减少最终尾矿中金的损失

选厂最终产物一般有三种:硫化矿物浮选石英尾矿,阶段混合浮选水力旋流器含金沉砂再浮选的最终尾矿,水力旋流器的最终溢流。溢流产率约有50％,并且含金量较高。 在分析研究尾矿含金的粒级分布时,可以明显看出(表1),在阶段混合尾矿中,     

尾砂高水基固化剂充填新技术的应用

采用“高水基单浆料固化剂”作胶结材料，与尾砂制成充填料浆输送到井下采空区，充填体不需脱水且早期强度高。该项新技术在南京铅锌银矿的应用较好地解决了井下采空区充填问题，实现了“无尾矿山”的环保目标，取得了显著的效益。     

超细全尾砂材料胶凝成岩机理试验

矿山充填是保护土地资源、生态环境,实现矿山无废开采和消除重大安全隐患的理想途径。以某矿全尾砂为试验材料,在分析该矿全尾砂材料的化学成分、粒径级配组成等基本物理、化学特性基础上,借助XRD能谱分析和电镜扫描（SEM）方法,得到不同条件下的超细全尾砂材料胶凝成岩微观规律。对比以水泥、固结剂1#和固结剂2#分别为胶结剂时充填体的强度结果表明,在灰砂配比、浓度和龄期相同的条件下3种胶结材料充填体的强度大小为：固结剂1#＞固结剂2#＞水泥;固结剂1#可替代水泥作为矿山全尾砂胶结充填的胶结剂,且价格比水泥便宜,有利于降低矿山充填成本。对不同条件下的充填体强度曲线进行拟合,得到充填体的单轴抗压强度增长规律：在养护龄期28 d之内,充填体单轴抗压强度增长规律随龄期变化基本相同,皆遵循指数函数曲线增长规律;当以固结剂1#、2#分别作为胶结材料时,强度增长规律与水泥为胶结剂时相同;强度增长曲线趋势与灰砂配比、料浆浓度以及养护龄期正相关。     

高压下尾矿材料幂函数型摩尔强度特性研究

高压下尾矿材料的强度特性是高尾矿坝稳定性分析的基础。理论推导了幂函数型摩尔（Mohr）强度通式 须满足的条件为 , , ;基于高压三轴试验研究了尾矿材料的强度特征,研究表明：幂函数型摩尔强度包络线能较好地反应尾矿材料在高压下的强度特征;尾矿材料在高压作用下试验前、后的颗粒分析结果表明：当围压达到某一阈值时,尾矿材料在剪切过程中将发生颗粒破碎,对于德兴铜矿尾粉砂,阈值为1 200 kPa;对于德兴铜矿尾亚砂,阈值为1 600 kPa。研究成果可为高尾矿坝坝体稳定性评价提供理论依据。     

细粒含量对尾矿材料液化特性的影响

为了模拟沉积分选后颗粒组成的变化对尾矿材料的动力特性的影响,尾矿筛分后按不同的细粒（颗粒直径小于 0.074 mm）含量制备尾矿试样,并进行了大量的土动力学试验。分析了细颗粒含量对尾矿材料的动力液化特性的影响规律。研究表明,对于铜矿类尾矿坝的尾矿材料,当细颗粒含量占到总量的35 %时其抗液化性能最佳。根据尾矿材料动力特性试验的研究结果,并结合现场的标准贯入试验成果,提出了适用于尾矿材料的细粒含量对标准贯入击数的修正式。该式可以分析不同细粒含量的尾矿材料的抗液化强度,提高尾矿坝液化判别方法的判别准确程度。     

