The gradual subduction-collision evolution model of Proto-South China Sea and its control on oil and gas

This study involved outcrop, drilling, seismic, gravity, and magnetic data to systematically document the geological records of the subduction process of Proto-South China Sea (PSCS) and establish its evolution model. The results indicate that a series of arc-shaped ophiolite belts and calcalkaline magmatic rocks are developed in northern Borneo, both of which have the characteristics of gradually changing younger from west to east, and are direct signs of subduction and collision of PSCS. At the same time, the subduction of PSCS led to the formation of three accretion zones from the south to the north in Borneo, the Kuching belt, Sibu belt, and Miri belt. The sedimentary formation of northern Borneo is characterized by a three-layer structure, with the oceanic basement at the bottom, overlying the deep-sea flysch deposits of the Rajang–Crocker group, and the molasse sedimentary sequence that is dominated by river-delta and shallow marine facies at the top, recording the whole subduction–collision–orogeny process of PSCS. Further, seismic reflection and tomography also confirmed the subduction and collision of PSCS. Based on the geological records of the subduction and collision of PSCS, combined with the comprehensive analysis of segmented expansion and key tectonic events in the South China Sea, we establish the “gradual” subduction-collision evolution model of PSCS. During the late Eocene to middle Miocene, the Zengmu, Nansha, and Liyue–Palawan blocks were separated by West Baram Line and Balabac Fault, which collided with the Borneo block and Kagayan Ridge successively from the west to the east, forming several foreland basin systems, and PSCS subducted and closed from the west to the east. The subduction and extinction of PSCS controlled the oil and gas distribution pattern of southern South China Sea (SSCS) mainly in three aspects. First, the “gradual” closure process of PSCS led to the continuous development of many large deltas in SSCS. Second, the deltas formed during the subduction–collision of PSCS controlled the development of source rocks in the basins of SSCS. Macroscopically, the distribution and scale of deltas controlled the distribution and scale of source rocks, forming two types of source rocks, namely, coal measures and terrestrial marine facies. Microscopically, the difference of terrestrial higher plants carried by the delta controlled the proportion of macerals of source rocks. Third, the difference of source rocks mainly controlled the distribution pattern of oil and gas in SSCS. Meanwhile, the difference in the scale of source rocks mainly controlled the difference in the amount of oil and gas discoveries, resulting in a huge amount of oil and gas discoveries in the basin of SSCS. Meanwhile, the difference of macerals of source rocks mainly controlled the difference of oil and gas generation, forming the oil and gas distribution pattern of “nearshore oil and far-shore gas”.     

长江口及邻近海域夏季表层沉积物中重金属等的分布、来源与沉积物环境质量

通过现场调查研究报道了长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中重金属、有机碳、石油类、硫化物以及氮磷的分布、来源以及沉积物环境质量.结果显示,长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中重金属、有机碳、石油类、硫化物以及氮磷的分布很不均匀,除硫化物外,重金属、有机碳、石油类以及氮磷基本呈现长江口和杭州湾东北近岸的上海外海出现高值,其他区域浓度较低...     

Human empowerment: Opportunities from ocean governance

Stimulus to reach the millennium goals of poverty abatement and empowerment, including education and employment, for the large part of the population in the coastal zone can be found in the resources and services of oceans and coasts; the required financial means, given political will and right priorities, can be provided through implementation of the related international conventions, in particular UNCLOS with the EEZ, the Common Heritage of Mankind and other provisions, Agenda 21 [1] of UNCED and the WSSD 2002 Ocean Targets; the motivation is the necessity to address over-exploitation, depletion and destruction of resources, habitats and coastal ecosystem services, global changes, as well as economic transformations and social conditions of poverty, employment and unequity. Achieving adequate management and protection of natural assets as ecosystems and their services, habitats, biodiversity requires that the socio-economic and human security needs of the coastal populations are met. One way to reach the goal is to enable them, representing about 50% of the global population and increasing, to fight poverty and cope with uncertainties and changing conditions of employment, environment and sustainability through proper governance of the coastal and ocean assets. This includes provision of education and knowledge as regards these assets and their proper uses. They include energy, water, food, transportation and trade, communication, coastal developments, tourism, recreation and ecosystem services, as well as the need to properly manage them.The present economic system cannot fully harmonize with the required governance, partly since the ecosystem resources and services are not internalised in the market-oriented system. This calls for a revised education and training system, more comprehensive than the present, taking into account the social, cultural and environmental requirements, and stressing the sustainable development paradigm. In order to achieve ocean governance and comprehensive human security an understanding of the system is needed. This is substantiated through the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development as well as the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.The aim here is to discuss some of the issues in context of implementation of related ocean conventions and commitments, which include achieving ocean governance, and to elucidate opportunities given by oceans and coasts, also in generating employment and providing for basic human needs.     

