南黄海陆架中部沉积物反射率光谱的影响因素分析

利用Minolta CM-2002光谱光度计对南黄海陆架136个短柱样品20~25cm段的沉积物进行了颜色反射率数据测量,通过化学元素、粒度、磁化率等来确定影响沉积物颜色反射率变化的成分和因素,介绍了反射率光谱的一阶导数和因子分析的方法。分析结果表明,南黄海陆架沉积物颜色反射率受控于沉积物中的铁氧化物、有机质以及粘土矿物和钙质生物碎屑含量。主因子F1指示氧化环境,并与陆源物质相关,F2指示弱氧化环境,F3指示弱还原环境,主因子的波长范围分别是405~445 nm和495~595 nm,605~695 nm,445~485 nm。     

南黄海陆架沉积物颜色反射率的初步研究

利用Minolta CM-2002光谱光度计,对南黄海陆架136个短柱样20~25 cm段的沉积物进行了颜色反射率数据测量。描述了8个应用较广的光性参数在研究区的分布并进行聚类分区,给出了部分各区沉积物的颜色反射率数据。结合同一样品的粒度、化学元素、磁化率等资料的初步分析,结果表明,a*,a*/b*,反射率re555nm和re675nm的一阶导数对沉积物氧化还原的相对强度和物质来源相对敏感,地质意义较为明确,并可判明研究区的3种物质来源及方向,即长江口方向、现代黄河物质来源以及研究区东南方向的生物物质来源。     

水面浮油膜光谱测量及光谱特征分析

为深入解析水面浮油膜光谱特征,采用水面以上光谱测量方法,去除太阳直射和天空光两部分反射的影响,获取了珠江口水域不同厚度水面柴油膜光谱信息,对其光谱响应特征和机理进行了分析。结果表明:水面柴油膜光谱对背景水体光谱具有依赖性,但水面柴油膜光谱在可见光波段高于背景水体,且随着油膜厚度增加呈现不断增加的趋势;油膜反射光谱在蓝、紫光区域出现明显反射峰;360~500 nm区域油膜反射率与厚度相关系数大于0.8,有利于油膜厚度的遥感估算。最后指出,水面浮油膜类似于光学薄膜的单层增反膜,导致光谱反射率的增加,在360~420 nm区域的反射峰和石油类物质的荧光性有关。研究结果可为水域溢油污染遥感监测研究提供理论依据。     

盐胁迫下滨海湿地碱蓬叶绿素含量的高光谱识别

植物冠层反射光谱与叶片叶绿素含量密切相关。以滨海湿地生态修复的重要植物碱蓬为研究对象,采用盆栽控盐试验研究了碱蓬在盐胁迫条件下叶片叶绿素含量以及冠层反射光谱的响应特征,利用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和事后检验(Dunnett)相结合的方法分析了叶片叶绿素含量与一阶微分冠层光谱反射率之间的响应关系,以对碱蓬叶片叶绿素含量敏感的波段构建比值光谱指数和归一化光谱指数,并识别出对碱蓬叶片叶绿素含量响应显著的高光谱指数。研究结果表明:50 mmol/L盐胁迫下,碱蓬叶片叶绿素含量最高,当盐胁迫大于50 mmol/L时会抑制碱蓬的光合作用;在可见光波段范围(400-700 nm),中度(300-400 mmol/L)与高度(600 mmol/L)盐胁迫下,碱蓬冠层光谱反射率随叶片叶绿素含量的增加而降低;在不同盐胁迫条件下,543 nm、645-647 nm、663 nm、667 nm、669-670 nm、682 nm、686-687 nm等波段处的一阶微分光谱与叶绿素含量的响应最为显著(p0.05);利用反射率差值法确定对碱蓬叶片叶绿素含量敏感的高光谱指数的参数D_(543)、D_(645)、D_(663)、D_(667)、D_(682)、D_(686)、D_(687),发现比值光谱指数D_(543)/D_(663)、D_(543)/D_(682)、D_(645)/D_(663)和归一化光谱指数(D_(543)-D_(667))/(D_(543)+D_(667))、(D_(645)-D_(667))/(D_(645)+D_(667))、(D_(645)-D_(682))/(D_(645)+D_(682))在盐胁迫下对叶片叶绿素含量的响应较为显著(p0.01),多重判定系数r~2均在0.995以上,其中比值光谱指数D_(543)/D_(682)的显著性最好,多重判定系数r~2高达0.998。盐胁迫下碱蓬叶片叶绿素含量的高光谱指数识别可为探讨滨海湿地盐地碱蓬滩退化和生态修复的高光谱响应机理研究提供理论参考。     

气体吸收对“HY-1A”CCD数据处理的影响分析模拟与瑞利散射的吸收修正

卫星传感器接收到的辐射能量不仅受到大气中分子和气溶胶散射的影响,还受到气体分子吸收的影响.对于可见光和近红外波段的水色遥感,吸收气体主要是臭氧、水汽和氧气,因此若传感器的光谱范围包含了这些气体的吸收波段,则应该在数据处理——计算瑞利、气溶胶反射率和透过率时予以考虑.波段光谱宽度为20 nm(两个近红外波段为40nm)的SeaWiFS在数据处理时主要考虑了臭氧和水汽的影响,并在计算气溶胶反射率时对受氧气吸收影响的波段进行了单独修正[1].由于“HY-1A”CCD的四个波段的光谱宽度均超过100 nm,覆盖了三种主要吸收气体的部分吸收线,因此它受到的气体影响会更大.     

