时序数据库在海量地震波形数据分布式存储与处理中的应用初探

通过分析时序数据库的技术特点和海量地震数据存储和处理的需求,设计和实现了基于时序数据库的地震波形数据存储和处理系统。经过开发、测试和应用比较,新的地震时序数据库系统具有高可用、实时存储吞吐量大、历史数据压缩率高、分布式处理速度快等优势,能够较好地解决地震波形数据体量激增带来的存储和处理困难问题。     

基于深度卷积神经网络的剪切波分裂质量检测

剪切波分裂是分析地震各向异性的一种重要手段,常规方法是利用网格搜索获取分裂参数,再通过不同方法的测量结果对比测量结果进行质量检测,这一过程会耗费大量计算时间。本文针对这一问题提出了一种利用深度卷积神经网络对剪切波分裂进行质量检测的新方法,对使用了Resnet残差结构的深度神经网络进行训练,直接对二分量剪切波波形数据的质量进行分类。整个过程为:神经网络通过卷积层提取波形特征,计算损失函数后反向传播训练模型参数,完成迭代训练后的模型对输入波形数据正向计算自动输出类型。本文利用川西台站接收到的实际数据以及随机生成的合成数据分别对该网络进行训练,均可以获得准确的分类结果。相比于通过多种剪切波分裂方法对比测量结果的质量检测方法,基于神经网络的方法可以省略网格搜索的计算过程直接判断质量类型,在运算速度上的优势明显,并可继续通过训练提高模型的精度,为提升剪切波分裂方法在数据处理过程中的操作效率提供帮助。     

Improving waveform inversion using modified interferometric imaging condition

Similar to the reverse-time migration, full waveform inversion in the time domain is a memory-intensive processing method. The computational storage size for waveform inversion mainly depends on the model size and time recording length. In general, 3D and 4D data volumes need to be saved for 2D and 3D waveform inversion gradient calculations, respectively. Even the boundary region wavefield-saving strategy creates a huge storage demand. Using the last two slices of the wavefield to reconstruct wavefields at other moments through the random boundary, avoids the need to store a large number of wavefields; however, traditional random boundary method is less effective at low frequencies. In this study, we follow a new random boundary designed to regenerate random velocity anomalies in the boundary region for each shot of each iteration. The results obtained using the random boundary condition in less illuminated areas are more seriously affected by random scattering than other areas due to the lack of coverage. In this paper, we have replaced direct correlation for computing the waveform inversion gradient by modified interferometric imaging, which enhances the continuity of the imaging path and reduces noise interference. The new imaging condition is a weighted average of extended imaging gathers can be directly used in the gradient computation. In this process, we have not changed the objective function, and the role of the imaging condition is similar to regularization. The window size for the modified interferometric imaging condition-based waveform inversion plays an important role in this process. The numerical examples show that the proposed method significantly enhances waveform inversion performance.     

小波包变换中地震信号的结点序号到频带序号的转换算法

利用小波包变换对地震非平稳信号进行处理时,结点与频带之间存在"跳频"现象,基于小波包变换算法以及异或运算,对小波包树频带序号和结点序号的关系进行研究,明确信号子空间频带与小波包树结点的排列规律,同时提出一种从结点序号到频带序号的转换算法。基于MATLAB平台,以唐山(南北向)波为例,验证该算法的正确性。     

准实时中小地震震源机制波形自动反演系统的构建及在首都圈地区的应用

基于Cut And Paste(CAP)全波形拟合反演震源机制解方法, 依托中国地震局地震预测研究所准实时地震波形数据服务系统, 通过接收区域实时连续波形数据, 构建了首都圈地区准实时准自动波形反演系统, 使系统实现当地震大于3.5级时, 可自动、 迅速反演得到震源机制解。 同时考虑到一些台站的地震波形质量或信噪比等因素, 系统也可通过人为干预方式重新反演求得相关结果。 文中详细阐述了震源机制解波形反演系统的运行流程及该系统的基本构建思路, 并对实例进行对比分析, 表明该系统具有较好的实用性。     

