提高断裂构造研究水平之我见

根据近些年来国内外断裂构造及相关领域研究进展，阐述了提高断裂构造研究水平及扩展其应用前景的途径。主要讨论了利用多源地学信息，多侧面地识别断裂构造；借助多层次地学资料，从三维和动态上研究断裂构造；加强流变学和应力场研究，深化断裂动力学分析；提高断裂研究定量化水平，扩展应用前景。     

滩间山金矿田构造轮廓及控矿构造特点

滩间山矿田产出部位及矿体延展严格受断裂构造制约。矿田地区发育北西向压扭性断裂，北东向张扭性断裂和近东西向扭性断裂，北西向，并东向断裂均为控矿断裂，但北东向断裂的控矿作用更为明显。     

小秦岭金矿田东段断裂控矿作用

运用地质，数理统计等方法，对小秦岭金矿田河南部分断裂的控矿作用进行了详细论述，控矿断裂有规律的活动，导致工业矿体分布具有等间距及侧伏规律，控矿断裂的规模及演化控制了矿体的规律及演化。     

鄂西秭归盆地及外缘主要断裂特征及活动性研究

鄂西秭归盆地是长江三峡地区重要的构造单元之一，盆地东侧水田坝断裂与其南部龙王冲断裂，北部新华断裂不属同一基底断裂；西侧地表也不存在穿过长江的牛口断裂，但物探深部深测及地震活动特点表明仍存在“牛口基底断裂”。西缘高桥断裂带规模巨大，切割深度大，现代仍有一定的活动性，属弱的工程活动断裂，具一定孕震性。龙会观中强地震是高桥断裂与牛口基底断裂联合作用的结果。其余断裂都不属工程活动断裂，但不能排除它们发生中     

广西泗顶—古丹铅锌矿田地质特征成矿规律及找矿标志

论述了泗顶－古丹铅锌矿田地质特征，总结成矿规律及找矿标志，指出古丹－泗顶SN向断裂为导矿断裂，NW，NNW向断裂与该断裂交汇区为铅锌矿床分布区。     

综合物探方法在松辽盆地北部基底结构研究中的应用

根据综合地球物理方法，查明松辽盆地北部基底的断裂２６条，其中岩石圈断裂６条，壳断裂５条，基底断裂１５条；盆地基底岩性由五种类型所组成一前寒武系变质岩、糜棱岩、下古生界变质岩、二叠系浅变质岩及花岗岩。为盆地演化及含油气性提供重要信息。     

伸展盆地区断裂构造特征与成因

近十年来断裂构造研究进展迅速，研究思路发生了重大转变，强调应变与应力在断裂形成过程中的同等重要性。重点论述了断裂位移特征及影响因素，断裂位移在断层中部最大，端部最小至零，具有与断层规模无关的特征，但它受断裂分段、连接、近端过程等影响而发生变化。位移作为应变的结果，控制着横向褶皱的形成和分布、沉积中心的迁移(断裂单侧扩展时)或沉积位置不变但范围扩大(断裂双侧扩展时)以及沉积充填结构等。探讨了断裂三维几何形态分类及断裂形成与形态的控制因素：深部与浅部耦合(基底构造的活化与沉积盖层的响应)，建造与改造的耦合，边界条件与构造应力场，沉积压实和埋藏作用等。提出了断裂分级和组合规律，总体上伸展区断裂可分五级，一级控盆，二级控坳，三级控带，四级控圈，五级复杂化；不同级别的断裂三维组合规律可分为软连接组合和硬连接组合。伸展区断裂生长史可划分为成核、扩展、释压、连接、消亡和活化6个阶段。     

胶东东部米山断裂变形带应力应变分析及其控矿特征研究

米山断裂是一多期变形的断裂。早期以韧性变形为主，后期以脆性变形为主，断裂变形具有准对称性，西盘变形强度大于东盘变形强度，变形强度决定了断裂带的蚀变及矿化特点。蚀变的分带结构与断裂的不同的矿化特征都与断裂的变形有关。因此，米山断裂的成生与发展，对胶东东部的成岩成矿具有重要作用，它控制了燕山早期花岗岩的侵入。韧性变形作用是金矿成矿的必要条件。     

米山断裂构造变形特征及其意义

米山断裂是一多期变形断裂，早期以韧性变形为主，后期以脆性变形为主，断裂变形具有准对称性，西盘变形强度大于东盘。变形强度决定了断裂带的蚀变及矿化特点，蚀变的分带结构与断裂的不同矿化特征都与断裂的变形有关，因此米山断裂的生成与发展，对胶东东部的成岩成矿具有重要作用，它控制了燕山早期花岗岩的侵入，韧性变形作用是金矿成矿的必要条件。     