海水叶绿素α浓度遥感测量的实验研究

本文描述了1989年11月在青岛即墨岙山养殖基地所做的海水叶绿素α浓度遥感测量的基础实验。该实验获得了高浓度叶绿素α含量的海水反射光谱。该反射光谱的特征波段为：波谷在485nm；波峰在450nm和535nm；“节点”在572nm。根据该实验数据选取了叶绿素α浓度两种双波段估算模式。分析结果表明：两种模式的精度都在50%双上，且双波段反射率的差值法优于双波段反射率比值法。     

我国南方红土岩石磁学特征及其磁化率增强机制

我国南方第四纪红土是研究古环境变化的重要载体,主要由均质红土和网纹红土两大不同类型的沉积层组成。运用岩石磁学、漫反射光谱和粒度相结合的方法,分别对我国南方长沙(CS)、岳阳(HN)、南昌(NC)以及新余(XY)典型红土剖面的均质层和网纹层进行了详细的对比分析,结果表明网纹红土层2μm的黏粒含量较多,网纹红土层形成时期气候更加温暖湿润,成土作用高于上覆均质红土层。磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿、赤铁矿和针铁矿都是均质红土层和网纹红土层磁性矿物的主要载体。其中,网纹红土层的亚铁磁性矿物低于均质红土层,主要以较粗的假单畴PSD和多畴MD存在,反铁磁性矿物以赤铁矿为主;而上覆均质红土层却以较多的SSD磁赤铁矿为主。网纹红土层可见大量黑褐色铁锰胶膜和铁锰结核分布,这是由于沉积后土壤长期处于高温高湿的还原环境中,强磁性矿物如细粒磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿等部分被溶解转化为弱磁性矿物(如赤铁矿和针铁矿,主要是赤铁矿),这种磁性矿物的转化可能导致了成土作用强的网纹红土层较粗磁性颗粒的增加,而超顺磁亚铁磁性矿物含量的减少以及磁化率的降低。     

海水叶绿素α浓度遥感测量的实验研究

本文描述了1989年11月在青岛即墨岙山养殖基地所做的海水叶绿素σ浓度遥感测量的基础实验。该实验获得了高浓度叶绿素α含量的海水反射光谱。该反射光谱的特征波段为:波谷在485nm;波峰在450nm 和535nm;“节点”在572nm.根据该实验数据选取了叶绿素α浓度两种双波段估算模式.分析结果表明;两种模式的精度都在50%以上,且双波段反射率的差值法优于双波段反射率比值法.     

新近纪深海大洋红层的分布分类及成因

新近纪大洋红层是一种在氧化条件下形成的红色-粉色-棕色海洋沉积物。白垩纪大洋红层研究成果众多,然而新近纪大洋红层研究缺乏系统的分析和总结。本文以新近纪大洋红层为研究对象,通过对全球大洋钻探井位资料的分析,发现39个钻井含有新近纪大洋红层。通过对不同大洋区域、不同钻井内93个红层离散样品的主量元素CaO,Al2O3和SiO2含量进行三元图投点分析,将新近纪大洋红层分为铝质和钙质大洋红层,其中绝大多数为铝质大洋红层。进一步分析了部分钻井中离散样品的磁化率变化、反射光谱一阶导数曲线、热退磁曲线和交变磁场退磁曲线变化,结果表明新近纪大洋红层的致色矿物以赤铁矿为主。12个钻井中新近纪大洋红层离散样品的低总有机碳含量和低CaCO3含量指示较低的生物生产力,此外19个钻井中红层的沉积速率平均为4 mm/ka,而非红层的沉积速率平均为85.3 mm/ka,指示红层的沉积速率相对较低。总结和分析新近纪大洋红层的以上特征,本文认为较低的有机质堆积速率为铁氧化物(赤铁矿)的形成提供了有利的氧化条件,使得沉积物中的铁氧化物在成岩阶段得以保存,最终形成全球分布的新近纪大洋红层。     

黄、东海二类水体春季表观光谱特性与表层悬浮体浓度反演模式

利用Savitzky-Golay滤波信号处理方法,分析了南黄海、北东海2003年春季水色遥感试验所取得的遥感反射率和表层悬浮体取样数据,以期探讨该海区近岸二类水体表观光谱及其导数光谱特性,及遥感反射率及其导数与水体表层总悬浮颗粒物浓度(TSS)和悬浮泥沙浓度(SS)的关系。结果表明,遥感反射率及其一阶导数均适于水体总悬浮颗粒物浓度与悬浮泥沙浓度反演,但其更高阶导数通常会抑制悬浮泥沙的作用则不建议采用;遥感反射率及其一阶导数与ln(TSS)、ln(SS)的相关性较其与TSS和SS更为显著。基于相关分析所筛选出的较优波段,建立了南黄海、北东海水域春季总悬浮颗粒物浓度与悬浮泥沙浓度统计反演模式。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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