地裂缝剖面形态对地铁隧道变形影响模型试验研究

为揭示隧道底部脱空与结构纵向变形之间的对应关系,模型试验以西安地铁隧道穿越地裂缝带为研究背景,采用圆形地铁隧道结构,研究了在不同地裂缝剖面活动特征下的隧道纵向应变变化规律及其垂直位移。试验结果表明,随着错位量增加,隧道底部脱空区域扩展过程可分为3个阶段:共同变形阶段、临界脱空阶段和脱空发展阶段。针对地裂缝的不同剖面活动形式,隧道结构内部应力将出现很大差异,建议在施工中对应不同地裂缝带采取不同的施工方案。通过监控,结合模型试验的应力应变发展变化规律,可判断结构底部脱空的发展趋势,为西安地铁穿越地裂缝带的结构设计和安全运行提供重要的参考依据。     

Numerical simulation of two-phase flow in conceptualized fractures

Two-phase flow in fractured rock is an important phenomenon related to a range of practical problems, including non-aqueous phase liquid contamination of groundwater. Although fractured rocks consist of fracture networks, the study of two-phase flow in a single fracture is a pre-requisite. This paper presents a conceptual and numerical model of two-phase flow in a variable fracture. The void space of the fracture is conceptualized as a system of independent channels with position-dependent apertures. Fundamental equations, governing two-phase displacement in each channel, are derived to represent the interface positions and fractional flows in the fracture. For lognormal aperture distributions, simple approximations to fractional flows are obtained in analytical form by assuming void occupancy based on a local capillary allowability criterion. The model is verified by analytical solutions including two-phase flow in a parallel-plate fracture, and used to study the impacts of aperture variation, mobility ratio and fracture orientation on properties of two-phase flow. Illustrative examples indicate that aperture variation may control the distribution of wetting and non-wetting fluids within the fracture plane and hence the ability of the fracture to transmit these fluids. The presence of wetting fluid does little to hinder non-wetting fluid flow in fractures with large aperture variations, whereas a small volume of non-wetting fluid present in the fracture can significantly reduce wetting fluid flow. Large mobility ratios and high fracture slope angles facilitates the migration of non-wetting fluid through fractures.     

Numerical simulation of round robin numerical test on tunnels using a simplified kinematic hardening model

The paper summarizes the numerical simulation of the round robin numerical test on tunnels performed in Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The main issues of the numerical simulation are presented along with representative comparisons of the computed response with the recorded data. For the simulation, the finite element method is implemented, using ABAQUS. The analyses are performed on prototype-scale models under plane strain conditions. While the tunnel behavior is assumed to be elastic, the soil nonlinear behavior during shaking is modeled using a simplified kinematic hardening model combined with a von Mises failure criterion and an associated plastic flow rule. The model parameters are adequately calibrated using available laboratory test results for the specific fraction of sand. The soil–tunnel interface is also accounted and simulated adequately. The effect of the interface friction on the tunnel response is investigated for one test case, as this parameter seems to affect significantly the tunnel lining axial forces. Finally, the internal forces of the tunnel lining are also evaluated with available closed-form solutions, usually used in the preliminary stages of design and compared with the experimental data and the numerical predictions. The numerical analyses can generally reproduce reasonably well the recorded response. Any differences between the experimental data and the numerical results are mainly attributed to the simplification of the used model and to differences between the assumed and the actual mechanical properties of the soil and the tunnel during the test.     

A fully-coupled discontinuous Galerkin method for two-phase flow in porous media with discontinuous capillary pressure

In this paper, we formulate and test numerically a fully-coupled discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for incompressible two-phase flow with discontinuous capillary pressure. The spatial discretization uses the symmetric interior penalty DG formulation with weighted averages and is based on a wetting-phase potential/capillary potential formulation of the two-phase flow system. After discretizing in time with diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta schemes, the resulting systems of nonlinear algebraic equations are solved with Newton’s method and the arising systems of linear equations are solved efficiently and in parallel with an algebraic multigrid method. The new scheme is investigated for various test problems from the literature and is also compared to a cell-centered finite volume scheme in terms of accuracy and time to solution. We find that the method is accurate, robust, and efficient. In particular, no postprocessing of the DG velocity field is necessary in contrast to results reported by several authors for decoupled schemes. Moreover, the solver scales well in parallel and three-dimensional problems with up to nearly 100 million degrees of freedom per time step have been computed on 1,000 processors.     