沿海验潮站GNSS观测网BDS与GPS基线处理精度分析

为了评估北斗卫星导航系统（BDS）用于验潮站沉降监测的可靠性和精度,该文利用北海区沿海8个验潮站2022年全年的GPS和BDS观测数据,从基线解标准均方根误差、基线重复性和GPS与BDS基线互差等方面对GPS和BDS解算结果进行对比分析。结果表明,BDS基线解的NRMS值在0.17～0.25之间,GPS基线解的NRMS值在0.18～0.23之间,二者基线解的NRMS值基本相当;GPS基线解的长度和各分量基线重复率平均值要小于BDS,从GNSS网固定误差和比例误差看,GPS和BDS的基线长度重复性精度达到10-9～10-8量级,基线东西和南北分量重复性达到10-9量级,基线垂直分量重复性精度达到10-7～10-8量级。在GPS和BDS基线结果互差方面,GPS解算得到的基线长度均要大于BDS,二者平均差值为10.7 mm;东西分量差值最小,其次是南北分量,垂直分量差异最大,南北分量、东西分量和垂直分量差值平均值分别为-8.5 mm、-3.7 mm和10.6 mm。南北分量、东西分量、垂直分量和基线长度差值平均值最大值分别为23.6 mm、20.9 mm、30.4 mm和22.1 mm。总体...     

中国对虾体内几种重要无机元素的含量

用原子吸收分光光度技术和比色法测定了不同体长的对虾,包括亲虾及不同组织中的K、Na、Ca、Mg、Mn、Cu、Zn、Fe和P的含量。除Mn以外,上述元素在对虾整体的含量随着体长的增加呈规律性的变化。值得注意的是,微量元素cu在对虾中的含量相当高,特别是在内脏中的含量非常高,因此存研制人工配合饵料时应注意是否会出现缺铜的问题。     

三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)珍珠形成初期钙代谢的特征分析

采用生理生化及分子生物学方法,对刚植片的三角帆蚌进行了为期57天的研究,探讨三角帆蚌珍珠形成初期钙的代谢特征。实验每周取样一次,分别测定了珍珠囊和珍珠的直径,珍珠囊和珍珠的重量及水温,外套膜、鳃、围心腔三种组织的钙含量,酸、碱性磷酸酶的比活力,以及外套膜中钙调素基因的表达量。结果表明,植片后三角帆蚌的珍珠囊及珍珠在第22天和43天各出现一个快速生长期。其外套膜和鳃中的酸性磷酸酶比活力第8天升到最高,随后逐渐下降;外套膜中的碱性磷酸酶比活力第15天达到最高,第29天后开始快速下降;鳃和围心腔中的碱性磷酸酶比活力第15天后才开始上升,第29天达到最高。三种组织的钙含量总体呈现上升趋势,其中鳃的钙含量最高并在第43天达到最高值。植片后三角帆蚌外套膜中的钙调素RNA表达量明显增强,第8天和43天的表达量尤其显著。三角帆蚌珍珠的形成主要依赖于鳃和外套膜对钙的代谢,在此过程中酸、碱性磷酸酶以及钙调素起着重要的作用。可能依照钙调素基因上调表达、酸性和碱性磷酸酶激活、鳃和外套膜钙含量升高、珍珠生长的顺序来进行,植片后的第8天、15天和43天是珍珠形成的关键期。     