砂土介质注浆渗透扩散试验与加固机制研究

设计了一套可视化砂土介质恒压注浆渗透扩散与加固模拟试验装置。选用普通硅酸盐42.5水泥（OPC）、超细硅酸盐水泥（MC）、超细硫铝水泥（MSAC）及自主研发材料（EMCG）,对砂土多孔介质进行了注浆渗透扩散与加固试验。研究了细砂土体不同浆液、注浆压力工况下扩散距离、注浆量随时间变化规律,以及不同浆液、砂样级配及注浆压力对加固效果影响。采用极差分析法确定了加固效果主控因素,获得了加固体宏观破坏模式,通过SEM分析了岩-浆界面微观加固模型,揭示了不同材料加固效果差异的本质原因。研究结果表明：注浆材料与颗粒质量分数主导着细砂土体可注性,注浆压力对可注性提高程度不大,EMCG可注性最强,MC、MSAC次之,OPC最差;在完全可注情况下,砂样级配越细,加固体强度改善效果越明显;EMCG材料加固体7、28 d强度明显高于MSAC、MC、OPC加固体;EMCG的7 d加固体强度达到28 d参数70%以上;注浆材料主导着注浆加固效果,EMCG对不同级配砂土体注浆加固效果显著优于其他水泥类材料,OPC最差;注浆后EMCG浆-岩界面生成的致密C-S-H凝胶体能够有效提高胶结强度。最后从注浆材料选型、注浆过程控制、钻孔布置方面对砂土层渗透注浆设计方法提出了工程治理改进建议。     

酸性矿渣粉活性激发剂配方试验研究

采用工业废弃物——酸性矿渣粉取代水泥作为胶凝材料,以激发酸性矿渣粉活性、提高砂浆综合性能、降低矿山充填成本为目的而进行试验研究,以抗压强度为指标,通过单一激发剂、复合激发剂激发酸性矿渣粉制成胶凝材料的试验,确定了激发酸性矿渣粉活性较好的激发剂,然后选取了4种激发剂进行正交试验,得出了3个不同龄期的最优激发配方。解决了酸性矿渣粉难被激发利用的问题。     

基于RSM-BBD法胶结充填材料配比优化及工程应用

针对煤层回采顶板垮落法产生的采煤固废堆放量大、长壁胶结充填开采中采充失衡等问题,内蒙古察哈素煤矿31采区采用连采连充巷式胶结充填采煤工艺,采用“隔三采一”的回采方式及“三强一弱”的充填模式。充填材料配比对充填成本与效果具有重要影响,针对原胶结充填材料中水泥消耗大、粉煤灰消纳少的问题,基于泰波理论确定矸石最佳粒径级配系数n为0.5,在此基础上,利用响应面法(RSM)优化材料配比。基于RSM-BBD (Box–Behnken Design)设计13组试验,建立充填体3、7及28 d单轴抗压强度与水泥质量分数X1、粉煤灰质量分数X₂、固料质量分数X₃及3因素交互作用(水泥与粉煤灰交互作用X1X₂、水泥与固料质量分数交互作用X₁X₃、粉煤灰与固料质量分数交互作用X₂X₃)的回归模型,模型P值均小于10^-4,模型可靠性强。试验结果表明：不仅单一因素对强度影响显著,且各因素的交互作用也对强度有一定的影响。强度随X1与X     

连续级配废石胶结充填体强度及变形特性试验研究

采用MTS815岩石力学试验系统与自制的胶结充填体制作装置,对骨架颗粒满足Talbol级配理论的废石胶结充填体进行单轴抗压试验研究,分析了Talbol幂指数、初始孔隙度、胶结材料种类及含量对充填体强度及变形特性的影响规律。结果表明:充填体单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、变形模量均随Talbol指数n呈先增大、后减小的趋势;采用2次多项式拟合充填体单轴抗压强度与骨架颗粒Talbol指数的关系,得到了使充填体强度及变形特性达到最优的Talbol指数n=0.45。充填体单轴抗压强度基本上随其初始孔隙度的增大而减小,但当孔隙分布均匀性较差时,其试验结果具有一定差异。满足Talbol分布的充填体强度随其胶结材料胶结性能的提高而逐渐增大,其中水泥胶结充填体单轴抗压强度可以达到黏土胶结充填体的6倍以上。另外,胶结材料含量的提高同样可以增大充填体的强度,并能够相应地缩短其应力-应变曲线中的孔隙压密阶段。     