Compressional behavior of clayey sand and transition fines content

Clayey sand can be considered as a composite matrix of coarse and fine grains. The interaction between coarser and finer grain matrices affects the overall stress–strain behavior of these soils. Intergranular void ratio, e_s (which is the void ratio of the coarser grain matrix) can be utilized as an alternative parameter to express the compressive response of such soils. Oedometer tests conducted on reconstituted kaolinite–sand mixtures indicate that initial conditions, percentage of fines, and stress conditions influence the compression characteristics evidently. Tests showed that, up to a fraction of fines, which is named as transition fines content (FC_t), compression behavior of the mixtures is mainly controlled by the sand grains. When concentration of fines exceeds FC_t, kaolinite controls the compression. It was found that FC_t varies between 19% and 34% depending on the above mentioned factors. This range of fines content is also consistent with various values reported in literature regarding the strength alteration. Performed direct shear tests revealed that there is also a close relationship between transition fines content and shear strength, which is harmonic with the oedometer test results.     

考虑粒组分类影响的最小孔隙比分布及模型验证

最小孔隙比是确定岩土体的密实程度与孔隙特征的有效物理指标,如何快速有效地确定岩土体的最小孔隙比,可为岩土体的固结与稳定提供可靠参数。多数估算细粗混合材料最小孔隙比的模型参数与细粗粒径比一一对应,导致估算困难。在分析尾矿粒度组成、沉积规律和固结稳定的基础上,以8种不同粗细粒径,7～9种不同细粒含量尾矿为试验对象,拟合得到不同粒组尾矿最小孔隙比分布模型参数的函数关系;基于混合尾矿颗粒的粒组特征,给出了确定参数幂函数关系的指数值。分别采用模型参数要求粒组范围内的其他6组岩土材料和非粒组范围内的3组岩土材料进行验证。结果表明,考虑粒组分类影响下的模型,参数简单,对不同材料的最小孔隙比估算准确率较高,给出的最小孔隙比的分布规律合理,可为岩土工程领域最小孔隙比估算提供可靠的计算方法。     

Geo-stress Characteristics of Schist of Erdaoya Tunnel and Physical Properties of Rock Masses

Erdaoya tunnel in the highway connecting Shiyan (Hubei province) and Manchuan, (Shanxi province) was studied in the study. Various problems occurred in the construction of the tunnel, including large deformation of surrounding rocks, cracks of preliminary supports and secondary linings as well as creeping down and collapse of surrounding rock masses along schistosity planes. In which, the most serious problem was large deformation of surrounding rocks, which not only dramatically delayed the normal construction progress of the tunnel, but also brought a huge challenge for the safety of builders. In order to solve this problem, detailed investigations were made on site in the study to reveal the regional geological, engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions of the tunnel. By conducting geo-stress measurement on site, the characteristics of geo-stress field of Erdaoya tunnel were analyzed from four aspects, including magnitudes of stress, coefficient of lateral pressure, orientation of stress and the relationship between magnitudes of geo-stresses and depths. By applying the DIPS software for interactively analyzing geological locator data, structure characteristics of rock masses were analyzed for preferred structural planes and schistosity planes in the tunnel site. Furthermore, the authors tested the physical and hydrological properties of the rock specimens collected on-site. So various physical properties (density, void fraction, and wave velocity) and water absorption hydrological property of schist were obtained, which provide underlying parameters support for the deformation and support of surrounding rocks of the tunnel.     

广西北山岩溶管道—裂隙—孔隙地下水流数值模拟初探

本文从水动力学角度分析各种岩溶含水介质中的水流特征,将其归纳为储水介质、导水介质和控水介质,并根据折算渗透系数ＫＬ的概念和建立耦合达西流和百达西流于一体的岩溶管道－裂隙－孔隙三重介质地下水模型,对广西环江北山矿区岩溶含水系统进行了初步探讨。北山实例的模拟结果表明,三重介质模型较全面地刻画了岩溶水动态的特征,反映了相对均匀裂隙流与控制性管道流并存、线性流与非线性流相互转变的运动特点,不仅理论上比较合     

水--煤层气两相流体在煤层中的渗流规律

采用煤体承受有效应力、水-气混合流动及固一流相互作用的基本原理，建立了煤层气开采过程中水-煤层气两相流渗的基本方程，通过自行设计的实验装置，测定了煤层中水-煤层气共同流动时的两相流体的流量，渗透率及随水的饱和度变化关系，并据此模拟出了反映水-煤层气渗透基本规律，从而为煤层气开采提供了理论基础。     

地下水作用下的炭质板岩隧道变形控制技术探讨

以在建成兰铁路松潘隧道为工程实例,探讨研究地下水和构造应力共同作用下炭质板岩隧道变形特征。通过变形原因分析,采取设置长锚杆、注浆加固松散围岩、加强钢拱架锁脚等措施,能够有效控制变形。将软岩变形控制措施纳入动态设计是一种较为经济合理的手段。通过工程试验,动态调整工程措施,优化变形控制方案,对成兰铁路隧道建设具有较好的指导意义和工程借鉴。     

