞增殖期、初级精母细胞期、次级精母细胞期、精子形成期和精子成熟期。依雄性鲻鱼精子发育和成熟的季节来看，厦门鲻鱼繁殖季节为每年11－12月，系一次性排精类型。文中详细描述各级生精细胞的特征，并讨论了Sertoli细胞在精子发生中的生理作用。     

斗嫁蜮精子发生及雄性性腺组织学研究

采用石蜡切片法,对分布于粤西沿海的斗嫁蜮Cellana grata(Gould)的精子发生和雄性性腺的组织结构进行了研究。斗嫁蜮精子发生经历雄性性细胞的增殖、生长、成熟、变态等阶段.依据精子发生过程中生精细胞形态的变化,精子发生过程可分为精原细胞期、初级精母细胞期、次级精母细胞期、精细胞期和精子形成期等5期。雄性性腺组织主要由滤泡构成,滤泡为生殖细胞增殖、生长、成熟、变态的场所,滤泡腔中的精子经生殖输送管向外输送。显微观察与分析表明:(1)精子发生中,生长期不明显,初级精母细胞较精原细胞小;(2)生精细胞及核的大小随发育逐渐变小,核嗜碱性逐渐增强;(3)精子发生过程中的变态期长,易观察到变态过程中的不同形态的精细胞;(4)成熟精子为鞭毛型,头部短杆状,约0.5×(3~4)μm,尾部细长呈鞭毛状;(5)生长-成熟期的雄性性腺由形态较规则的(多边形)滤泡构成,滤泡界限清晰;(6)雄性滤泡壁由不同发育时期的生精细胞依次排列,较原始的生精细胞呈嗜酸性,靠近滤泡膜分布,而发育晚期的生精细胞呈嗜碱性,渐离滤泡膜分布,成熟精子群集并呈涡旋状分布于腔中;(7)成熟雄性性腺可伸入足部或肝组织中;在肝组织切片中,可观察到结构不同的4个级别的生殖输送管;8)斗嫁蜮雌雄异体,但存在雌雄同体、性转化现象。还对斗嫁蜮精子发生与成熟过程及雌雄同体的有关问题进行了探讨。     

凡纳滨对虾精子发生的超微结构研究

对凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei精子发生的过程进行了透射电镜的观察.结果表明,成熟凡纳滨对虾精巢为指状,分16叶.凡纳滨对虾精子发生分为精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞和精子5个时期.染色质经历了从以异染色质为主变为高度凝聚状态,再经解聚为弥散絮状的变化过程.核膜由完整转变为不完整.凡纳滨对虾精子发生过程中仅见线粒体、内质网、核糖体细胞器的参与,未见有典型的高尔基体结构的出现.顶体由内质网囊泡团和线粒体囊泡共同转变而来.精子的棘突以及亚顶体区需在输精管的中后端形成,而非在精巢中形成.纳精囊内精子比储精囊内精子的棘突细长.     

秀丽白虾早期生精细胞结构特征的研究

用透射电镜技术研究了秀丽白虾精子发生过程中早期生精细胞的结构特征。结果表明：精原细胞可分为原始型和发育型两种。原始型精原细胞体积较小，形状不规则，整个细胞呈现极高的电子密度，胞质中线粒体多。早期发育型精原细胞度过非繁殖期后开始生长，内质网、线粒体增多。初级精母细胞胞质中细胞器结构典型，数量达到最多。次级精母细胞期，线粒体开始解体并相互融合；高尔基体、内质网形态不典型，胞质中充满了不规则的囊泡。     

糙海参精子的发生及超微形态结构

为了解糙海参(Holothuria scabra)精子发生的过程及其形态结构,作者于2013年11月~2014年4月每月采集2头海南岛的野生雄性糙海参,取精巢组织固定后分别制作投射电镜、扫描电镜切片和石蜡包埋切片,在电镜和光镜下连续观察。观察结果表明,糙海参精子发生经历了精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精细胞和成熟精子5个阶段。精细胞分化过程可分为3个时期,早期:细胞核前端出现前顶体囊;中期:顶体腔内出现围顶体物质;后期:胞质往尾部方向收缩,形成精子中部。糙海参成熟精子全长约60μm,由头部、中部和尾部3部分组成,为典型的鞭毛型精子。精子头部呈球形,精子核中顶体形态为"U"型内陷囊状体,围顶体物质呈"月牙"形,核染色质凝集成团块状。精子中部由一个巨大的线粒体和中心粒复合体融合而成。精子尾部鞭毛横切面为典型的"9+2"微管结构。本研究可为糙海参的繁殖生物学和人工育苗提供理论参考。     

黑鱾精子发生过程中的超微结构变化

利用透射电镜对黑鱾Girella leonina精子发生过程中的各个阶段细胞以及精子的超微结构变化进行了观察.结果表明:1)黑鱾的精子发生过程主要经历了初级精原细胞、次级精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞和精子6个阶段.由精子细胞形成成熟精子还需经过前、中、后期的一系列变态过程.2)各阶段生精细胞以初级精原细胞体积最大,大小约为10.00μm×6.40μm,核大小约为8.801μm×5.80μm,而精子细胞体积最小,大小约为3.20μm×2.60μm,核约为2.80μm×2.50μm;随着生精细胞不断分裂和成熟,细胞的体积逐渐减小,核的位置、核仁、线粒体等发生相应的变化,核内染色质趋于浓缩,电子密度增加,染色程度也逐步加深.3)线粒体是各期细胞内的最主要细胞器之一,在精子发生过程中,它的数量逐渐减少,至成熟精子形成时,核内仅存4个线粒体,但体积却不断增加,内嵴变得长而明显.4)与大多数硬骨鱼类精子特点相似,黑纪的成熟精子不具顶体,核后窝深,精子的鞭毛细长,两旁具侧鳍.尾部为典型的"9+2"型结构.     

文昌鱼的精子发生及释精过程

本文较详细地描述了文昌鱼精巢重新形成过程中,精原细胞的增殖和分化。本工作首次观察到原始精原细胞的形态特点,初级精母细胞的成熟分裂、精子形成以及精子释放的过程。我们的研究结果表明,精原细胞至少经三次有丝分裂后才进入初级精母细胞,但未观察到文昌鱼精巢中有类固醇激素生成细胞。我们还观察到文昌鱼释精的另一途径,即精子先在鳃裂和内柱周围聚集。后经咽至口排出。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.