管角螺消化系统的组织学研究

本研究采用解剖学及组织学方法对管角螺消化系统的结构进行了系统分析．结果表明,管角螺的消化系统由消化道和消化腺两大部分组成．消化道包含吻、食道、嗉囊、胃、肠、直肠及肛门;消化腺由唾液腺、肝及食道腺组成,其中肝为最大消化腺．唾液腺细胞分为粘液细胞和分泌细胞;食道腺细胞由排泄细胞和杯状细胞组成．在光学显微镜下,消化道的管壁由外向内依次为：外膜、肌层、粘膜下层和粘膜层4层;唾液腺、肝及食道腺均为复管状腺．管角螺的肝由肝被膜和许多盲管（肝小管）组成,肝管的组织结构与消化道基本相同,内有单层纤毛柱状上皮,可观察到肌层和管腔。     

入卵过程中太平洋牡蛎精子超微结构的变化

本文研究了精子入卵过程中太平洋牡蛎精子超微结构的变化规律。研究表明 ,精子入卵过程分为 4个时期 :顶体反应期、穿卵前期、穿卵期和融合期。顶体反应期 ,精子顶体物质释放 ,顶体致密部分向外延伸 ,形成 1层保护膜 ,亚顶体腔开始向顶端突起 ;穿卵前期 ,亚顶体腔前突形成顶体锥 ,并向卵膜释放亚顶体物质 ,精子外膜后移 ;穿卵期 ,精子核及线粒体进入卵膜形成的受精锥 ,线粒体数量减少 ,顶体突消失 ,精子外膜和尾部脱落 ;融合期 ,精子核进入卵内与质膜融合 ,核解体。     

中国近海有害藻华研究现状与展望

海洋或淡水环境中的一些藻类生物量暴发性增长会形成有害藻华(harmfulalgalblooms,HAB),对人类健康、生态安全和社会经济发展构成威胁。近50年来,近海有害藻华问题不断加剧,已经成为一类全球性的海洋生态环境问题。在"全球有害藻华生态学与海洋学研究计划(GEOHAB)"和"全球变化下有害藻华研究计划(GlobalHAB)"支持下,有害藻华研究不断深入,在"有害藻华原因种多样性、生物地理分布特征与适应策略"、"典型有害藻华的生态学与海洋学研究"、"富营养化和气候变化对有害藻华的影响"、"藻毒素与人类健康"、"有害藻华的监测、预警和防控"等方面取得了重要进展。有害藻华是我国近海最突出的生态灾害之一,自2000年以来,我国近海大规模有害藻华不断出现,藻华原因种表现出多样化、小型化和有害化的演变趋势,对沿海地区社会经济发展和生态系统健康构成严重威胁。针对我国近海的有害藻华,本文从有害藻华原因种基础生物学研究、有害藻华生态学与海洋学研究、近海有毒藻和藻毒素研究、有害藻华监测与治理研究等四个方面对主要研究进展进行了总结和分析。综合国内外有害藻华现状和相关研究进展,建议进一步深化对我国近海有害藻华形成及演变机理的研究,高度关注全球变化和人类活动对我国近海有害藻华的影响,推动有害藻华监测预警体系建设,持续提高对藻华灾害的防控能力,积极参与有害藻华领域国际合作,更好地应对有害藻华问题。     

Pilot Census of marine life in the Gulf of Maine: contributions of technology

Recent advances in physical oceanography, sampling and observation tools, and data management methods are sufficient to enable a wide range of organisms in the Gulf of Maine to be quantified and related both to other organisms and to the physical habitat. A pilot Census of marine life in the Gulf of Maine would advance the goals of ecosystem understanding and management in a timely manner. A prerequisite is knowledge of the distribution and abundance of the organisms that inhabit, both permanently and transiently, the Gulf of Maine and adjacent waters, namely those of Georges Bank, Browns Bank, and Slope Sea, including the New England seamounts. Both systematic and synoptic investigations of a spectrum of marine life are needed to supplement current data holdings, which, if extensive with respect to fish and certain marine mammals, are sparse with respect to the larger biogeography of the system. Technology offers the means of collecting and organizing such data. Efficiency in collection argues for dividing the spectrum of marine life into a number of functional groups, whose constituent organisms can be observed or sampled by the same or similar techniques. Five groups are identified: offshore subtidal benthos, intertidal and nearshore subtidal benthos, plankton, fish and squid, and large marine animals and seabirds. Associated tools of observation and sampling are listed and illustrated for two categories: high-frequency scientific echo sounders and underwater video microscopes. Parameters of the physical habitat are listed, and the power of the Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System to define the physical oceanography is noted. Issues of data management, systems, and uses are described. Some benefits of a pilot census are noted. For the scientific community, these include making available biogeographic data that can support the formulation of data-based hypotheses. Testing these in the Gulf of Maine and adjacent waters may enable new knowledge of the particular ecosystem to be extended to distant ecosystems.     