基于信噪辨识的矿集区大地电磁噪声压制

为了避免形态滤波方法在大地电磁强干扰分离中的"过处理"、进一步保留大地电磁低频段的有用信息,提出基于信噪辨识的矿集区大地电磁噪声压制方法.首先,从信号处理的角度剖析矿集区典型强干扰与天然大地电磁微弱信号之间的定量辨识关系,利用形态分形维数和形态膨胀谱熵对大地电磁信号与强干扰进行信噪辨识.然后,结合形态滤波技术和阈值法,仅对辨识出明显不是天然大地电磁信号的异常波形进行噪声压制.最后,重构大地电磁有用信号,并对算法进行性能评价.仿真结果表明,形态分形维数和形态膨胀谱熵能较好地定量辨识大地电磁信号与强干扰,大地电磁信号中一些缓变化的低频信息得到了更为精细的保留;与形态滤波整体处理相比,本文所提方法获得的卡尼亚电阻率曲线更为光滑、连续,视电阻率值相对稳定,其结果更为真实地反映了测点本身所固有的大地电磁深部构造信息.     

基于“剪切+张裂”一般位错模型频率域求解微震震源机制

研究微地震的震源机制,获得压裂区域的破裂方向、尺度和应力状态等信息,在非常规油气开采过程中具有重要意义.对于微震,通常采用剪切位错或者矩张量模型对震源进行描述.本文从其实际发震机制出发,使用了"剪切+张裂"的一般位错点源模型,并基于此模型发展了一种利用全波形信息,通过波形振幅谱相关和初至约束,在频率域求解微震震源机制的方法.该方法适用于地面和井中观测,能够在得到常规震源参数（断层走向、倾角和滑动角）的同时给出裂缝断层剪切和张裂错动的距离信息,更直观体现破裂程度.理论数值测试证明方法有效、可行,在未滤波的情况下,实际数据的波形拟和结果仍较为一致,同时还发现错动距离与应力降等常规破裂参数并不严格相关,说明剪切、张裂错距可作为独立的新参数来定量评估水压致裂效果,指导工程开发进行.     

鹤岗地震台阵勘选数据分析

作为"一带一路"地震台网项目的子项目,鹤岗地震台阵区域位置特殊,在地震监测中担负着重要使命。2019年,黑龙江省地震局采用Reftek-130B地震数据采集器和CMG-3T宽频带地震计,完成台阵前期勘选工作,连续波形记录时间30天以上,波形记录质量良好。利用该台阵已勘选的15个点位连续波形记录,估计各点位功率谱,通过绘制概率密度函数图和单频曲线,初步分析该地区背景噪声变化特征。分析结果表明,各勘选点位的噪声功率谱密度相对稳定,部分点位受人类活动影响,在10 Hz以上存在突变,3-5、3-6、4-4子台高频变化较为明显,勘选点位的背景噪声变化特征可为今后的地震台阵建设提供依据。     

南海东北部内孤立波包的地震海洋学和遥感研究

在南海东北部东沙环礁附近,内孤立波被大量地观测报道.在该地区内孤立波的传播和演化过程仍然存在许多待解决的问题.利用改进的地震海洋学处理方法对2009年夏的一段海洋勘探地震测线进行了重新处理,获得了50 m水深之下的水层反射图像,发现了包含8个内孤立波的下沉型内孤立波包.遥感仪器中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)图像在该段地震测量的3 h内,捕捉到同一个内孤立波包,经处理分析,获得前5个内孤立波的清晰图像.本文采用了两种方法计算内孤立波相速度,方法一是利用不同的叠前共偏移距道集剖面估算内孤立波的视相速度,并根据MODIS图像上内孤立波的传播方向对其进行校正;方法二是利用地震与MODIS图像联测直接获得传播相速度.将这两种方法得到的相速度分别进行对比,发现它们在数值大体一致.地震海洋学剖面可直接获得内孤立波包中8个内孤立波的特征参数,包括振幅、视半高宽和视波间距.该内孤立波包的最大振幅为117 m,最大视半高宽为1020 m,最大视波间距为4100 m.由于地震采集船和内孤立波之间存在类多普勒效应,且二者前进方向存在夹角,所以利用地震与MODIS图像联测得到的传播相速度,结合MODIS图像所推断的内孤立波传播方向对视半高宽和视波间距进行校正.首波的半高宽与遥感估算的特征半波宽的比值是1.75,接近理论比值的1.763;校正后的真波间距和遥感量测波间距数值基本一致.最后,结合地震观测前后的遥感图像和潮流数据推断这一内孤立波包为Type-b型.结果表明,将地震海洋学和遥感方法结合,可以更好地研究内孤立波的特征.     

