降雨型浅层土质滑坡非饱和土－水作用特征试验研究

非饱和土在不同含水率条件下的基质吸力及其抗剪强度对降雨型浅层土质滑坡的防治具有重要意义. 以武陵山区湘西北慈利县陈溪峪滑坡为例,选取了滑坡不同λ置的多组粉质黏土原状样,首先利用现场双环渗透 试验测定其饱和渗透系数,通过室内土－水特征试验获取其水－力相互作用参数,并利用 VG 模型和 Mualem 模 型分别得到试样的土－水特征(SWCC)曲线和渗透系数函数(HCF)曲线;进而开展非饱和土直剪试验,研究不同 含水率条件下滑体粉质黏土的抗剪强度变化规律.试验结果表明:不同水力·径下,粉质黏土土－水特征曲线和 渗透系数函数曲线具有明显滞后效应,干密度越小则滞后效应越明显,基质吸力对体积含水率的敏感性就越小; 粉质黏土由饱和状态到非饱和状态,基质吸力增大提高了黏聚力,导致土体抗剪强度不断增大.研究结论可为降 雨型浅层土质滑坡的防治提供科学依据.      

长期静水浸泡对三峡库区滑带土物理-化学-力学性质的影响

三峡水库蓄水使得库岸大量土体长期处于浸泡状态,导致土体软化从而诱发滑坡失稳。为研究长期浸泡对滑坡土体物理-化学-力学性质的影响,以马家沟滑坡原状滑带土为对象开展了浸泡软化试验,通过比较不同浸泡时间滑带土的粒度分布、界限含水率、化学与矿物成分、剪切特性等特征,探讨了滑带土浸泡软化机理。研究结果表明:浸泡过程中滑带土中Ca2+、Mg2+等离子流失较多,但矿物成分无变化;浸泡后滑带土出现阶段性粒度细化现象,液塑限和塑性指数均随黏粒含量增加而增大;随着浸泡时间增加,滑带土应力应变关系在低法向应力下由强软化型变为弱软化型,在高法向应力下由软化型变为硬化型;滑带土抗剪强度参数随着浸泡时间增加呈指数形式降低,黏聚力c降低程度大于内摩擦角φ。研究成果可以为水库滑坡稳定性评价提供理论依据。      

不同环剪条件下三峡库区童家坪滑坡滑带土强度特性

研究不同环剪条件下库岸堆积层滑坡滑带土强度特性对滑坡稳定性评价具有重要意义。针对目前在库岸堆积层滑坡滑带土力学特性方面研究薄弱的问题, 以三峡库区童家坪滑坡滑带土为研究对象, 采用ARS-E2环剪仪开展了不同剪切速率下的剪切试验, 研究了等速剪切、加速剪切以及减速剪切作用下滑带土强度变化特征。试验结果表明: 滑带土试样在恒定的低速剪切条件下更容易得到稳定的残余强度, 并且达到峰值强度后易出现"应变软化"现象; 在相同剪切应力条件下, 滑带土加速环剪和减速环剪的剪应力变化趋势基本一致, 与法向应力均呈正相关关系; 剪切速率的变化会显著影响滑带土峰值黏聚力的大小。研究成果揭示了不同环剪条件下滑带土力学特性, 可以为揭示库岸堆积层滑坡变形破坏的力学机制提供理论依据。      

降雨作用下青石镇政府后山堆积层滑坡渗流与稳定性

以黄冈地区青石镇政府后山堆积层滑坡为例，在分析了其工程地质特征及地质结构特征的基础上，采用有限元法研究了非饱和土瞬态体积含水量及孔隙水压力的分布，采用考虑孔隙水压力的Janbu法分析计算了降雨对堆积层滑坡安全系数的影响。研究结果表明:①降雨入渗导致坡体孔隙水压力升高，滑面抗剪强度降低，安全系数也随之逐渐降低，其中在降雨前期，两侧的抗剪强度下降速率比中部快，而到了后期中部的抗剪强度下降速率明显快于两侧；②安全系数变化表现为前19 d以0.008/d的速率缓慢下降，19~30 d以0.03/d的速率缓慢下降，30 d以后下降速度降低，至36 d之后不再发生变化，其中在0~11 d两侧抗剪强度变化对滑坡整体稳定性变化的贡献比中部大，19~36 d中部抗剪强度变化对滑坡整体稳定性变化的贡献要比两侧大；③降雨入渗过程中，地下水从坡体表层和两侧流向坡体中部，负孔压区面积向中部不断压缩，中部地下水变化受到两侧及上层的制约，体积含水量及孔隙水压力变化相对滞后；④该滑坡的防治重点是做好降雨前期坡体后缘地下水截流以及前缘地下水排泄工作，同时，做好地表排水，减少降雨入渗。      