我国近海陆架锋面与生态效应研究回顾

海洋锋面存在于特征明显不同的2种或多种水系或水团交界处,锋面区域形成的次生环流和辐聚作用可显著影响到海洋中的物质输运与生物生产,故受到海洋学家的广泛关注。研究发现,我国近海陆架存在14个永久性的准静止锋面（渤海海峡锋面、山东半岛沿岸锋面、苏北沿岸锋面、西韩湾锋面、京畿湾锋面、济州岛西锋面、长江环形浅滩锋面、闽浙沿岸锋面、黑潮锋面、台湾沿岸锋面、闽粤沿岸锋面、珠江口沿岸锋面、琼东锋面和北部湾锋面）,且部分海域观测到双锋面、穿刺锋面和锋面波等现象。它们与陆架环流及其他动力过程（如：涡旋、内波等）共同控制着我国边缘海的物质能量输运与交换以及生物生产力格局。近岸物质沿锋面、跨锋面输运与锋区的垂向输送过程对我国边缘海生物地球化学循环和生态过程存在显著季节性影响。冬季到春季,沿岸锋面松弛能够加强物质从近岸向陆架的输运,进而在空间上调制春季藻华暴发的时间与量级;夏季到秋季,我国边缘海存在显著的潮汐锋面系统,锋面的辐聚效应以及次级环流可显著提高锋面区域的营养盐浓度和改善光照水平,对浮游植物的生长聚集起到促进作用,故在富营养化的河口与沿岸海域,锋面区域容易成为赤潮或缺氧高发区。此外,锋面的物理屏障作用使得两侧水团保持相对独立的物理与化学特征,因而在我国边缘海生境区划和生物多样性梯度变化等方面扮演重要角色,这些研究对认识我国边缘海物质循环与生物生产的控制机制具有重要作用。未来仍需充分结合观测与卫星资料,运用多过程耦合的高分辨率模型,深入认识锋面的精细结构与动态变化,加强亚中尺度和小尺度过程及其生态效应的研究。     

Bacterial and cyanobacterial diversities determined by T-RFLP analyses in the Jiaozhou Bay

1Introduction Bacteriaareactivelyinvolvedinthedecomposi tionanddegradationoforganicmatterandxenobiotic compound,biogeochemicaltransformationsandnu trientrecyclingoflife essentialelements.Owingto freshwaterrunoff,wastewaterdischargeandaquacul turalpractice…     

以生态产业化模式实现海洋生态产品价值的探索与研究

为探索海洋领域生态产品价值实现机制，实现海洋生态资源集约节约与可持续利用，文章在梳理国内现有的海洋生态产品价值实现发展模式、剖析存在问题的基础上，借鉴国内外案例成功经验，提出了基于生态产业化模式的海洋生态产品价值实现机制。研究认为，海洋生态产业化需具备3个必备条件：①实施区域必须具有独特的可供开发的海洋自然生态资源优势；②产业化过程必须控制在海洋生态系统承载力限度内；③要符合海洋产业发展规律。基于生态产业化模式的海洋生态产品价值实现机制需做好5个方面的工作。①明确1个发展目标：实现海洋生态资源的保值增值；②奠定好2项工作基础：做好资源调查评价和生态承载力评估；③建立3个支撑保障：顶层规划、监管机制和引导机制；④创造4项推动力：通过政策、科技、人才和资本市场产生创新发展的动能；⑤建立5步实现路径：逐步实现新技术、新产品、新企业、新模式，最终形成新业态。在推动海洋生态产业化的进程中，建议将海洋资源保护利用的监管工作贯穿于生态产业化的全过程，严格禁止超出生态承载能力的产业化过程。     