APPARENT STRESS VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS BEFORE AND AFTER BADONG EARTHQUAKE IN THE THREE GORGES RESERVOIR AREA

The causes of earthquakes in the Three Gorges reservoir area are complex. In order to study the cause of earthquakes happening in the region, we calculated the source parameters of 394 M_L ≥ 2.0 earthquakes occurring in Three Gorges reservoir area based on waveform data observed by the regional seismic network of Hubei Province and Three Gorges, obtained the apparent stress spatial-temporal variation map of Three Gorges reservoir area, and analyzed apparent stress spatial-temporal variation characteristics before and after the main earthquakes in the Three Gorges reservoir area. The results show that:1)Before the Badong M_L5.5, Zigui M_L4.7 and Zigui M_L5.1 earthquake, high apparent stress of earthquakes with different magnitudes is concentrated in Xinhua-Shuitianba Fault and Gaoqiao Fault. The distribution of high value area shows the high degree of synergism before the earthquake and the scattering after the earthquake, which indicates that the area accumulated a high stress before the earthquake, and the fault was in a locked state; 2)In the study area, the apparent stress before and after the earthquake showed significant rise in the first and then decline, the earthquake occurred in the process of rising; 3)Apparent stress depth profiles show that apparent stress at different depths has a positive correlation with the size of magnitude of earthquake, and the phenomenon of "small magnitude and strong apparent stress" did not appear. The small earthquakes occurring after the major earthquakes in the study area belong to low strain release under the background of low stress release, and there are no new apparent stress anomaly concentration areas appearing, this indicates that the Badong-Gaoqiao Fault, Zhoujiashan-Niukou Fault and Zigui Xiannushan Fault have been effective in releasing after the Badong earthquake and Zigui earthquakes and the probability of destructive earthquake is small on these faults.     

尾波干涉技术在2017年重庆武隆MS 5.0地震后震源区地壳介质变化的应用

2017年11月23日,重庆武隆发生M_S 5.0地震,震后1个月内发生107次M_L≥1.0地震,双差定位结果显示,主震震源深度约10 km,破裂面呈近SW向单侧破裂。选取震中附近布设的3个流动台地震波形及观测资料记录,利用波形互相关技术,挑选武隆M_S 5.0地震后符合条件的重复地震事件,利用尾波干涉技术,分析震源区震后地壳介质变化。结果显示：①S波早期尾波部分呈明显的线性变化,可能由震源区附近地壳介质的波速变化所引起;②由震中距最小的重复地震计算的相对波速变化最大;③在P波尾波发现走时延迟和不相关系数均存在1个短周期“尖峰”变化,可能与震后地下介质中散射体的运移有关;④震后局部地区的地震波速度存在上升—下降的恢复过程。     

Target-level waveform inversion: a prospective application of the convolution-type representation for the acoustic wavefield