Comprehensive laboratory study on stress–strain of granular soils at constant global void ratio: combined effects of fabrics and silt content

The published literature has revealed conflicting results regarding the effect of low plastic fines fraction (I_p?≤?5.0%) on the mechanical behavior of sandy soils. For this reason, the use of different sample initial structures as (initial relative density approach, global void ratio index approach, etc.) could explain these different mechanical responses of granular materials. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate the quantitative aspect of the low plastic fines effects on the undrained monotonic response of sand-silt mixtures using the global void ratio approach. To achieve this goal, an experimental testing program through controlled monotonic triaxial tests was carried out on reconstituted saturated Chlef sand containing from 0 to 50% silt with an interval of 10% at three global void ratios (e?=?0.64, 0.66 and 0.68) and subjected to constant confining pressure (σ'₃?=?100 kPa). The different samples were reconstituted using two different preparation techniques: DFP and MT. The obtained results show that the low plastic fines content appears as a very relevant parameter in the characterization of the mechanical response of sand-silt mixture samples reconstituted at constant global void ratios, where the steady state shear strength and instability shear strength decreased with the increase in low plastic fines content up to the limiting fines contents (F_c?=?40% and F_c?=?10%) considering both studied initial structures (Dry funnel pluviation and Moist tamping), respectively. Beyond these thresholds fines contents, a reverse trend was observed for all parameters under study. Moreover, the test results indicate that the brittleness index, flow potential (V_f), friction index, equivalent void ratio (e*) and equivalent relative density (Dr*) could be considered as reliable parameters in the prediction of the mechanical behavior of the silty sand soils under study.

     

基于结构两相阻力分析的泥石流堆积形态研究

针对泥石流的结构两相阻力特征,采用结构两相阻力对泥石流的堆积形态进行了静力学分析,推导出在一般条件下泥石流堆积形态的公式,并讨论了在不同条件下泥石流堆积形态的特点。分析表明采用结构两相阻力对泥石流堆积形态分析可以较合理的模化阻力项,能够表现泥石流体复杂的成分结构组成,较真实的反映实际泥石流的堆积形态特征。在特定材料条件下,结构两相阻力项转化为单一材料阻力项,所得到的相应结论与已有对单一材料的分析结论一致。     

Numerical modeling of the transient hydrogeological response produced by tunnel construction in fractured bedrocks

Groundwater inflows into tunnels constructed in fractured bedrocks not only constitute an important factor controlling the rate of advancement in driving the tunnel but may pose potential hazards. Drawdowns caused by tunnel construction may also induce geotechnical and environmental impacts. Here we present a numerical methodology for the dynamic simulation of the hydrogeological transient conditions induced by the tunnel front advance. The methodology is based on the use of a Cauchy boundary condition at the points lying along the tunnel according to which water discharge, Q, is computed as the product of a leakage coefficient, , and the head difference, (H−h), where H is the prescribed head at the tunnel wall and h is the hydraulic head in the fractured rock in the close vicinity of the tunnel. At a given position of the tunnel, is zero until the tunnel reaches such position when it is assigned a positive value. The use of step-wise time functions for allows an efficient and accurate simulation of the transient hydrogeological conditions at and around the tunnel during the excavation process. The methodology has been implemented in TRANMEF-3, a finite element computer code for groundwater flow in 3D fractured media developed at the University of A Coruña, Spain, and has been used to simulate the impact of a tunnel on the groundwater system at the Äspö island (Sweden). This tunnel was constructed to access an underground laboratory for research on radioactive waste disposal. The large amount of available data at this site provides a unique opportunity to test the performance of the numerical model and the proposed methodology for tunnel advance. With just minor calibration, the numerical model is able to reproduce accurately the measurements of inflows into the tunnel at several reaches and hydraulic heads at surface-drilled boreholes. These results obtained at the Äspö site lead us to conclude that accurate predictions of the transient hydrogeological responses induced by tunneling works in fractured bedrocks, can be achieved provided that a sound hydrogeological characterization of large-scale fracture zones is available.     

