扭转导波在锚固锚杆中传播的数值模拟

采用有限元数值模拟的方法研究了扭转导波在锚固锚杆中的传播性质。建立了自由锚杆和锚固锚杆的有限元模型,在锚杆顶端激发20～60 kHz扭转导波信号,计算得到导波在自由锚杆和锚杆锚固段的传播速度值与理论值吻合很好,证明了扭转导波数值模拟方法的有效性。数值模拟结果表明：随着激发波频率的增大,扭转导波在自由锚杆和锚杆锚固段中的衰减值均呈线性递增趋势,导波在锚杆锚固段上界面的反射回波逐渐减弱;扭转导波在锚杆锚固段的衰减值较大,无法在锚杆顶端采集到锚杆底端反射回波信号,所以扭转导波不适用于锚杆长度的检测;随着锚固介质弹性模量的增大,同一频率扭转导波在锚杆锚固段上界面的反射波逐渐增强。通过检测扭转导波在锚杆锚固段上界面的反射回波,可以确定锚固介质弹性模量的大小。     

注浆锚杆完整性检测方法研究

采用理论分析和实验室测试的方法对锚固锚杆和自由锚杆中的导波传播规律进行了研究,并在频率为20 kHz～ 3 MHz范围内对锚固锚杆和自由锚杆波的传播速度进行了测试,发现锚固锚杆内不同频率的导波传播速度对锚固介质具有不同的敏感性。低频率段（20～200 kHz）的导波传播速度对锚杆锚固质量较为敏感,自由锚杆和锚固锚杆中导波的传播速度相差较大,适合于检测锚杆的锚固质量。高频率段（1～3 MHz）的导波传播速度对锚杆锚固质量不敏感,导波的传播速度基本不变,适合于锚杆完整性检测。探索了利用高频段多频率导波检测锚固锚杆长度的方法。实验室检测结果显示,本检测方法具有很高的精度     

散粒体中锚杆间距的锚固效应研究

采用细观数值模拟方法研究散粒体的锚固效应,基于随机模拟技术生成三维多面体颗粒及其在空间中的分布,在随机散粒体不连续变形模型的基础上将砾石锚固试验进行数值实现,分析加锚散粒体材料的宏观与细观力学性能,研究加锚密度及其与颗粒粒径的关系对散粒体力学性质的影响,并探讨锚杆在散粒体材料中的作用机制。分别建立不同锚杆间距和不同颗粒粒径的数值试样,数值模拟结果表明：散粒体锚固数值试验能够较好地反映不同加锚散粒体结构的变形规律与锚固效应;散粒体材料的宏观特性与其细观组构的演化密切相关;锚杆加固散粒体的作用机制为加锚散粒体内形成压缩区,挤压加固作用提高了散粒体间的接触作用力,散粒体结构的整体性得到加强并能承受一定荷载;不考虑锚杆长度的情况下,当锚杆间距小于3倍的散粒体平均粒径时,锚杆能够有效地加固散粒体形成稳定结构。     

锚杆锚固体系中的波系特征研究

采用凝固过程中的混凝土模拟不同物理力学特性的锚固介质,用数值模拟和试验的方法研究了锚固锚杆中的波系及锚固锚杆中界面波的形成过程。数值模拟和试验模拟都表明随着锚固介质力学性质的改变锚杆中传播的波的特性发生改变。锚杆中传播的P波对锚固介质的力学特性非常敏感,随着锚固强度的增加,界面波产生,P波逐渐衰减消失。锚杆中传播的波由原来的P波占主导成为界面波占主导,波在锚固段的传播速度也由杆速度成为界面波波速。界面波的波速与锚固介质的力学性质相关,因此可以用界面波的波速来评价锚杆锚固质量以及计算锚杆锚固段长度。     

土层锚固体复合界面单元形式及力学效应研究

土层锚固技术在岩土工程中已得到越来越广泛应用。简单介绍了已有土层锚固界面单元形式的研究现状,分析了土层锚固界面层的特点,提出一种新的复合界面单元,该复合界面单元由接触单元和实体单元构成,其中接触单元作为锚固体与土体之间的滑动摩擦单元,实体单元体现锚杆拉拔时对周围土体的体胀特性。利用ANSYS数值模拟软件,将新的复合单元应用于锚固体与土体之间的界面层,模拟并分析锚杆拉拔时界面层的破坏特征,得到随荷载增大时界面层剪应力分布的变化过程,并将界面层的破坏分为3个阶段,即线性阶段、滑移扩展阶段、滑移阶段。通过土层锚杆原位拉拔试验,得到土层锚杆拉拔的荷载-位移曲线,分析曲线变化特征,并对数值模拟结果进行了验证。     