Nowadays, full-waveform inversion, based on fitting the measured surface data with modelled data, has become the preferred approach to recover detailed physical parameters from the subsurface. However, its application is computationally expensive for large inversion domains. Furthermore, when the subsurface has a complex geological setting, the inversion process requires an appropriate pre-conditioning scheme to retrieve the medium parameters for the desired target area in a reliable manner. One way of dealing with both aspects is by waveform inversion schemes in a target-oriented fashion. Therefore, we propose a prospective application of the convolution-type representation for the acoustic wavefield in the frequency–space domain formulated as a target-oriented waveform inversion method. Our approach aims at matching the observed and modelled upgoing wavefields at a target depth level in the subsurface, where the seismic wavefields, generated by sources distributed above this level, are available. The forward modelling is performed by combining the convolution-type representation for the acoustic wavefield with solving the two-way acoustic wave-equation in the frequency–space domain for the target area. We evaluate the effectiveness of our inversion method by comparing it with the full-domain full-waveform inversion process through some numerical examples using synthetic data from a horizontal well acquisition geometry, where the sources are located at the surface and the receivers are located along a horizontal well at the target level. Our proposed inversion method requires less computational effort and, for this particular acquisition, it has proven to provide more accurate estimates of the target zone below a complex overburden compared to both full-domain full-waveform inversion process and local full-waveform inversion after applying interferometry by multidimensional deconvolution to get local-impulse responses.     

利用重复地震研究山东乳山地区地壳介质波速变化

利用2013年10月—2015年6月山东乳山震群的地震波形资料,基于距离乳山震群最近的3个台站所记录的地震波形互相关系数c≥0.9的地震即为重复地震的原则,识别了乳山震群的重复地震．利用波形互相关时延法,计算分析了文登台和招远台这两个固定台站的走时差随时间的变化特征．结果表明:乳山震群的地震相似性很好,且震中位置较为集中,重复地震的时间跨度较大,有利于提高观测结果的时间分辨率;乳山震群中3次M_S＞4.0地震前均出现了短期的走时差低值异常现象,反映了乳山震群震源区在中强震前会出现短期地壳介质速度明显升高的过程,可以为该区域的中强震预测提供一定依据．      

地震波拐角频率对地震序列的依赖性研究

使用皎口、海城、陡和、浑源等地震序列的地震波记录，研究了拐角频率随地震序列进程的变化特征。为了消除地震震级对拐角频率趋势性变化的影响，求得了每个地震的拐角频率与序列中同震级地震拐角频率的比值随地震序列发展而变化的曲线，较好地反映出该比值的发展进程；即在一个前一主一余地震序列中，同震级前震拐角频率高于余震拐角频率；而对震群地震序列则看不出这种变化。利用地震序列外围地区适当范围小震资料的拐角频率作为背景值，其比值曲线同样很好地反映出地震序列发展的规律。本方法可以作为对地震序列发展趋势进行较客观评估的新方法。     

西藏地震台网检测能力与定位能力评估

根据西藏自治区地震台网的记录,对现有台站的检测能力和定位能力进行了评估,再把“十五”计划增加的台站加入西藏地震台网,估算了该区新台网的检测能力和定位能力。     

中国地震台网波形数据整理及服务平台建设

对中国地震台网中心2008—2021年间存储的中国地震台网固定观测台站近150TB波形数据进行了归档和整理,并对数据可用率和断记缺失情况进行了调查统计。在建立波形文件索引数据库的基础上,建设了符合国际标准Web服务接口的波形数据服务平台,能够7×24h不间断提供数据服务,实现了用户通过应用程序自动获取定制波形数据的功能,为人工智能等新数据驱动技术在地震监测中的发展应用提供了支撑。     

Crustal velocity structure of central Gansu Province from regional seismic waveform inversion using firework algorithm