水力压裂模拟用煤岩体相似材料基础力学特性实验研究

煤层水力压裂模拟实验是研究煤矿井下水力压裂煤岩体致裂增透、弱化机理的有效手段。然而,大尺寸煤岩体原位保真取样技术不成熟,已有大尺寸煤样块多取自卸压区,其在运输和制备过程中会发生二次破坏,导致实验结果失真。因此,使用煤岩体相似材料代替大尺寸原煤执行室内水力压裂模拟实验成为一种可行的选择。煤岩体相似材料试样的力学特性是影响水力压裂效果最重要因素。为精确表征煤岩体相似材料的基础力学特征,选择煤粉、水泥、石膏、砂子为相似材料,设计制作7种配比试样,进行超声波与力学特性耦合响应规律研究。结果表明:煤岩体相似材料试样超声波波速(P波和S波)和强度(单轴抗压和抗拉强度)随着密度的增大而增大,随着孔隙率的增大而减小;相似材料对于超声波波速、强度和密度增大幅度的影响为水泥>砂子>石膏,孔隙率正相反;相似材料水泥和石膏分别在调节试样强度和变形特性方面起主要作用;根据超声波P波波速与强度之间的二次多项式数学模型,通过测定超声波P波波速可提前预测试样的强度;试样力学参数可调整范围大,通过改变相似材料配比可以调整试样的力学性质,精确模拟煤岩体,且试样制作方法简单。此研究可为煤层水力压裂模拟用煤岩体相似材料力学特征相似设计提供依据,促进矿井瓦斯防治技术的发展,具有广泛的应用价值。      

Design and Application of Underground Mine Paste Backfill Technology

This paper reviews the design and application of paste backfill in underground hard rock mines used as ground support for pillars and walls, to help prevent caving and roof falls, and to enhance pillar recovery for improved productivity. Arching after stope filling reduces vertical stress and increases horizontal stress distribution within the fill mass. It is therefore important to determine horizontal stress on stope sidewalls using various predictive models in the design of paste backfill. Required uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) for paste backfill depends on the intended function, such as vertical roof support, development opening within the backfill, pillar recovery, ground or pillar support, and working platform. UCS design models for these functions are given. Laboratory and backfill plant scale designs for paste backfill mix design and optimization are presented, with emphasis on initial tailings density control to prevent under-proportioning of binder content. Once prepared, paste backfill is transported (or pumped) and placed underground by pipeline reticulation. The governing elements of paste backfill transport are rheological factors such as shear yield stress, viscosity, and slump height (consistency). Different models (analytical, semi-empirical, and empirical) are given to predict the rheological factors of paste backfill (shear yield stress and viscosity). Following backfill placement underground, self-weight consolidation settlement, internal pressure build-up, the arching effect, shrinkage, stope volume, and wall convergence against backfill affect mechanical integrity. An erratum to this article can be found at     

超细尾砂胶结充填体强度计算模型及应用

超细尾砂已成为充填材料的主要来源。为了便于充填料浆配合比设计与强度预测,基于超细料浆微观结构,提出用固体填充率表征充填料浆结构密实程度。选用某矿山超细尾砂进行了63组配合比强度试验。研究结果表明：固体填充率和水灰比与充填体无侧限强度分别呈指数函数和负幂函数关系。采用Pearson理论对试验样本进行相关性分析,结果表明：固体填充率与水灰比相互独立。在此基础上,建立了超细尾砂胶结充填体双变量强度计算模型,模型计算值与试验值的误差在7%以内。进行了超细尾砂胶结体强度随养护时间增长的试验,基于试验数据拟合规律,提出了强度龄期数学模型,建立了三变量强度计算公式。模型能准确预测矿山充填体强度,且能有效指导矿山充填料浆设计。     