内蒙古白乃庙金矿断裂构造控矿研究

白乃庙金矿由石英脉型和蚀变岩型金矿组成，并受断裂及其破碎带控制，研究了白乃庙金矿断裂构造与成矿关系，断裂构造趋势面与找矿及矿体在断裂中的富集规律，并对成矿远景进行了预测。     

Stability assessment and risk analysis of aboveground river in lower Yellow River

Although the Chinese people have, through continuous efforts, built the constantly improving Yellow River flood control system, and created a miracle which has been tranquil for over 50 years, the tendency for the downstream watercourse of the Yellow River to uplift every year has not been fundamentally curbed, and the aboveground river is still the “scourge” of the sons and daughters of the Yellow River. By the use of a variety of modern investigation and survey methods, the geological environment characteristics of the downstream of the Yellow River have been identified basically, including the environmental and geological factors affecting the stability of aboveground rivercourse of the lower Yellow River such as the active fracture of the lower Yellow River, crustal uplift, land subsidence, seismic activity, geological conditions of dike foundation engineering, hydrodynamic conditions of rivers, and geomorphology of watercourses. After a comprehensive analysis of the inability mode of aboveground river on the downstream of the Yellow River and its corresponding impact factors, by using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, we have evaluated the crustal stability of the aboveground river, dike foundation stability, watercourse landform stability and overall stability. The results of comprehensive results show that the stability of downstream aboveground rivercourse of the Yellow River can be divided into four grades and 11 sections, i e. “basically stable, unstable, very unstable and extremely unstable”. On the basis of the stability segmentation, we consider the influence of integrally the future structural faults, earthquakes, the difference of watercourse between forward and backward heights of dikes, river regime and river type, historical crevasses, foundation soil liquefaction and seepage deformation, and find out 17 most unstable danger points. Finally, from 17 danger points, we select 7 danger points which are most prone to instability including Wuzhi, Zhongmou, Kaifeng, Fengqiu, Dongming, Changyuan and Dong’e. The calculation and analysis of the range and area inundated by 7 danger points, area, and number of people threatened, possible economic loss, and environmental damage, the inability caused by any one of 7 points could bring disastrous consequences to the downstream.     

Composition, mineral assemblages, and genesis of serendibite-bearing magnesian skarns

Variations in the composition and mineral assemblages of boronaluminosilciates (serendibite, grandidierite, kornerupine, and tourmaline) were studied in the abyssal and hypabyssal skarns of New York and California, United States, the Taezhnyi deposit of southern Yakutia, and deposits of the Pamirs, and compared to their occurrences around the world. The genesis of the boronaluminosilicates depends on the facies of the replaced skarns and the calcareous-skarn alteration of the primary composition of the host rocks. The substitution between Mg and Fe, as well as between Al, Si, and B, was studied in complex boronaluminosilciates and associated minerals. It was shown that f of serendibite is determined by that in the replaced skarn minerals (pyroxenes, spinel, sapphirine, and grandidierite) and is inherited in the replacing tourmaline and late silicates. Unlike serendibite, kornerupine is a typomorphic mineral of only bimetasomatic skarns of the abyssal facies. Serendibite, grandidierite, kornerupine, and tourmaline crystallized during the postmagmatic stage of the evolution of boron mineralization at skarn deposits of both the abyssal and the hypabyssal facies, at contact with magnesian carbonate sequences and desilicified aluminosilicate rocks.     

特提斯构造域东段叠合盆地演化和油气成藏规律特征初论

通过分析特提斯构造域东段区域地质和含油气盆地勘探开发基础数据,从板块构造演化入手,系统编制特提斯构造域东段沉积构造演化剖面图和生储盖组合剖面图,研究盆地演化阶段、叠合特征、油气成藏条件及油气藏类型,揭示中亚和中国西部前陆盆地演化和油气富集规律异同。研究表明：古亚洲洋、古特提斯洋和新特提斯洋控制了特提斯构造域东段的区域构造分带、盆地演化、盆地类型及油气成藏模式。根据古洋壳缝合线可分为北、中、南3个构造带,古生代以来多期微板块的拼贴,导致特提斯构造域东段含油气盆地演化分为3个演化阶段,早古生代伸展、晚古生代挤压、早中生代伸展和新生代挤压构造作用控制了研究区盆地的叠合演化,发育下古生界、上古生界和中生界3套区域分布的优质烃源岩和下古生界、上古生界、中生界和新生界4套储盖组合,形成多种类型的油气藏。     