The firework algorithm (FWA) is a novel swarm intelligence-based method recently proposed for the optimization of multi-parameter, nonlinear functions. Numerical waveform inversion experiments using a synthetic model show that the FWA performs well in both solution quality and efficiency. We apply the FWA in this study to crustal velocity structure inversion using regional seismic waveform data of central Gansu on the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Seismograms recorded from the moment magnitude (M _W) 5.4 Minxian earthquake enable obtaining an average crustal velocity model for this region. We initially carried out a series of FWA robustness tests in regional waveform inversion at the same earthquake and station positions across the study region, inverting two velocity structure models, with and without a low-velocity crustal layer; the accuracy of our average inversion results and their standard deviations reveal the advantages of the FWA for the inversion of regional seismic waveforms. We applied the FWA across our study area using three component waveform data recorded by nine broadband permanent seismic stations with epicentral distances ranging between 146 and 437 km. These inversion results show that the average thickness of the crust in this region is 46.75 km, while thicknesses of the sedimentary layer, and the upper, middle, and lower crust are 3.15, 15.69, 13.08, and 14.83 km, respectively. Results also show that the P-wave velocities of these layers and the upper mantle are 4.47, 6.07, 6.12, 6.87, and 8.18 km/s, respectively.     

JOPENS观测系统连续波形断记报警软件

JOPENS观测系统实时接收数据的计算机需每天24小时不间断工作,机器自身有可能发生硬件或软件故障,导致无法接收实时数据,影响琼中地震台地震数据连续性、完整性。采用Visual Basic语言,进行针对性软件设计,通过定时器功能,不间断读取波形变化进行比对,实现地震波形断记报警。     

Velocity model building from seismic reflection data by full‐waveform inversion

Full‐waveform inversion is re‐emerging as a powerful data‐fitting procedure for quantitative seismic imaging of the subsurface from wide‐azimuth seismic data. This method is suitable to build high‐resolution velocity models provided that the targeted area is sampled by both diving waves and reflected waves. However, the conventional formulation of full‐waveform inversion prevents the reconstruction of the small wavenumber components of the velocity model when the subsurface is sampled by reflected waves only. This typically occurs as the depth becomes significant with respect to the length of the receiver array. This study first aims to highlight the limits of the conventional form of full‐waveform inversion when applied to seismic reflection data, through a simple canonical example of seismic imaging and to propose a new inversion workflow that overcomes these limitations. The governing idea is to decompose the subsurface model as a background part, which we seek to update and a singular part that corresponds to some prior knowledge of the reflectivity. Forcing this scale uncoupling in the full‐waveform inversion formalism brings out the transmitted wavepaths that connect the sources and receivers to the reflectors in the sensitivity kernel of the full‐waveform inversion, which is otherwise dominated by the migration impulse responses formed by the correlation of the downgoing direct wavefields coming from the shot and receiver positions. This transmission regime makes full‐waveform inversion amenable to the update of the long‐to‐intermediate wavelengths of the background model from the wide scattering‐angle information. However, we show that this prior knowledge of the reflectivity does not prevent the use of a suitable misfit measurement based on cross‐correlation, to avoid cycle‐skipping issues as well as a suitable inversion domain as the pseudo‐depth domain that allows us to preserve the invariant property of the zero‐offset time. This latter feature is useful to avoid updating the reflectivity information at each non‐linear iteration of the full‐waveform inversion, hence considerably reducing the computational cost of the entire workflow. Prior information of the reflectivity in the full‐waveform inversion formalism, a robust misfit function that prevents cycle‐skipping issues and a suitable inversion domain that preserves the seismic invariant are the three key ingredients that should ensure well‐posedness and computational efficiency of full‐waveform inversion algorithms for seismic reflection data.     

兰州市红古区非天然地震记录特征分析

选取2010年1月至2020年8月期间甘肃区域测震台网记录的兰州市周边地区三分向宽频带数字波形资料,采用震中位置空间分布、波形特征及傅里叶频谱特征对比等多种方法相结合,分析兰州市红古区非天然地震活动的特性。结果显示:该区临近测震台记录的大量地震事件波形特征和傅里叶频谱特征与其他区域地震存在显著差异,符合非天然地震的典型震相特征,且空间分布密集、震级较大,初步分析与该区矿产资源开发活动密切相关。对红古区非天然地震特征的研究有助于台网工作人员快速、准确的判别兰州周边地震类型,同时对兰州市地震灾害风险评估与防治也具有积极的参考价值。