长春硬塑状态老黏性土地基承载力

为提供长春硬塑状态老黏性土可靠的地基承载力依据,探讨适宜的确定地基承载力的方法,采用载荷试验、静力触探试验原位测试和室内土工试验等方法对长春老黏性土进行了测试研究,获取了地基承载力特征值（306~425 kPa）、静力触探锥尖阻力（1.9~3.3 MPa）、天然孔隙比(0.63~0.72)和液性指数(0.02~0.25)等试验数据。通过对试验数据的统计分析,得出地基承载力特征值与静力触探锥尖阻力线性相关,并与天然孔隙比和液性指数线性相关的结论。据此,提出了根据静力触探锥尖阻力计算长春老黏性土地基承载力特征值的经验公式,总结出根据室内土工试验指标确定长春老黏性土地基承载力特征值的数据表。     

双连拱隧道施工偏压力学特性的监测与分析研究

结合宜(宾)－水(富)高速公路鞋底坡双连拱隧道工程,通过埋设量测元件对隧道结构受力的关键部位进行现场监控测试与分析,获得了隧道支护结构在施工偏压条件下各施工阶段的围岩应力、锚杆轴力、中墙内力以及隧道支护结构中的内力变化情况。通过对比分析得出：最不利于隧道结构受力(关键是中墙受力)的施工工序发生在隧道由单侧施工过度到双侧施工时;中墙弯矩的方向一般是由后施工洞室向先施工洞室偏转。现场测试所得的数据和结论可望为同类隧道的设计、施工和研究提供有益的借鉴和参考。     

Analysis of flow path around the sealing section HG-A experiment in the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory

As part of the HG-A experiment in the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory, large-scale in situ water/gas injection experiments was conducted in a microtunnel. This research work focuses on the numerical analysis of the experimental data and the in situ observations. Concerning a temporary change of the hydromechanical properties of Opalinus Clay during experimental operations, three phases were numerically interpreted. These included the generation of excavation damaged zone during tunnel excavation, in which highly permeable flow paths around the tunnel have been formed; the self-sealing effect during water tests; and the pressure evolution during a long-term gas injection test. A coupled two-phase flow and mechanics model, taking into account the strong anisotropic properties of Opalinus Clay, was developed to interpret the measured data. The hydraulic anisotropy was described by a transversely isotropic permeability tensor. An elasto-plastic model was established to consider both stiffness anisotropy and strength anisotropy. Anisotropic plasticity was studied using the microstructure tensor method.     

饱和粉砂不稳定性的试验研究

通过对净砂和级配良好粉砂(含10 %粉土)进行一系列三轴固结不排水试验（CU）,研究了粉土、孔隙比和围压对饱和粉砂不稳定性的影响。试验结果表明,净砂与粉砂在不排水剪切条件下均会出现应变软化现象（即不稳定性）。同一围压下脆性指数(IB)随孔隙比增加,但不稳定线的应力比随孔隙比增加而减小。引用等效粒间孔隙比(ege)后,净砂和粉砂在ege-ln p?平面上拥有基本相同的临界状态线。在临界状态理论及等效粒间孔隙比的基础上,提出在同一修正状态参数(?ge)下净砂和级配良好粉砂有相似的不稳定性。     

垃圾土蠕变-降解特性的室内试验研究

通过室内蠕变-降解对比试验,研究了城市固体废弃物（MSW）的长期变形过程,详细地分析了MSW应变、沉降速率以及孔隙比随时间的变化规律。试验结果显示,考虑有机物降解情况下沉降速率与时间在双对数坐标下呈线性关系;不同的生物降解条件下MSW的变形特性表现出不同的规律。研究表明,MSW的蠕变变形是应力与有机物生物降解耦合作用的结果,采用室内蠕变-降解试验可以很好地模拟垃圾土的沉降变形过程,为室内进一步研究垃圾土的蠕变降解特性提供了很好的依据。     

平面装药条件下洞室受力特征试验研究

通过抗爆结构模型试验,研究了洞室围岩与衬砌结构受力变形特征。介绍了模型试验原理及平面装药爆炸模型试验方法,根据试验实测结果分析了设计爆炸荷载和超载条件下毛洞与衬砌洞室的洞周应力峰值分布特点,给出了两种工况条件下洞室围岩变形特征,从拱顶-底板相对位移、洞壁应变峰值、洞壁应变随时间变化等方面进行了对比分析。试验结果表明,衬砌支护措施可有效提高洞室的抗爆能力,是提高工程抗力等级的重要技术手段     

两种高庙子钠基膨润土膨胀特性比较研究

对两种高庙子钠基膨润土（简称GMZ001和GMZ07）在不同初始干密度下进行膨胀力试验、常压力下的膨胀变形试验以及压缩试验。试验结果表明,GMZ001的膨胀能力要比GMZ07的大,并且GMZ001比GMZ07更难压实。对饱和后两种膨润土进行压汞试验和扫描电子显微镜测试后发现,在相同孔隙比下,GMZ07集聚体间孔隙较多,并且GMZ001集聚体的水化程度大于GMZ07。结合土工和微观试验的结果,认为导致两者力学性能差异的主要原因是由于颗粒粒径大小的差异以及蒙脱石含量的不同。最后利用蒙脱石孔隙比的概念对两种膨润土的浸水膨胀试验结果进行归一化,并对膨润土的膨胀特性进行了预测。