全长黏结锚杆的数值流形方法模型

基于流形方法的有限覆盖技术,确定流形元覆盖系统下锚杆的位移函数,由此建立全长粘结锚杆的数值流形方法模型,定义了锚杆流形单元,并推导了锚杆流形单元的数值计算格式。该模型符合全粘结的物理意义,是一种局部解析的锚杆数值方法,具有较高的精度。同时锚杆与数学覆盖相对独立,只要求锚杆完全处于数学网格的覆盖之中,对其相对位置没有要求,所以一般网格可以适应锚杆的复杂布置。该模型可以应用于岩土锚杆模拟及钢筋与混凝土共同作用分析等问题。     

锚固节理直剪力学行为的颗粒流数值分析

为探究锚固节理在直剪加载作用下的细观力学响应,利用颗粒流数值计算方法建立不同锚固角度下的锚固节理数值模型,并进行不同法向荷载下的直剪试验。之后,通过分析和对比剪切-位移曲线和峰值剪切强度来对锚固节理宏观力学性质进行研究。与此同时,基于微裂纹分布规律,从细观角度揭示了剪切荷载下不同锚固角度的岩石节理面的破坏特征;研究结果显示。（1）不同于非锚固节理,锚固节理的剪切-位移曲线在剪切后期呈现出一定的增长趋势,且粗糙度不同曲线变化特征存在一定的差异。（2）不同锚固角度下,锚固节理的破坏模式存在着较为明显的差异。当锚固角为90°时,锚固节理模型的破坏主要集中于锚杆与上下节理面接触位置,且破坏主要为挤压式破坏。随着锚固角度的减小,接触位置的破碎区域不断减小,节理破坏主要表现为沿着锚杆的轴向拉伸变形破坏及内部的拉伸破坏。（3）锚固角度的变化对锚固节理的抗强度的影响程度与节理面的粗糙度存在一定关联。具体而言,较为平直节理抗剪强度随着锚固角度的增大,增长趋势明显,而粗糙节理面随着锚固角度的增大峰值抗剪强度的变化趋势相对较为平缓。     

全长粘结式锚杆加固节理边坡的动静态位移响应

锚杆通常被作为表面粗糙的轴力杆单元进行分析,但在节理边坡加固中,由于节理面的错动,同时考虑锚杆的轴向和横向作用显得更加合理。通过理论分析,建立锚杆三弹簧单元的力学特征模型和变形特征模型,对其受力和变形进行全面分析;运用拉格朗日元数值方法(FLAC3D),建立以理想弹塑性本构Mohr-Coulomb准则为基础的节理边坡模型,应用三弹簧锚杆单元,对其锚固前后的动静态位移响应进行模拟。结果表明：节理面锚固处理后,岩体的刚度得到提高;边坡各部位的位移减小,节理两侧位移的突变值变小;锚杆对节理的上下盘岩体起到有效的拉结作用,抑制了两盘之间的较大变形位移,有利于边坡稳定。     

大型地下洞室全长黏结式岩石锚杆锚固机制研究及锚固效应分析

以大型地下洞室为背景,采用隐式锚杆柱单元模拟黏结式岩石锚杆,推导了杆体对围岩模型的附加刚度贡献模型。根据中性点理论,假定锚固体界面的剪切滑移模型,导出了锚杆与围岩相互作用下的荷载传递基本微分方程。基于三维弹塑性有限元增量法计算的围岩离散位移,采用插值拟合获得造成锚杆变形的围岩连续位移,通过求解微分方程得到锚固体界面剪应力和轴向力分布函数。将获得的锚固体剪应力采用等效附加应力模型作用于岩体,反映了锚杆的支护效应。实例分析表明,锚杆新算法能较好地模拟锚杆支护效果。获得的锚固体受力分布特征符合中性点理论,锚固体界面剪应力分为正、负两段,锚固体轴向力分布为单峰曲线。此外,新方法的计算值与实测值较为接近。     