太平洋北部铁锰结核富集区沉积物的元素地球化学特征

本文对太平洋北部铁锰结核富集区沉积物的元素地球化学作了较为详细的研究。因子分析提供的信息表明,元素的分布主要受三个因子控制:（1）粘土及Fe、Mn氧化物水化物胶体的吸附作用;（2）生物化学作用过程有关的自生沉积作用;（3）海底页岩风化及附近海区的火山喷发作用。元素的来源:（1）Fe、Mn、Cu、Co、Ni、Zn、Cr、Cr、Mg、Al、Ti、K共生,主要来自粘土吸附;（2）C_有机、N、Sr、Na及Si、Ca、Sr主要来自生物化学过程沉积;（3）Pb主要来源于岩石碎屑（火山喷发碎屑）。     

数字孪生流域: 未来流域治理管理的新基建新范式

数字孪生流域是数字孪生地球的重要组成部分, 厘清数字孪生流域理论定义和内涵是研究和建设数字孪生流域的前提和基础, 对流域智慧化治理管理具有重要意义。本文基于数字孪生理论技术, 开展了以下研究: ①给出了数字孪生流域的定义, 认为数字孪生流域是以服务流域全生命周期管理的全量数据和领域知识驱动物理流域和虚拟流域交互映射、共智进化、虚实融合的新基建新范式, 并辨析了与传统建模仿真的区别。②数字孪生流域内涵是通过"由实入虚"、"以虚映实"和"由虚控实"实现物理流域对象的全生命周期管控, 特征包括高度保真、演化自治、实时同步、闭环互动和共生进化。③数字孪生流域基本模型由物理流域、虚拟流域、实时连接交互、数字赋能服务、孪生流域数据和孪生流域知识组成, 其核心能力包括物理流域感知操控、全要素数字化表达、实景可视动态呈现、流域数据融合供给、流域知识融合供给、流域模拟仿真推演及孪生自主学习优化。④提出数字孪生流域要解决的关键科学问题和关键技术体系, 并从感知网、数据网、知识网、模型网及服务网展望了数字孪生流域发展方向, 阐述了数字孪生流域的赋能领域。本文旨在通过数字孪生流域理论新型研究范式为数字孪生流域技术应用落地提供理论指导, 对未来智慧流域研究和数字技术在流域治理管理中的应用提供有益的启发与借鉴。     

Indicative features of placer gold for the prediction of the formation types of gold deposits (east of the Siberian Platform)

Prediction and search for gold deposits in the east of the Siberian Platform are problematic because the study area is overlain by a thick cover of MZ-KZ deposits. Search for gold deposits by the largest geological institutions using conventional methods have not yielded positive results, because the main attention was focused on the discovery of ancient gold-bearing conglomerates of the Witwatersrand type and on the evaluation of the gold ore potential of basic magmatism. Typomorphism of placer gold bears huge information about the genesis of native gold, both its primary endogenous origin and its exogenous transformation, which makes it possible to identify the formation type of mineralization, increases the reliability of the prediction of gold deposits, and ensures their purposeful search in the platform areas. The revealed indicative features of placer gold made it possible to substantiate the formation of the gold ore sources of Precambrian low-sulfide gold-quartz, gold-iron-quartzite, porphyry gold-copper, and gold-PGE mineralization and Mesozoic gold-silver, gold-rare-metal, and gold-sulfide-quartz mineralization in the east of the Siberian Platform. We have established that high-fineness placer gold with microinclusions of pyrite, arsenopyrite, quartz, and carbonates with recrystallized structures and lines of plastic deformation is specific to the ore sources of low-sulfide gold-quartz mineralization. A high content of Cu (up to 4%) in flaky high-fineness gold is one of indicators of porphyry gold-copper mineralization. The angular shape of gold grains, the fine fraction and high fineness of gold, its completely recrystallized and regrown internal structure, and the permanent presence of Fe, Bi, and Cu microimpurities and hematite, ilmenite, and corundum microinclusions are typical of gold-iron-quartzite mineralization. Flaky and laminated high-fineness gold particles with steady Pt, Pd, and Ni impurities and Pt-mineral phases and Au-Pt intergrowths in them testify to the ore sources of gold-PGE mineralization. Laminated and cloddy gold fractions of > 0.25-2.0 mm, the medium and low fineness of gold, its single-crystal or, sometimes, porous internal structure, the wide range of microimpurities (Pb, Zn, As, Sb, Cu, Te, etc.), and microinclusions of native Ag, adularia, Sr-barite, and calcite are indicators of gold-silver mineralization. Laminated, dendritic, and cloddy-angular gold grains, wide variation in gold fineness (307-950‰), and the presence of microinclusions of native bismuth, maldonite, arsenopyrite, and silver tellurides are indicative of gold-rare-metal mineralization. Laminated and cloddy gold grains, their size varying from dust to > 0.25 mm, their mono- and coarse-grained internal structure, wide variation in gold fineness (600-900‰), and the presence of Hg microimpurities (up to 6% and more) and microinclusions of quartz, calcite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, tellurides, selenides, and REE phosphates point to gold-sulfide-quartz mineralization. The established placer gold indicators of the particular formation types of ore sources in the east of the Siberian Platform made it possible to predict Precambrian gold deposits with low-sulfide-gold-quartz mineralization similar to the Kirkland Lake and Porcupine mines and gold deposits with Mesozoic gold-silver mineralization similar to the Cripple Creek mine. The developed criteria for determining the types of mineralization by indicative features of placer gold give an insight into the ore genesis and can be successfully applied to prediction and search for gold deposits and to evaluation of their gold resources.     

