基于灰色马尔科夫模型的地基承载力预测

地基是工程建设的基础,其承载力计算和预测十分关键,决定着建筑工程上部结构的安全性与稳定性。为实现小数据量、短周期、较高精度的地基承载力预测。本研究提出以地基静载试验数据为依据,利用灰色模型进行计算,结合马尔科夫优化,建立灰色马尔科夫预测模型,预测固定荷载作用下的地基沉降,进而明确相应沉降下的基地承载力。同时,将该模型与传统的灰色GM(1, 1)模型、指数曲线拟合模型进行对比,分析3种模型的优劣。结果表明,案例一中,静载试验下的地基承载能力完好,灰色马尔科夫模型、GM(1, 1)模型、指数曲线模型预测值与实测值的平均相对误差依次为1.55%,3.80%,10.22%,灰色马尔科夫模型精度最高,更契合地基静载试验,能准确有效地明确地基承载力;案例二中,地基在静载试验下发生破坏,破坏前灰色马尔科夫模型预测值与实测值的平均相对误差仅为0.5%,预测效果良好。破坏时,地基沉降迅速增加,加载点模型预测值与实测值的相对误差出现异常,骤增至26.29%,以此可判断破坏前一级加载序列荷载为该地基的极限承载力。运用此模型指导地基静载试验,在保障工程施工安全的前提下,相邻试验点可以适当减少静载试验次数,节约工程施工成本,为信息化地基静载试验提供一个新的计算工具。      

关于土地开发整理项目中衬砌渠道抗冻胀防治

我国处在季节性冻土区,土地开发整理项目中的衬砌渠道设计中应考虑冻胀破坏的防治。研究冻胀破坏,首先应了解冻胀破坏的原理类型,再计算出工程地点的冻深H,根据冻深来确定冻胀量,从而判断出渠道衬砌层位移值是否超出《渠系工程抗冻胀设计规范(SL23-91)》规定的允许值,最后采取相应的工程措施进行防治。     

局部桩筏基础的设计与施工

以加拿大多伦多市某工程为例,介绍了在复杂地质条件下采用局部桩筏基础(PPRF)的设计及施工问题;探讨了设计PPRF的决定性因素;在保持PPRF设计的完整性前提下,提出了单位沉降量的准则,并用于筏板和桩的设计;计算了PPRF的滑移及转动;最后,采用有效方法对该工程采用的局部桩筏基础进行了计算分析.结果表明,PPRF的设计主要取决于侧向土压力、分布不均的建筑荷载以及地基土的非均匀承载力,工程桩应主要布置在沉降较大的区域,即位于筏板基础承受高压力而土体承载力较低的西北部.探讨局部桩筏基础的设计与施工为该类型工程的基础设计提供了一个新的解决途径.     

青藏铁路通风路堤室内模型试验研究

正在建设中的青藏铁路即将穿越 5 5 0km的多年冻土区 ,冻土问题是青藏铁路面临的首要工程问题。出于铁路建设中保护冻土的原则 ,对通风路堤这一新的、主动保护冻土的路堤结构形式进行了几何相似比为 1∶4的大型室内试验 ,试验所得的路堤土体温度场分布及土体温度的变化结果表明 ,通风路堤能够有效地降低路堤土体的温度 ,从而达到保护天然地基冻土的目的。但是 ,温度场的分布在通风路堤内并不对称 ,及沿路堤中轴线的两侧左右不对称 ,这样可能会影响到下伏冻土温度的差异 ,从而引起不均匀冻胀、沉降变形。另一方面 ,暖季较高的气温条件下 ,通风管两端的进出口需要堵塞或关闭 ,以免造成土体吸热量较多而引起较大的沉降 ,但由于青藏高原很短的融化期 ,这一影响还有待现场试验工程的验证。     

人工冻结梁构件中不同加筋作用的对比试验研究

考虑土层冻结构件中冻结管的加筋作用,对于增加冻结构件强度,减小变形量,提高人工冻结支护工程经济效益有重要作用。为研究冻结管对人工冻结构件的加筋作用,通过淤泥质粘土人工冻结梁构件三点弯试验,获得了各级载荷下构件的位移值。根据对冻土梁加筋与否,构件特定力学响应的比较,完成了冻结管加筋作用的量化分析。     

陕西省西咸新区黄土场地海绵设施渗漏对建筑物的影响

黄土场地近建筑物海绵设施建设时常铺设防渗膜,以避免雨水入渗引起地基变形破坏。施工过程中防渗膜的意外破损时有发生,讨论近建筑物基础防渗膜局部破坏引起的工程风险有助于推进类似地区海绵城市建设。以陕西省西咸新区海绵城市建设中某一典型工程为依托,采用Geo Studio软件对周边建筑物典型海绵设施发生的渗漏问题进行数值模拟分析,得到了渗漏后土体饱和度、基础沉降和地基土应力分布变化特性,分析了渗漏点雨水入渗对地基的影响。结果表明:渗漏会使地基产生不均匀沉降;渗漏点距基础边缘水平距离越近,所产生的附加沉降越大,渗漏导致的最大沉降量约为4 mm,满足《建筑地基基础设计规范》(GB 50007—2011)要求。另外,当渗漏点距基础边缘水平距离大于1 m时,渗漏对地基强度的影响迅速降低;当距离大于3 m时,渗漏对地基的影响可以忽略。在本文工程背景下,渗漏导致地基破坏可能性较小。     