Simulation of Blast Induced Liquefaction Susceptibility of Subsurface Fill Mass

Tailings backfill, which is a subsurface fill mass, has been extensively utilized worldwide in underground mines to fill mined-out cavities for the purposes of ground control and tailings disposal. Just after placement, very early-age backfill which commonly contains a large volume of water exhibits little or no interparticle bonding, and is subjected to the risk of liquefaction induced by routine mine blasting. In this study, a modified total-stress viscoplastic cap model is developed to investigate the blast-induced liquefaction susceptibility of very early-age fill mass under various practical backfilling and field conditions. The developed model well represents the strain-rate and fluid-compressibility dependence of nonlinear material behavior under such dynamic conditions, and also captures the development of excess pore pressure due to irrecoverable volume changes. The model is validated against a series of blast and impact tests on saturated natural soils (sand and silt) and tailings fill masses, and a good agreement is found between the experimental and simulated results. Subsequently, the model is applied to investigate the effects of drainage conditions, distance from detonation, stope size, location of retaining structure, and blast sequence on the liquefaction susceptibility of early-age fill mass after mine blasting. The results obtained from the study will provide practical insight into the blast liquefaction potential of backfill mass in field conditions.     

Development of a high modulus paste fill using fine gold mill tailings

Summary In the mining industry today there is some caution about using fine tailings as a backfill material. Traditionally, hydraulic backfill has only used the coarse fraction of tailings, excluding the fines by a classification process. With the development of paste fill, the percentage of fine tailings being sent underground has increased, but still remains low due to the high percentages of sand and gravel which usually make up these fills. Sand and gravel have been added to paste fills to aid pumpability and to increase fill strength and stiffness. This leaves the remainder of fine tailings destined for surface disposal. The main focus of this paper is to evaluate what effect the addition of fine gold mill tailings in the form of agglomerated tailings pellets has on the strength and stiffness characteristics of a total tailings paste fill. The purpose is to create a high modulus fill which is made up entirely of fine tailings. A constant slump design of 20 cm (8 in) was used for each mix. Various binder dosages, curing periods and combinations of pellet to tailings ratio were studied. Raw fill slump and density, and cured fill compressive strength and modulus of elasticity were also examined. Results from the above study indicate that agglomerated tailings paste fill (ATPF) has superior strength and stiffness characteristics. Compressive strengths were enhanced while the modulus of elasticity values was tripled when compared to total tailings paste fills of the same binder content and consistency. ATPF minimizes the surface disposal of tailings and maximizes the utilization of fine tailings underground as a useful backfill material.     

Geotechnical properties of cemented paste backfill from Cannington Mine,Australia

Paste fill is the newest form of backfill material in the spectrum available to international mines and is made from full mill tailings. Tailings have an effective grain size of approximately 5 μm and are combined with a small portion of binder and water to make paste. It is deposited into the voids created by mining which are referred to as stopes. The empty voids are approximated as vertical rectangular prisms, with plan dimensions of 15–40 m and heights of 100 m or more. Backfilling of mined stopes provide an increased level of local and regional stability to the ore body, as well as providing a suitable and economic dump of mining related waste. Paste is a relatively new technology in the mining industry and a review of the physical properties and mechanical fill behaviour was considered pertinent.     

全尾膏体动态压密特性及其数学模型

深锥浓密机是膏体技术中尾矿浓缩工艺的关键设备,深锥浓密机底流质量分数与泥层压力密切相关,孔隙比是表征底流质量分数的重要物理参数,但是孔隙比随泥层压力的变化规律并不清晰。针对这一问题,首先,提出了尾矿可浓缩性能表征的物理概念--有效孔隙比,即孔隙比减去饱和孔隙比;其次,采用某矿全尾砂进行了动态压密试验,结果表明,当泥层高度为31～200 mm,对应泥层压强为2 477～4 410 Pa,获得的底流质量分数范围为73.26%～78.30%,该质量分数范围对应的有效孔隙比为0.433～0.191。回归有效孔隙比与泥层压强数学关系得知,二者遵循幂函数Allometric模型;最后,提出了膏体动态压密数学模型,并根据模型曲线,将膏体动态压密分为3个区域：（1）线性压缩区,孔隙比随泥层压强增大而基本呈线性关系,孔隙比变化幅度较大;（2）衰减压缩区,随着压强继续增大,孔隙比下降幅度变缓,膏体趋于饱和;（3）恒定压缩区,该区域膏体达到饱和状态,孔隙比随着压强增大而基本恒定。该研究揭示了尾矿浓缩过程中孔隙比随泥层压强的变化规律,为浓密机设计及运行提供理论依据。     