生态补偿的研究进展及其启示

生态系统服务付费是以保护和可持续利用生态系统服务为目的,以经济手段为主调节相关者利益关系的制度安排,是以保护生态环境、促进人与自然和谐发展为目的,根据生态系统服务价值、生态保护成本、发展机会成本,运用政府和市场手段,调节生态保护利益相关者之间利益关系的公共制度.在对国内外生态补偿的概念、内涵和基本问题等理论阐述的基础上...     

银额盆地哈日凹陷多类型油气藏共生特征及其成藏机理

近年来,银根—额济纳旗盆地哈日凹陷发现了多种类型油气藏,证实其有较好的油气勘探前景,但该凹陷油气地质条件极为复杂,特别是对多类型油气藏的共生特征及其成藏机理认识不足,限制了对油气分布规律的科学预测,制约了油气勘探的进程.基于对各类型油气藏的剖析,探讨多类型油气藏共生特征及其成藏机理,预测油气分布,分析勘探方向,以期为该...     

尹赞勋教授科研五十年

尹赞勋教授是我国著名的地质学家和古生物学家,他于1927年在法国里昂大学毕业后,主要从事古生物学和地层学的调查研究。从三十年代中期至今,经常担任学术性和行政性领导工作。     

冈底斯岩浆弧的形成与演化

位于青藏高原南部的冈底斯岩浆弧是新特提斯大洋岩石圈长期俯冲导致的中生代岩浆作用的产物,而且在印度与亚洲大陆碰撞过程中叠加了强烈的新生代岩浆作用,是世界上典型的复合型大陆岩浆弧,也是研究增生与碰撞造山作用和大陆地壳生长与再造的天然实验室。基于岩浆、变质和成矿作用研究成果,我们将冈底斯弧的形成与演化历史划分5期,即新特提斯洋早期俯冲、新特提斯洋中脊俯冲、新特提斯洋晚期俯冲、印度-亚洲大陆碰撞和后碰撞期。第1期发生在晚白垩世之前,是以新特提斯洋岩石圈的长期俯冲、地幔楔部分熔融形成钙碱性弧岩浆岩为特征。长期的幔源岩浆作用导致了整个冈底斯弧发生显著的新生地壳生长,并在岩浆弧西部形成了一个大型的与俯冲相关的斑岩型铜矿。第2期发生在晚白垩世,活动的新特提斯洋中脊发生俯冲,软流软圈沿板片窗上涌,使上升的软流圈、地幔楔和俯冲洋壳发生部分熔融,导致了强烈的幔源岩浆作用和显著的新生地壳生长与加厚,并以不同类型和不同成分岩浆岩的同时发育和伴随的高温变质作用为特征。第3期发生在晚白垩世晚期,为新特提斯洋脊俯冲后残余大洋岩石圈的俯冲期,以正常的弧型岩浆作用为特征。第4期发生在古新世至中始新世,伴随印度与亚洲大陆的碰撞,俯冲的新特提斯洋岩石圈回转和断离引起软流圈上涌,诱发了强烈的幔源岩浆作用。在此阶段,大陆碰撞导致的地壳挤压缩短和幔源岩浆的底侵与增生,使冈底斯弧经历了显著的地壳生长和加厚,新生和古老加厚下地壳的高压、高温变质和部分熔融,幔源和壳源岩浆岩的共生和强烈的岩浆混合。所形成的I型花岗岩大多继承了新生地壳弧型岩浆岩的化学成分,并多显出埃达克岩的地球化学特征。在岩浆弧北部形成了一系列与起源于古老地壳花岗岩相关的Pb-Zn矿床。第5期发生在晚渐新世到早-中中新世的后碰撞挤压过程中,以地壳的继续加厚,加厚下地壳的高温变质、部分熔融和埃达克质岩石的形成为特征。在岩浆弧东段南部形成了一系列与起源于新生加厚下地壳埃达克质岩石相关的斑岩型Cu-Au-Mo矿。冈底斯带的多期岩浆、变质与成矿作用为其从新特提斯洋俯冲到印度-亚洲大陆碰撞的构造演化提供了重要限定。