盾构施工对既有建(构)筑地基承载力影响及加固土体稳定性分析

针对目前盾构施工既有建（构）筑地基加固依靠经验,缺乏完善理论作为支撑的现象,有必要研究盾构掘进中、离开后既有建（构）筑地基承载力影响机理及加固后土体稳定性。为了解水泥土加固体的受剪工作状态,开展水泥土三轴试验,结果表明,当偏应力达到屈服之前,（σ₁-σ₃）-ε₁关系近似直线,应变很小,且加固体与未加固土抗剪强度相差甚远,稳定性分析时,不考虑加固体位移及其外侧未加固土对剪力的分担。盾构掘进中,其周围土体受到挤压产生的剪应力,扩散至桩侧形成附加正摩阻力,基桩承载力提高;盾构离开后土体卸荷,桩侧产生负摩阻力,基桩承载力降低。盾构施工中加固体上段内侧受被动或主动土压力,外侧及下段受静止土压力,土压力差产生剪应力,潜在滑动界面产生拉、压应力,并导出加固后土体复合滑动面安全系数公式,通过工程实例验算加固体强度及加固后土体的稳定性。      

秦巴山区软岩地基桥桩承载性状试验研究

为了研究软岩地基桥桩的荷载传递性状、破坏机理,并获取在该地质条件下更为可靠的桩基计算参数,对秦巴山区软岩地基3根钻孔灌注试桩进行竖向静载试验.结果表明:秦巴山区软岩地基桥桩试桩荷载沉降曲线呈陡降型,实测竖向极限承载力为20500kN,桩的破坏方式为桩身材料强度破坏;淤泥质亚黏土地层中的碎石起到一定的骨架作用,增强了此地层桩极限侧阻力,发挥极限侧阻力所需的桩土(岩)相对位移为4~8mm;强风化砾岩表现为加工软化型,发挥极限侧阻力所需的桩土(岩)相对位移为3~8mm;中风化砂砾岩表现为明显的加工硬化型,所需的桩岩相对位移大,且桩极限侧阻力的特征点不明显;淤泥质亚黏土地层桩侧阻力占总荷载的60%~70%,随着桩顶荷载的逐步加大,该地层桩侧阻力所占比例不断下降,而嵌岩段桩侧阻力所占比例逐渐上升,达到55%~65%,嵌岩段桩侧阻力沿桩深的分布曲线表现出非线性的特征;试桩为端承摩擦桩,桩端阻力约占桩顶荷载的20%左右,且未充分发挥,在上部结构允许的沉降范围内,适当增加桩端的沉降有利于端阻力的发挥;桩侧阻力先于端阻力发挥,建议单桩承载力设计时分别采用不同的端阻力和侧阻力安全系数.     

水泥固化剂提高风积沙承载性能试验

沙漠风积沙稳定性差, 采用水泥作为固化剂进行风积沙固化, 是改善风积沙性质和实现风积沙资源化利用的有效手段。以取自内蒙古库布齐沙漠的风积沙为材料, 制备3%含水量的重塑风积沙, 掺入水泥固化剂并充分拌匀而形成固化风积沙, 开展水泥固化风积沙的抗剪、抗压和抗拔承载性能试验。结果表明, 水泥掺量对固化风积沙黏聚强度的提高程度要大于内摩擦角。含水量3%的风积沙掺入6%的水泥经28 d常温养护的固化风积沙无侧限抗压强度平均值为0.156 MPa。固化风积沙扩展基础抗拔荷载-位移曲线呈现初始弹性段至峰值荷载以及峰值荷载后破坏的两阶段脆性破坏特征。水泥固化提高风积沙抗拔承载性能效果显著, 且与基础底板尺寸、抗拔埋深及基础深宽比等因素有关。      

矩形截面桩在横向荷载作用下的极限承载力研究

本文根据极限分析法的基本原理，研究了粘土地基中矩形截面桩在横向荷载作用下的极限承载力问题，建立了矩形截面桩的极限承载力计算公式。     

Variation characteristics of temperature and moisture content of seasonal frozen soil during freezing process in Changchun, China

In China, seasonal frozen soil is widely distributed. The freezing damage of subgrade soil in Jilin Province has been one of major engineering geological problems troubling the safety of road, in which some common damage phenomena, such as frost heave, subsidence deformation and frost boiling, are all caused bywater translocation. Aiming at the phenomenon, the changes of moisture content of seasonal frozen soil in Changchun City are mainly studied by long-term field observation and indoor testing of physical properties under different conditions, and then the variation characteristics of moisture content in soil under different compactness and temperature conditions are realized. The results show that the increasing section of moisture content and negative temperature section all lie in 0.0-1.0 m of subgrade. Both lowest air and earth temperature occur in January to February, and the most negative temperature ranges from -7 ℃ to -10 ℃.     