基于完整锚杆动测技术的围岩质量识别研究

完整锚杆系统是由完整的锚杆杆体、饱满的锚固介质以及围岩组成的有机体系。在描述锚杆低应变动力响应的数学力学模型中,将锚固介质与围岩对锚杆体的作用简化为沿杆长均匀分布的杆侧弹性系数与阻尼系数,以及均匀分布在杆底的刚度系数与阻尼系数,即锚杆系统的动力参数。它们不仅表征了锚杆锚固质量,而且体现出锚杆所处围岩的物理参数。通过建立围岩物理参数与完整锚杆系统动力参数的映射关系,可以对围岩质量进行识别。为此,建立了完整锚杆三维轴对称有限元计算模型,得到不同的围岩物理力学参数所对应的锚杆杆顶速度响应;根据完整锚杆低应变动力响应理论解和遗传算法建立了完整锚杆动力参数的识别方法;通过对不同围岩下完整锚杆的数值模拟结果的动力参数识别,建立了杆侧弹性系数与围岩变形模量之间的关系式,提出了一种基于完整锚杆动测技术的围岩质量识别方法。     

Dynamic Response to Seismic Waves at the Shallow Slope Supported by Bolts

In the soil slope supported by bolts, longitude waves instead of transverse waves, generated by earthquakes, first reach the slope surface. With the dynamic response of the P (pressure) wave along the anchorage structure, first, a theoretical study was conducted to investigate the propagation characteristics of the interference superposition, generated by the SV (shear-vertical) and the P waves. The SV wave was formed by the wave, originating from the bottom and reflected from the free surface of the slope, whereas the latter was the incident P wave, propagating in the slope. In addition, the structural measures, restraining the seismic wave, and the characteristics of the restraint effect at the free segment of the bolt were investigated. According to the wave-way difference between the incident P wave and the reflected SV wave, the minimum critical slope angle, influenced by the interference at the shallow slope, and the maximum influencing depth of the dynamic response, acting vertically to the slope surface, were obtained. The results indicate that the maximum influencing depth linearly correlated with the slope angle. Furthermore, based on the propagation characteristics of the P wave along the bolt, and the coupled relation between the wave length and the anchorage design parameters, the axial acceleration of the wave propagating along the bolt axis was obtained. Then, the theoretical length of the anti-seismic bolt, subjected to seismic waves, and the compensation force of the anchorage structure were obtained. Finally, a numerical study, based on FlAC3D, properly verified the theoretical conclusions.     

A transient finite element analysis of linear viscoelastic material model

Since the attenulation of propagating waves through soil/rock is related to the localized material properties as well as the strain developed, the commonly used Rayleigh-type damping model and its variations are not suitable for dynamic finite element analysis of such materials. A linear viscoelastic material model based on the concept of the relaxation spectrum is manipualted in place of the damping model in this paper. The method proposed by Day and Minster¹¹ to transform the convolutional form of the stress–strain relationship to a set of differential operators using the Pade approximant method is generalized to non-scalar waves and implemented for transient finite element analyses. A time-marching scheme is also proposed to incorporate the resultant differential operators into the governing equation of motion. The accuracy related to the Pade approximant method and the time-marching scheme is investigated by critically analysing some scalar wave propagation problems. The proposed technique is further verified using two one-dimensional stress wave propagation problems and a two-dimensional transient propagating wave through an unbounded linear viscoelastic medium. Some encouraging results have been obtained using the proposed technique and guidelines for using this technique are also presented. Comparisons of analytical solutions obtained by Fourier synthesis and numerical results have been provided.     

层状半空间中的多模问题和瑞利波勘探

作者在本文中研究了弹性层状半空间的导波传播问题，对于实波数的导波，严格证明了频散函数为实函数，并用二分法求出了所有可能的沿层状介质传播的导波模式，结果表明，在弹性层状半空间中，一般存在无穷多个导波模式，实际勘探中接收到的导波是这些所有模式叠加的结果，这种多模性反映了低速层的存在，在 文中，我们还得到了与实际接近的成“之”字形的导波频散曲线，本文为实际瑞利波勘探工作奠定了理论依据。     

Long-wavelength propagation of waves in jointed rocks - study using resonant column experiments and model material

The wave propagation in jointed rock mass depends on many factors, in particular the wave frequency, existing stress conditions and the induced strain levels. When the wavelength of the propagating wave is much longer than the spacing of the joints, it is referred to as long-wavelength condition. This is a dominant condition in seismological studies due to the presence of closely spaced joints in rocks. A comprehensive study on long-wavelength propagation of shear and compression waves in very weak rocks has been carried out with the help of a resonant column apparatus using a model material (plaster of Paris) at various strain levels. The working principle and suitability of the apparatus for testing stiff samples are discussed. The velocity reductions of shear and compression waves across joints are obtained. The influence of frictional and filled joints in attenuating stress waves under various strain levels is analysed. Wave velocities are found to be reduced with increasing strain levels and decreasing joint spacing. The joints with gouge material are more efficient at damping the waves. It is recognised that wave velocity reductions and damping across joints are functions of confining stress and strain levels induced in very weak rocks.     