含水率和离子浓度对滑带土抗剪强度的影响

滑坡地下水环境的变化对滑带土的强度和变形参数有着极大的影响，并影响滑坡的稳定性。三峡库区受到库水位升降及降雨入渗的影响，使得发育于该地区滑坡的滑带土含水率及离子浓度一直处于不断的变化中。以重庆万州区兴福寺滑坡为例，针对滑带土重塑样，采用 Ｘ 射线衍射分析了其矿物成分，然后进行了不同含水率下固结排水直剪试验、不同ＳＯ２－４ 离子浓度下滑带土的固结排水慢剪试验以及不同 ＳＯ２－４ 离子浓度下滑带土直剪反复剪切试验。试验结果表明:滑带土成分以黏土矿物、石 英、钠 长 石 等 为 主，其中黏土矿物以伊蒙混层、伊 利 石为主；含水率对滑带土抗剪强度指标的影响较为明显，具体为黏聚力随含水率的增大而增大，内摩擦角随含水率的增大而减小；ＳＯ２－４ 离子浓度对滑带土抗剪强度指标的影响也较为显著，随 着 ＳＯ２－４ 离子浓度的增大，黏聚力 与内摩擦角均减小；滑带土经过反复剪切后，残余强度、黏聚力和内摩擦角均随着ＳＯ２－４ 离子浓度的增大而减小。      

不同剪切速率对风化砂改良膨胀土抗剪强度指标的影响

土的抗剪强度指标受含水率、剪切速率以及土样的类别等多个因素的影响。为了研究不同剪切速率对风化砂改良膨胀
土的抗剪强度指标的影响规律,分别在2.4,0.8mm/min剪切速率下对不同含水率和不同掺砂比例的风化砂改良膨胀土样进行
了室内直剪试验,得到了不同剪切速率下改良膨胀土的抗剪强度指标值。试验表明:采用2.4mm/min的剪切速率测得的抗剪强
度指标比采用0.8mm/min的剪切速率测得的值要大;通过对比试验数据可知,剪切速率对内摩擦角的影响比对黏聚力的影响相
对来说较小,对砂土的抗剪强度指标的影响比对黏土的抗剪强度指标要小,对含水率较小的土样的抗剪强度指标的影响比对含水
率大的土样的抗剪强度指标要大。对于风化砂改良膨胀土的抗剪强度指标的测定时的剪切速率应采用规范要求的0.8mm/min。      

陕西泾阳南塬黄土滑坡滑带土残余剪切强度特性

为探求陕西泾阳南塬高速远程黄土滑坡的复活机理,从大型黄土滑坡滑带采集原状黄土试样、古土壤试样(原状土),部分制备重塑试样(重塑土),进行不同体积含水率下的反复剪切试验,从而获得滑带土残余剪切强度指标与体积含水率、黏粒含量之间的关系.结果表明:原状土和重塑土的剪应力-位移曲线均为硬化型;在不同的垂直压力下,原状土和重塑土的残余剪切强度差值变化较大;当剪切强度达到峰值强度以后,随着剪切位移的继续增大,原状土和重塑土的残余剪切强度都有一定程度的损失,这种损失因垂直压力的不同而不同;对同类土,通过反复剪切试验获得的内聚力和内摩擦角随体积含水率的增加而降低;相关性分析表明,该区滑带土的黏粒含量较低,对残余剪切强度的内摩擦角影响很小,尤其是当天然体积含水率较低时,体积含水率的变化对残余剪切强度的影响远远大于黏粒含量的影响.     