河口海岸潮滩蟹类生物扰动行为过程研究进展

河口海岸潮滩是具有较高生物生产力和生物多样性的生态系统。蟹类作为一种典型的生态系统工程师,分布广泛、种类繁多,可影响整个潮滩生态系统的物质与能量循环。蟹类的分布与盐度、淹水时长、湿度、温度、底质等非生物因子有关,也与植被、捕食作用、种内种间竞争等生物因子和人类活动有关。蟹类挖掘洞穴,形成了优先排水通道,增加了土壤蒸发速率,改变了孔隙水循环以及土壤的物理化学性质,进而可影响潮滩泥沙稳定性以及微地貌形态,甚至会影响中长期潮滩地貌演变。目前,蟹类对于沉积物稳定性、泥沙输运规律、微地貌演变的影响依然有待深入研究,有必要开展中长期现场观测和试验、多因子驱动下系统演变数值模拟以及综合分析,推动相关研究从定性向定量层面迈进。     

关于南沙海域内波与细结构研究

作者综述了南沙海域内波及细结构研究现状。首先介绍研究中所用的国际或国内首次使用的一些研究方法,它们包括最基础的ＣＴＤ资料质量控制的方法,浮力频率计算方法、频散关系和波函数计算方法,细结构概率分布假设检验方法,内波检测方法,内潮计算的谱差分方法等。而后总结所得的研究成果（其中一部分是首次发表的）,它们包括南沙海区浮力频率的分类及其随地域和季节的变化规律;内波频散关系和波函数;细结构特性及其与内波的关系;细结构的非高斯概率分布特性;垂向波数谱特性及其随季节、地域及水层的变化;频率特性;Ｃｏｘ 数及其概率分布;内潮特性等。最后对今后研究方向作了展望。     

Hydrocarbon systems of Northeastern Venezuela: plate through molecular scale-analysis of the genesis and evolution of the Eastern Venezuela Basin

The prolific, oil-bearing basins of eastern Venezuela developed through an unusual confluence of Atlantic, Caribbean and Pacific plate tectonic events. Mesozoic rifting and passive margin development created ideal conditions for the deposition of world-class hydrocarbon source rocks. In the Cenozoic, transpressive, west-to-east movement of the Caribbean plate along the northern margin of Venezuela led to the maturation of those source rocks in several extended pulses, directly attributable to regional tectonic events. The combination of these elements with well-developed structural and stratigraphic fairways resulted in remarkably efficient migration of large volumes of oil and gas, which accumulated along the flanks of thick sedimentary depocenters.At least four proven and potential hydrocarbon source rocks contribute to oil and gas accumulations. Cretaceous oil-prone, marine source rocks, and Miocene oil- and gas-prone, paralic source rocks are well documented. We used reservoired oils, seeps, organic-rich rocks, and fluid inclusions to identify probable Jurassic hypersaline-lacustrine, and Albian carbonate source rocks. Hydrocarbon maturation began during the Early Miocene in the present-day Serrania del Interior, as the Caribbean plate moved eastward relative to South America. Large volumes of hydrocarbons expelled during this period were lost due to lack of effective traps and seals. By the Middle Miocene, however, when source rocks from the more recent foredeeps began to mature, reservoir, migration pathways, and topseal were in place. Rapid, tectonically driven burial created the opportunity for unusually efficient migration and trapping of these later-expelled hydrocarbons. The generally eastward migration of broad depocenters across Venezuela was supplemented by local, tectonically induced subsidence. These subsidence patterns and later migration resulted in the mixing of hydrocarbons from different source rocks, and in a complex map pattern of variable oil quality that was further modified by biodegradation, late gas migration, water washing, and subsequent burial.The integration of plate tectonic reconstructions with the history of source rock deposition and maturation provides significant insights into the genesis, evolution, alteration, and demise of Eastern Venezuela hydrocarbon systems. We used this analysis to identify additional play potential associated with probable Jurassic and Albian hydrocarbon source rocks, often overlooked in discussions of Venezuela. The results suggest that oils associated with likely Jurassic source rocks originated in restricted, rift-controlled depressions lying at high angles to the eventual margins of the South Atlantic, and that Albian oils are likely related to carbonate deposition along these margins, post-continental break up. In terms of tectonic history, the inferred Mesozoic rift system is the eastern continuation of the Espino Graben, whose remnant structures underlie both the Serrania del Interior and the Gulf of Paria, where thick evaporite sections have been penetrated. The pattern of basin structure and associated Mesozoic deposition as depicted in the model has important implications for the Mesozoic paleogeography of northern South America and Africa, Cuba and the Yucatan and associated new play potential.     