Analytical Study of Underground Explosion-Induced Ground Motion

A theoretical approach is presented to study the ground motion induced by an underground tunnel explosion. The ground motion is caused by two coupled stress waves, i.e., the reflected body wave and the secondary surface wave or Raleigh wave. Based on the principle of conservation of momentum at the wavefronts, the reflected body waves along the ground surface are derived. The interaction of the body wavefront and the ground surface induces the secondary surface wave which transfers outwards on the ground. The particle velocity and particle acceleration on the ground surface are subsequently derived. The analytical results are compared with results from numerical simulations and empirical formulae with different material damping ratios. The effects of the loading density and the material damping on the ground motion are investigated. Finally, the limitations of the proposed theoretical approach for ground motion prediction are discussed.     

Propagation Characteristics of Blasting Stress Waves in Layered and Jointed Rock Caverns

The existence of joint fissures makes explosive actions between rock masses more complex. Therefore, it is of great significance to carry out experiments studying blasting stress waves propagating in jointed rock masses. Based on the Froude Similarity principle, the geological mechanical models of intact rock masses and jointed rocks have been proposed. A blasting vibration experiment was carried out and demonstrated that the propagation of the blasting stress waves and changing structures have an important relationship. A numerical simulation of the blasting stress wave propagation law in a layered jointed rock mass was carried out. This study found that with an increase in the joint angle, the peak velocity of blasting stress wave, transmission coefficient and reflection coefficient all gradually increased, while the attenuation coefficient gradually decreased. With an increase in joint spacing, the attenuation rate of the blasting stress waves increased.     

粘弹性介质地震波传播特征及反射特征研究

理想弹性介质并不能解决许多复杂的实际问题。在实际介质中,地震波的传播过程存在吸收作用,使地震波能量发生了损耗、频带变窄、相位延迟、频率降低,尤其是高频部份。这种特性可以用传播矢量和衰减矢量来表示,衰减矢量越大,介质的吸收越强。这里通过引入广义平面波、纵横波品质因子以及衰减角,利用应力应变关系和连续性条件,推导了粘弹性介质精确的Zoeppritz方程,并通过求解精确的Zoeppritz方程,分析了粘弹性介质中传播矢量、衰减矢量、纵波反射系数、转换波反射系数与频率、衰减角、入射角、品质因子、速度等物理量之间的关系,详细地了解了粘弹性介质中地震波传播特征及反射特征,为粘弹性介质中储层预测问题的研究提供了理论基础。     

非饱和土地基中复合多层波阻板对S波的隔离效应

基于弹性波在非饱和多孔介质与单相弹性介质中的传播理论,考虑在非饱和土地基中设置一定厚度的复合多层波阻板（复合多层波阻板以3层为例）,利用Helmholtz矢量分解定理,推导了非饱和土地基中S波通过复合多层波阻板的透射、反射振幅比的解析解。通过数值算例,分析了层间波阻板剪切模量和密度等物理力学参数对非饱和土地基中S波通过复合多层波阻板时传播特性的影响规律。结果表明：复合多层波阻板中层间波阻板材料的剪切模量和密度对透反射系数影响显著。复合多层波阻板是一种有效的隔振屏障,严格控制层间波阻板的剪切模量和密度可以获得最佳隔振效果,这为复合多层波阻板在地基振动控制领域中的应用提供理论指导。     

DEM–FEM analysis of soil failure process via the separate edge coupling method

The concurrent multiscale method, which couples the discrete element method (DEM) for predicting the local micro‐scale evolution of the soil particle skeleton with the finite element method (FEM) for estimating the remaining macro‐scale continuum deformation, is a versatile tool for modeling the failure process of soil masses. This paper presents the separate edge coupling method, which is degenerated from the generalized bridging domain method and is good at eliminating spurious reflections that are induced by coupling models of different scales, to capture the granular behavior in the domain of interest and to coarsen the mesh to save computational cost in the remaining domain. Cundall non‐viscous damping was used as numerical damping to dissipate the kinetic energy for simulating static failure problems. The proposed coupled DEM–FEM scheme was adopted to model the wave propagation in a 1D steel bar, a soil slope because of the effect of a shallow foundation and a plane‐strain cone penetration test (CPT). The numerical results show that the separate edge coupling method is effective when it is adopted for a problem with Cundall non‐viscous damping; it qualitatively reproduces the failure process of the soil masses and is consistent with the full micro‐scale discrete element model. Stress discontinuity is found in the coupling domain. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.