冻融循环及含水率对冰碛土力学特性影响

处在季节性冻土区的冰碛土受冻融循环作用影响显著,极大地影响工程的稳定和安全。为了探究冻融循环作用及初始含水率对冰碛土静力学特性的影响,以川西甘孜州海螺沟的冰碛土为研究对象,通过开展不同冻融循环次数及初始含水率条件下冰碛土不固结不排水三轴试验研究冻融循环作用对冰碛土力学参数的影响。试验结果表明：冻融循环作用下冰碛土应力-应变曲线为弱应变软化型;随冻融循环次数增加,冰碛土弹性模量、抗剪强度均呈现出先快速衰减后趋于稳定的变化趋势,且初始含水率越大其力学指标衰减程度越大,黏聚力呈负指数型函数降低,而内摩擦角无明显变化;采用指数型函数对抗剪强度、弹性模量试验值进行多元非线性拟合,建立冰碛土力学参数与围压、含水率及冻融循环次数的关系表达式,拟合效果理想,可用于推算经历冻融循环后土体力学参数值;冻融循环作用会使冰碛土力学性质显著劣化,且劣化程度与含水率呈正相关。研究成果可为高寒山区工程设计与建设提供科学支撑。     

土工格室加筋正常固结粉质黏土应力应变响应

土工格室加筋正常固结粉质黏土对工程建设意义重大。基于土工格室与填土的相互作用机制和增量法,采用弹塑性理论、邓肯-张双曲线模型、修正剑桥屈服函数以及剪胀方程,推导了土工格室加筋正常固结黏土的应力应变响应计算模型,进行了土工格室加筋正常固结黏土的三轴固结排水剪切试验,实测不同围压下的应力应变关系,采用三轴试验结果验证了所提理论模型的正确性和可靠性。此外,采用所提理论模型进行了参数敏感分析,研究了填土的力学性质参数、格室的网格尺寸和力学性质参数对于加筋土应力应变响应的影响。研究结论表明,与砂砾料相似,土工格室约束作用对于正常固结黏土的内摩擦角影响较小,而黏聚力有所增加;随着轴向应变的增加或围压的减小,加筋效果逐渐明显;加筋正常固结黏土的强度和刚度随着非线性弹性常数k的增加、强度参数φ的增加和R_f的减小而增大,常数n对于加筋土应力应变响应影响较小。本研究成果可为工程建设提供理论借鉴。     

邵阳地区不同压实度的膨胀土抗剪强度特性研究

膨胀土路基的稳定性与其抗剪强度密切相关,通过直剪试验研究不同压实度膨胀土抗剪强度变化规律。试验结果表明,膨胀土粘聚力和内摩擦角均随压实度的增加而增加,近似线性变化。正应力和压实度与抗剪强度成正相关。对于相同的压实度,在正应力较小时表现为应变软化,正应力较大时表现为应变硬化。在确定抗剪强度设计值时,建议对于软化型曲线,其抗剪强度可取残余强度作为设计强度;对于硬化型曲线,可取曲线曲率明显变化点或剪切位移为1.0~1.5 mm对应的剪应力作为膨胀土抗剪强度设计值。     

Study on original ecological tridimensional slope vegetation

No matter from the perspective of slope protection, landscape effect and construction cost, or from the perspective of ecological benefit, the development of original ecological tridimensional vegetation has become the inevitable trend for slope vegetation in pursuit of protecting ecological condition, decreasing soil erosion, maintaining ecological balance and beautifying environment of slope. The concept of original ecological tridimensional slope vegetation is proposed in this paper, and the original ecological tridimensional slope vegetation is studied through theoretical analysis and experiments. Specifically, the mechanical effect of slope vegetation in reinforcing the cohesion and shear strength of soil mass is firstly discussed, and then experiments are performed to study the water interception and containing function of slope under various vegetation conditions. Moreover, the relation between soil moisture and cohesion, the relation between root distribution density and cohesion, and the relation between root distribution density and soil shear strength are also studied based on experiments. Finally, based on field observation, the soil erosion states of slope under various vegetation conditions are comparatively studied. It is found that the original ecological tridimensional slope, which combines grass,shrub and tree, can generate comprehensive slope protection effects, and hence strengthen the slope protection ability and bring multiple slope protection benefits. Thereby, the theoretical foundation for developing original ecological tridimensional slope vegetation is established.     