冲绳海槽北端表层沉积物过渡元素地球化学特征

利用原子吸收和等离子发射光谱等方法,对冲绳海槽北端184个表层沉积物中的Al和过渡元素(Ti、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn和Zr)进行了化学分析。结果表明,由于受生源碎屑稀释作用的影响,过渡元素在陆架砂质区含量较低,其分布呈北西-南东向舌状延伸;由于细粒组分的增加,在陆架细粒沉积区和海槽区过渡元素含量较高。Mn主要在海槽区富集,在陆架和陆坡区变化不大。除了Mn之外,Al和其他过渡元素均呈明显正相关。Al/Ti比值与陆壳平均值接近,说明二者主要来源于陆源碎屑。Mn/Fe比值与邻近海区沉积物类似,但在陆架区CaO含量大于20%的沉积物和海槽区沉积物中相对较高,这分别是生物富集作用和自生沉积的结果。过渡元素富集因子分析结果表明,研究区过渡元素部分来自于黄河、部分来自于长江物质。     

海岸带综合管理和陆海统筹的概念内涵研究进展

随着海洋与海岸带开发利用活动的复杂化和深入化，海岸带地区的资源环境问题逐渐显露出来，经济效益降低，传统单一的海岸带管理模式无法满足海洋开发的需求。国外由此提出了海岸带综合管理的概念，我国与之对应的是陆海统筹发展战略。文章对海岸带综合管理与陆海统筹的发展历程进行梳理，分析其概念内涵及发展变化，并从战略目标、空间范围、功能范围和实施手段4个方面比较了二者内涵的异同。最后，指出海岸带综合管理与陆海统筹后续研究应加强海岸带综合管理典型案例研究，推动海岸带综合管理走向海岸带综合治理，探讨人、陆、海三者耦合的机理和过程，加强陆海统筹的发展路径研究。     

一种新型半潜式平台概念设计研究

在详细研究影响平台综合性能的诸多因素基础上，克服现有半潜式平台存在的不足，结合自升式平台甲板可以自由升降的优点，开发了具有自主知识产权的自升式半潜多功能深海浮式（JCSM）平台。JCSM平台结合了自升式平台与半潜式平台的优势，并以平台综合性能的提升为目标进行了细节上的优化，稳性裕度大且运动性能优良，可适应干式采油、湿式采油和干湿组合式采油等不同采油模式，并同时具有钻井、早期生产、修井、油气处理与油气储运等多种功能。在详述JCSM平台的组成及性能特点的基础上，对JCSM平台进行了稳性与运动性能数值分析，并与传统半潜式平台相比较，验证了所研发新型平台性能的优越性。研究为未来海洋油气田开发提供了一种新的选择，并对全新概念的浮式平台开发有借鉴和指导意义。     

滩涂湿地围垦前后服务功能的效益分析--以上虞市世纪丘滩涂为例

在详细分析滩涂湿地服务功能的基础之上,评估了上虞市世纪丘滩涂围垦前、后服务功能的效益及其变化。结果表明,滩涂围垦前,生态环境功能效益与社会经济功能效益分别占总效益的95％和5％,主要表现在提供生物栖息地与水文调节方面;滩涂围垦后,生态环境功能效益下降了63％,而社会经济功能效益则增加了30倍,主要表现在提供大量的动植物产品方面;此外,围垦后,其服务功能类型的多样性有所减少,但服务功能的总效益有所增加。