Failure behavior of soil-rock mixture slopes based on centrifuge model test

The stability of soil-rock mixtures(SRMs) that widely distributed in slopes is of significant concern for slope safety evaluation and disaster prevention. The failure behavior of SRM slopes under surface loading conditions was investigated through a series of centrifuge model tests considering various volumetric gravel contents. The displacement field of the slope was determined with image-based displacement system to observe the deformation of the soil and the movement of the block during loading in the tests. The test results showed that the ultimate bearing capacity and the stiffness of SRM slopes increased evidently when the volumetric block content exceeded a threshold value. Moreover, there were more evident slips around the blocks in the SRM slope. The microscopic analysis of the block motion showed that the rotation of the blocks could aggravate the deformation localization to facilitate the development of the slip surface. The high correlation between the rotation of the key blocks and the slope failure indicated that the blocks became the dominant load-bearing medium that influenced the slope failure. The blocks in the sliding body formed a chain to bear the load and change the displacement distribution of the adjacent matrix sand through the block rotation.     

Study on preventing frost heave methods for highway foundation in seasonal frozen area

In order to resolve the frost-heave problem of highway foundation, firstly, the author discussed the law to frost heave of highway roadbed and gave an analysis on its influencing factors, such as soil, water and temperature. Meanwhile, sand clay and silt are given a classification according to frost heave ratio. Secondly, the roadbed frozen damage shows to frost heave and froze boiling based on the frost heave law and its influencing factors. In addition, taking some highway as an example and some principle suggestion was given through the theory on providing frostbite methods for highway foundation frost heave in seasonal frozen area. Specially, an effective method, STYROFOAM extruded polystyrene foam was introduced.     

Study on preventing frost heave methods for highway foundation in seasonal frozen area

In order to resolve the frost-heave problem of highway foundation,firstly,the author discussed the law to frost heave of highway roadbed and gave an analysis on its influencing factors,such as soil,water and temperature.Meanwhile,sand clay and silt are given a classification according to frost heave ratio.Secondly,the roadbed frozen damage shows to frost heave and froze boiling based on the frost heave law and its influencing factors.In addition,taking some highway as an example and some principle suggestion was given through the theory on providing frostbite methods for highway foundation frost heave in seasonal frozen area.Specially,an effective method,STYROFOAM extruded polystyrene foam was introduced.     

Variation characteristics of temperature and moisture content of seasonal frozen soil during freezing process in Changchun,China

In China, seasonal frozen soil is widely distributed. The freezing damage of subgrade soil in Jilin Province has been one of major engineering geological problems troubling the safety of road, in which some common damage phenomena, such as frost heave, subsidence deformation and frost boiling, are all caused by water translocation. Aiming at the phenomenon, the changes of moisture content of seasonal frozen soil in Changchun City are mainly studied by long-term field observation and indoor testing of physical properties under different conditions, and then the variation characteristics of moisture content in soil under different compactness and temperature conditions are realized. The results show that the increasing section of moisture content and negative temperature section all lie in O. 0 - 1.0 m of subgrade. Both lowest air and earth temperature occur in January to February, and the most negative temperature ranges from -7℃ to -10℃.     

冻融循环对GFRP锚杆锚固性能影响的试验研究

针对季冻区春融期岩锚失效的问题, 研究了玻璃纤维(GFRP)锚杆在冻融循环作用下的锚固能力。通过设计物理模型对经历25, 50, 75冻融周期的试块进行了加载试验, 根据试验数据和破坏现象分析了GFRP锚杆在冻融后锚杆应力和承载力的变化规律。研究结果表明: 冻融循环会导致环氧树脂砂浆与混凝土的黏结性能下降, 在25, 50, 75周期后承载力损失分别为38.24%, 42.65%, 52.94%。冻融循环加速黏结材料及围岩的材料性能劣化, 荷载向内部传递加速, 使得GFRP锚杆上各点之间的应力差值逐渐减小, 锚杆应力分布比常温状态下更趋于均匀, 但材料性能的劣化导致局部破坏提前, 锚杆整体承载性能降低。研究结果可以为GFRP锚杆的工程应用提供建议。      

Research on soil salt transfer under freeze-thawing condition

Soil salt transformation plays an important role in the freeze-thawing process,which is also one of basic problems of cryopedology. The very special law is made up of the two time salt-moisture transfer under freeze-thawing condition. Based on the latest research at home and abroad,through the investigation of soil moisture-salt change in the freeze-thawing process,the conclusion is made that the soil water potential gradient is the main driving force of soil salt movement and the factors are of quantities. The research shows that,when freezing,temperature drops,salt and moisture move towards frozen layer. All make the salinity content of the frozen layer increase significantly. In the thawing process,salinity and moisture in the soil move up again with evaporation and makes the salt second migration.