Cohesion variation during instability evolution of disaster medium in mud inrush of mountain tunnel

Mud inrush in mountain tunnel is an independent geological hazard type different from water inrush, landslide and debris flow. The intrinsic factor of mud inrush is the instability failure of disaster medium. Its essence is that when the cohesion decreases gradually with the increase of void ratio to the point where the movement of soil particles cannot be restricted, soil particles and groundwater form slurry and gush out. Thus, accurate calculation of cohesion with variable void ratios is crucial for analyzing the reliability of disaster medium. In this study, the disaster medium was regarded as graded soil and a structural model was established wherein soil particles were simplified as cubes and the interparticle pores were represented by the clearance between cubes. On the basis of the structure model of disaster medium, a function between the soil particle distance and void ratio was derived. Cohesion is equivalent to the resultant force between soil particles per unit area; thus, a cohesion function was derived in which the void ratio is the main variable. This function considers the influence of gradationcharacteristics on cohesion variation and is generally applicable to various types of disaster medium. A series of direct shear tests were carried out to determine the cohesion variation for different types of disaster medium with variable void ratios. By comparing the variation of cohesion obtained through direct shear tests with those deduced by the proposed cohesion function, we verified the validity and general applicability of the cohesion function. It is of great significance because the cohesion function can accurately predict the variation of cohesion by using the void ratio, and effectively evaluate the possibility of mud inrush according to the initial mechanical properties of disaster medium.     

Inversion analysis of the shear strength parameters for a high loess slope in the limit state

It is difficult to obtain reliable shear strength parameters for the stability analysis and evaluation of high loess slopes.Hence,this paper determines slope elements and physical parameter of 79 slopes with heights of[40,120]m based on the measured loess slopes in the Ganquan and Tonghuang subregions of northern Shaanxi Province,China.In the limit state of the loess slope(stability factor Fs is 1.0),a fitting equation for the slope height and width is established.Then,the model is developed by stability analysis software-SLOPE/W,and the comprehensive shear strength parameters corresponding to different slope heights of the high slope in the study area are obtained by inversion using the Morgenstern-Price method.The results show that when the height of the slope increases,the cohesion c increases in the soil,and the internal friction angle j decreases.This change is consistent with the characteristics reflected in the composition and physical properties of the slopes,and the comprehensive strength parametric curves are very similar between the Ganquan subregion and the Tonghuang subregion.A landslide that occurred in Miaodian-zaitou of Jingyang County,Shaanxi Province,is selected to verify this inversion method,and the results show that the calculated shear strength parameters of the inversion are consistent with the measured value of the actual slope.     

Influences of soil moisture and salt content on loess shear strength in the Xining Basin,northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Moisture and salt content of soil are the two predominant factors influencing its shear strength. This study aims to investigate the effects of these two factors on shear strength behavior of loess in the Xining Basin of Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where such geological hazards as soil erosion, landslides collapse and debris flows are widespread due to the highly erodible loess. Salinized loess soil collected from the test site was desalinized through salt-leaching in the laboratory. The desalinized and oven-dried loess samples were also artificially moisturized and salinized in order to examine how soil salinity affects its shear strength at different moisture levels. Soil samples prepared in different ways(moisturizing, salt-leaching, and salinized) were measured to determine soil cohesion and internal friction angle. The results show that salt-leaching up to 18 rounds almost completely removed the salt content and considerably changed the physical components of loess, but the soil type remained unchanged. As salt content increases from 0.00% to 12.00%, both the cohesion and internal friction angle exhibit an initial decrease and then increase with salt content. As moisture content is 12.00%, the salt content threshold value for both cohesion and internal friction angle is identified as 3.00%. As the moisture content rises to 16.0% and 20.00%, the salt content threshold value for cohesion is still 6.00%, but 3.00% for internal friction angle. At these thresholds soil shear strength is the lowest, below which it is inversely related to soil salinity. Beyond the thresholds, however, the relationship is positive. Dissimilar to salinity, soil moisture content exerts an adverse effect on shear strength of loess. The findings of this study can provide a valuable guidance on stabilizing the engineering properties of salinized loess to prevent slope failures during heavy rainfall events.     