Coupled Modeling of Temperature Distribution and Evolution in Cemented Tailings Backfill Structures that Contain Mineral Admixtures

Cemented paste backfill (CPB, a mixture of tailings, water and binder) is widely utilized to fill underground mine voids. To achieve a good, economical performance, one approach is to proportionally use mineral admixtures such as fly ash and slag as partial substitutes for Portland cement. Binder hydration is one of the most significant factors that can generate heat within hydrating CPB structures, which in turn, influences the mechanical and hydraulic properties of CPB, as well as the pore structure within CPB. However, the temperature evolution due to the hydration of Portland cement that contains fly ash or slag is different from that of hydration with solely Portland cement. Hence, in consideration of the heat generated by both binder hydration and transferred between CPB and its surrounding media, a numerical model is developed to predict and determine the temperature development within CPB that contains mineral admixtures. After that, data from field and laboratory studies are employed to validate the developed model. The validation results demonstrate a good consistency between the model and the field and laboratory studies. Consequently, the proposed model is applied to simulate and determine the temperature evolution with time via mineral admixtures, binder content, initial rock and CPB temperatures, stope geometry, backfilling rate, curing time and backfilling strategy. The obtained results will contribute to better designs and preparation of CPB mixtures, as well as predict the temperature distribution within CPB structures.     

Improving Short- and Long-term Stability of Underground Gypsum Mine Using Partial and Total Backfill

The stability of underground mines represents a key issue for active and abandoned mines. Over the last few years, several collapses of underground mines in France have affected existing buildings and infrastructures. Many factors are generally identified as the cause of failures: pillar ageing, fractures, and pillars’ height to width ratio, etc. Among the treatment techniques available to prevent instability and reduce the deterioration of pillars, backfill is the most frequently used. A research programme, supported by the French Ministry of the Environment, was developed to study the operability of partial and total backfill using waste material in the Livry-Gargan gypsum mine (near Paris, France), where pillar height is 17 m. The paper focuses on: (1) the characterisation of the gypsum and fill material (laboratory and in situ tests), (2) the in situ measurements, involving 5 pillars equipped with 19 pressure cells, since 1999, (3) and numerical modelling of fractured pillars performed in order to improve understanding of the effects of backfill on the stability of room-and-pillar mines. The study clearly shows the operability and the advantages of partial and total backfill for short-term pillar stability. The induced horizontal pressure generated by backfill can reach 200 kPa. The use of numerical modelling also shows the effect of backfill on fractures and that backfill reduces indicatively the shear displacement and the opening of fractures. Numerical modelling helps in identifying the mechanisms of backfill and in a better understanding of the behaviour of backfilled mines.     

Influence of Water Pressure on the Stress State in Stopes with Cohesionless Backfill

The rapid increase of backfill use in underground mines requires a better understanding of the interaction between the fill material and the surrounding rock mass. This is a fairly complex issue as backfill materials are weak compared to the rock mass. This difference in the mechanical behavior induces a stress transfer along the contact area. Previous work conducted on backfilled trenches and mining stopes has shown that basic arching theory can be used to estimate earth pressures in narrow, vertical openings. In this regard, most existing solutions have been developed for dry backfills. However, in many cases, water is present in mine stopes, so its effect should be assessed. In this paper, the authors present a solution to evaluate the stress state in submerged or partially submerged backfilled stopes. The proposed analytical solution is validated against numerical modeling results.