考虑含水率对人工冻结红黏土力学特性的影响

在冻结法施工中, 冻土的强度及变形特性对冻结壁的稳定性至关重要。为了研究不同含水率对冻结作用下土的强度和蠕变的影响, 以江西红黏土为研究对象, 通过冻结三轴试验, 在-10℃下研究含水率对冻结红黏土强度及蠕变特征的影响。试验结果表明: 16%~32%含水率范围内, 冻结红黏土的抗压强度随含水率的增加先增大后减小; 16%~28%含水率范围内, 随着含水率增大, 其黏聚力逐渐增大, 内摩擦角逐渐减小; 围压为0.2 MPa与0.5 MPa下的蠕变曲线都显示含水率较低时只会出现衰减蠕变阶段和稳定蠕变阶段, 含水率较高时会出现加速蠕变阶段。含水率对红黏土的力学性质影响较大, 研究成果可为江西地区红黏土地层地铁隧道建设人工冻结法施工提供参考。      

Shear strength features of soils developed from purple clay rock and containing less than two-millimeter rock fragments

Soil shear strength is an important indicator of engineering design and an essential parameter of soil precision tillage and agricultural machinery and equipment design. Although numerous studies have investigated the characteristics of different soil shear strengths, only a few of these works have paid attention to soils containing considerable quantities of rock fragments. To date, most studies on the effects of rock fragments on the shear strength have paid attention to the role of rock fragments with sizes >2 mm. The effects of rock fragments <2 mm in soil are generally ignored. Similar to rock fragments >2 mm, the presence of rock fragments <2 mm could also change the mechanical properties of soils. Thus, in the present study we evaluated the potential influence of <2 mm rock fragments on soil shear strength via an unconsolidated undrained (UU) triaxial compression test. Our results were as follows: (1) A certain quantity of <2 mm rock fragments presented in purple soils developed from clay rocks; and an appropriate quantity of <2 mm rock fragments could improve the shear strength of soils. (2) The different PSDs of soils containing <2 mm rock fragments mainly caused variations in the internal friction angle of soils. (3) The shear strengths of the two mudstone-developed red-brown and gray-brown purple soils was more sensitive to water than that of the shale-developed coarse-dark purple soil. As the soil water content increased from 9% to 23%, the changes in the cohesion, internal friction angle, shear strength, and the maximum principal stress difference were smaller in the coarse dark purple soil than in the two other soils. We therefore concluded that <2 mm rock fragments in purple soils exerted important effects on soil shear strength. A better understanding of the differences among the shear strength features of purple soils could help improve the design of agricultural machinery and equipment.     

渗流-应力耦合下侏罗系红砂岩力学及渗透特性试验研究

三峡库区广泛分布侏罗系红砂岩, 在水库运行期间红砂岩的渗流-应力耦合特性关乎库区内多数滑坡和岩质边坡的稳定性。借助岩石多场耦合三轴试验系统, 对三峡库区侏罗系红砂岩开展了不同围压、不同渗透压下的三轴压缩试验, 系统研究了红砂岩的三轴压缩力学特性和渗透率演化特征。研究结果表明: ①红砂岩的峰前应力-应变曲线可分为孔隙压密阶段、弹性变形阶段、微裂隙稳定发展阶段和非稳定发展阶段。红砂岩的力学参数与渗透压的关系呈负相关, 与围压呈正相关。②随着围压升高, 红砂岩的破坏模式由张拉破坏过渡到剪切破坏。③不同渗透压下, 渗透率曲线呈平稳发展→缓慢上升→快速上升3阶段演化规律; 不同围压下, 渗透率曲线先降低后升高。④从能量角度分析了渗透压和围压对岩石的作用, 验证了渗流对岩石的劣化效应以及围压对裂纹发展的抑制作用。本试验对鲜有报道的侏罗系红砂岩的强度、变形和渗透特性做了系统的研究, 对渗流-应力耦合课题有补充意义。其工况根据三峡库区边坡岩体的应力水平来确定, 试验结果对分析库区边坡稳定性具有指导意义。      

A modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion considering the damage to reservoir bank slope rocks under water saturation-dehydration circulation

After water is impounded in a reservoir, rock mass in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the reservoir bank slope is subject to water saturationdehydration circulation (WSDC). To quantify the rate of change of rock mechanical properties, samples from the Longtan dam area were measured with uniaxial compression tests after different numbers (1, 5, 10, 15, and 20) of simulated WSDC cycles. Based on the curves derived from these tests, a modified Hoek- Brown failure criterion was proposed, in which a new parameter was introduced to model the cumulative damage to rocks after WSDC. A case of an engineering application was analyzed, and the results showed that the modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion is useful. Under similar WSDC-influenced engineering and geological conditions, rock mass strength parameters required for analysis and evaluation of rock slope stability can be estimated according to this modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion.