Seismogram Analysis of Indonesian Earthquakes at DAV Observation Station

The S-wave velocity across the earth structure under Indonesia for Indonesia earthquakes has been investigated through seismogram analysis, simultaneously in the time domain and three Cartesian components. The data were recorded at DAV observational station, the Philippines. The main data set is the seismogram comparison between the measured and synthetic seismogram, instead of travel time data, as commonly used in other seismological research. The synthetic seismogram is calculated using the GEMINI method, which is equivalent to Mode Summation. The above seismogram comparison shows that the global earth mantle of PREMAN gives a deviating synthetic seismogram and has earlier arrival times than those of the measurement. The gradient of β_h in the upper mantle layers is altered into a positive, rather than negative slope as stated in the PREMAN model, and negative corrections are imposed to the zero order of the polynomials coefficients in all earth mantle layers. The excellent fitting, as well as travel time or waveform, is obtained from the surface waves of Love and Rayleigh, surface wave to the S and SS mantle waves as well as the core reflected waves. This result expresses that part of the earth mantle, due to a collision between India and Asia tectonic released zones, has a negative anomaly in S-wave velocity and vertical anisotropy in all of the earth mantle layers.     

Seismogram Analysis of Earthquake C060394F,South Java: S-wave Velocity Structure

The S wave velocity structure between the hypocenter of C060394F earthquake,South Java and a series of observatory stations located in Australia and South-East Asia have been investigated through seismogram analysis in the time domain and the three Cartesian components.The synthetic seismogram is constructed from the PREMAN global earth model.Seismogram comparison between the measured and synthetic seismograms shows large discrepancies.A correction to the S wave velocity structure is needed to solve these d...     

Feasibility of waveform inversion of Rayleigh waves for shallow shear-wave velocity using a genetic algorithm

Conventional surface wave inversion for shallow shear (S)-wave velocity relies on the generation of dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves. This constrains the method to only laterally homogeneous (or very smooth laterally heterogeneous) earth models. Waveform inversion directly fits waveforms on seismograms, hence, does not have such a limitation. Waveforms of Rayleigh waves are highly related to S-wave velocities. By inverting the waveforms of Rayleigh waves on a near-surface seismogram, shallow S-wave velocities can be estimated for earth models with strong lateral heterogeneity. We employ genetic algorithm (GA) to perform waveform inversion of Rayleigh waves for S-wave velocities. The forward problem is solved by finite-difference modeling in the time domain. The model space is updated by generating offspring models using GA. Final solutions can be found through an iterative waveform-fitting scheme. Inversions based on synthetic records show that the S-wave velocities can be recovered successfully with errors no more than 10% for several typical near-surface earth models. For layered earth models, the proposed method can generate one-dimensional S-wave velocity profiles without the knowledge of initial models. For earth models containing lateral heterogeneity in which case conventional dispersion-curve-based inversion methods are challenging, it is feasible to produce high-resolution S-wave velocity sections by GA waveform inversion with appropriate priori information. The synthetic tests indicate that the GA waveform inversion of Rayleigh waves has the great potential for shallow S-wave velocity imaging with the existence of strong lateral heterogeneity.     

利用纯S波输入研究地震台站下方的横波速度结构

震中距在50°左右的深源远震,直达波S波震相波列可以与其他震相波列分离. 在层状介质中,本文通过传播矩阵方法得到由S波从台下底层输入获得地面理论地震图的新方法,并由此拟合了河北省两个地震台短周期S波记录,获得台站下方横波速度结构. 结果表明,红山台下13km和24km左右有S波低速层存在,地壳厚度为33.km;涉县台下18km和30km左右有S波低速层存在. 红山台下S波差异显著的2个低速层夹持的高速层、较薄地壳及上地幔顶部低S波速度结构,与166年邢台大地震有关. 考虑到S波速度对部分熔融体的敏感性,认为地壳S波速度结构可作为揭示强震深部背景的依据之一.     

东南亚下方核幔边界D″层地震各向异性

本文利用中国国家数字地震台网(CDSN)和国际数字地震台网(FDSN)的宽频带远震资料,采用S和ScS震相剪切波差异分裂方法对东南亚下方核幔边界D″层地震各向异性进行研究.共获得了来自7个深震(400km)的24对高质量的S和ScS剪切波分裂参数,其中S震相的分裂参数与前人上地幔各向异性研究结果十分吻合,表明S震相观测结果反映了观测台站下方的上地幔各向异性.通过对上地幔各向异性校正后的波形数据进行进一步的分裂参数分析,最后得到了24个可靠的ScS剩余各向异性分裂参数.结果显示,在经度107°~112°范围内分裂参数均为空值(Null);而在该经度范围东西两侧区域,主要表现为明显分裂特征.这种分裂参数的分布指示了核幔边界D″层的各向异性特征的区域变化,我们推测这种变化可能与停滞在核幔边界的古特提斯和/或古太平洋俯冲板块相关.     

苏鲁地区剪切波速度结构研究及与地震关系探讨

利用S波纯波形拟合法以及T函数法反演了苏鲁地区壳幔剪切波速度结构,并利用长周期P波T函数反演得到了连云港和莱阳台下方800km深度的速度结构。结果显示:(1)苏鲁地区大部分台站地壳表层及上地壳浅部速度偏高,分别对应高压、超高压物质和古老基底出露地区;(2)沿郯庐断裂带分布的台站均显示明显低速层,并具有北浅南深的特点;(3)连云港和莱阳台超深度反演结果显示两台均在150km深度下出现高速层,反映扬子板块的俯冲深度为100km以下,俯冲板片厚度在100km以上;板片拆离下沉深度甚至达到300km或者更深;(4)地震深度分布与低速层关系密切,沿郯庐断裂和烟台—五莲断裂的中小地震震源深度都比较深,有的甚至达到地壳的底部,反映这两条断裂目前切割深度都比较大,而且地幔物质相对比较活跃。     

波形反演遗传算法及其在地震测深数据解释中的应用

为了更好地利用地震测深波形数据,提出了地震体波波形反演的遗传算法. 正演使用能精确快速计算互层结构响应的广义反、透射系数理论地震图算法;反演采用遗传算法,实现了地震体波波形反演的遗传算法. 数值试验表明,该算法具有分辨壳内低速层、高低速薄互层结构和一定的抗噪能力. 青藏高原东北缘泽库、夏河、临洮3炮地震测深P波波形反演,得到了上地壳底部低速层和中、下地壳,以及上地幔顶部薄互层的细结构图象.      

Characteristics of head wave in multi-layered half-space

Introduction Head wave is one of the main phases of local seismic arrivals, and it is important in the study of the crustal structure and the physical characteristics of the transition-zone between the crust and the mantle. So far, the kinetic characteristics of head wave such as arrival time have been widely used, while the dynamic characteristics of head wave like amplitude were usually ignored al-though it includes more information of the structure. In this article, we shall investigate the…     

天然地震PS转换波动力学特征的初步研究

本文根据合成理论地震图的广义射线理论,并应用自行编写的FORTRAN计算程序,研究了单一界面、薄层和迭层界面上形成的PS转换波的动力学特征,讨论了沉积盖层及上部地壳介质吸收对转换波的影响。     

垂向非均匀介质中首波特征分析

利用合成理论地震图方法研究了存在高速层或低速层的地壳模型及壳-幔过渡带模型中首波等震相的动力学特征，指出首波的特征对于高速层的结构变化比较敏感．当高速层厚度与特征波长相比较小时，地震波的衍射现象明显，这种情况下高速层不能屏蔽在其下面一层的上界面传播的首波，且该首波震相的强度随高速层厚度或速度的增加而递减；当高速层厚度与特征波长相当时，高速层底面的反射波震相与首波震相到时接近，会因互相干涉而减弱；对于低速层，首波震相强度较弱且随低速层速度的减小而递减；在壳-幔间断处引入一定厚度和速度变化范围的过渡带，可以得到更加明显的视首波震相，强度随过渡带厚度或速度变化范围的增加而增大．      

各向异性介质中S波接收函数成像方法

岩石圈各向异性主要由上地幔矿物晶格优势排列方向和上地壳内裂缝、裂隙的定向分布造成.在各向异性特征显著区域,利用SKS震相剪切波分裂获得的延迟时间高达1.5s以上.本文根据方位各向异性,利用广义反射透射系数矩阵方法正演S波接收函数,研究各向异性对不同反方位角接收函数转换震相走时的影响.我们发展了基于HTI模型各向异性走时校正的方法,成功的在单层和多层(快轴方向相同或不同)的各向异性介质中对齐不同反方位角接收函数的Moho面和LAB的转换震相走时.我们将该方法应用于在青藏高原东北缘的流动台站,试图在各向异性强度较大区域对实测数据转换震相走时的校正效果进行测试.结果表明:各向异性走时校正能够加强单台接收函数转换震相的可追踪性,能量增强的叠后转换震相在时深转换后更利于对界面深度的识别与判断;在考虑三维成像的情况下,我们的各向异性校正方法对提高成像结果的准确性有重要意义.     

The upper mantle anisotropy in Yunnan area, China

Introduction The study of the upper mantle anisotropy in Yunnan area benefits the research of deep structure of Sichuan-Yunnan active block and the characteristics of deformation field, the analysis of the coupling relations among different layers of the earth and the promotion of understanding the relation between anisotropy and stress-strain field and geological construction processes. The research results would be of important significance for the interpretation of movement of plates, the …     

中国东北地区远震S波走时层析成像研究

利用中国东北流动和固定台网的234个宽频带地震仪在2009年6月-2011年5月所记录的远震波形数据,采用波形相关方法拾取了10301个有效的S震相相对走时残差数据,进一步采用两种射线走时层析成像的方法,反演获取了研究区下方深达800 km的S波速度结构,不同射线走时层析成像方法的结果对本区的S波速度异常结构起到一定的约束作用.S波成像结果与我们先前开展的P波成像研究结果整体相似：在长白山下方发现有一个高速异常结构,这可能就是俯冲到欧亚大陆板块下方的太平洋板块,由于板块的部分下沉,使得板块的形状并没有呈现出明显的板片状.长白山、阿尔山、五大连池火山下方都有低速异常体,长白山和阿尔山下的低速异常向下延伸至地幔转换带附近,可能与其上部的火山形成有关.五大连池火山下方的低速异常向下延伸至200 km左右,不同埋深的低速异常结构可能意味着五大连池与长白山和阿尔山有着不同的成因.松辽盆地呈现以高速异常为主导、高低速异常混合分布的特性,暗示松辽盆地岩石圈地幔可能遭受了改造与破坏,可能有岩石圈拆沉的过程,盆地南部下方的低速异常与长白山和阿尔山下的低速异常有连通性,可能是下地幔热物质上涌的一个通道.S波和P波相似的成像结果从另一个角度展示了中国东北地区的上地幔速度异常结构,对我们认识此区的地下结构提供了重要的约束.     

Is there a first-order discontinuity in the lowermost mantle?

In 1983, Lay and Helmberger [Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 75 (1983) 799–837] reported the detection of a precursor to the seismic phase ScS. They attributed this precursor to a sharp seismic discontinuity located several hundred kilometers above the core–mantle boundary. Such a lowermost mantle discontinuity implies the existence of a sharp phase change or a chemical boundary. Precursors to ScS and, less frequently, PcP have since been observed in numerous locations, but are not a global phenomenon. Frequently, PcP precursors are weak or absent when ScS precursors are observed in the same location, and vice versa. There can be significant variations in the amplitude and arrival time of the precursor relative to the main phase. The presence or absence of these precursors has led to speculations about the nature of the lowermost mantle. Here we demonstrate that ScS or PcP precursors may be produced by gradients in seismic wave speed associated with large-scale lowermost mantle heterogeneity. Rather than a phase or chemical boundary with substantial topography, such gradients require lateral variations in temperature and, close to the core–mantle boundary, composition.     

核幔边界反射震相ScS对远震体波反演震源参数精度影响

研究表明,远震直达体波波形(P波、SH波)是有效反演中强地震(M5.5~7)震源参数的重要资料.但是当震中距较大时,核幔边界全反射波ScS会进入SH波反演窗口,其未被传统的基于体波震源参数反演算法所考虑,从而导致反演结果偏差.本文通过TEL3与fk方法合成理论地震图,使用Jackknifing统计方法定量测试了不同情况下ScS震相对远震体波反演的影响.结果表明,当反演数据震中距位于70°~90°时,ScS震相会造成震源质心深度1km左右、机制解最大8°的系统偏差;使用震中距40°~90°的SH波进行抽样反演,机制解最大系统偏差可达5°;SH波与P波联合反演可减少ScS震相引起的震源参数结果系统偏差.因此,ScS震相对基于射线理论的远震体波震源机制解反演所造成的误差是需要给予考虑的.     

Elastic full waveform inversion of multi‐component OBC seismic data

Elastic full waveform inversion of seismic reflection data represents a data‐driven form of analysis leading to quantification of sub‐surface parameters in depth. In previous studies attention has been given to P‐wave data recorded in the marine environment, using either acoustic or elastic inversion schemes. In this paper we exploit both P‐waves and mode‐converted S‐waves in the marine environment in the inversion for both P‐ and S‐wave velocities by using wide‐angle, multi‐component, ocean‐bottom cable seismic data. An elastic waveform inversion scheme operating in the time domain was used, allowing accurate modelling of the full wavefield, including the elastic amplitude variation with offset response of reflected arrivals and mode‐converted events. A series of one‐ and two‐dimensional synthetic examples are presented, demonstrating the ability to invert for and thereby to quantify both P‐ and S‐wave velocities for different velocity models. In particular, for more realistic low velocity models, including a typically soft seabed, an effective strategy for inversion is proposed to exploit both P‐ and mode‐converted PS‐waves. Whilst P‐wave events are exploited for inversion for P‐wave velocity, examples show the contribution of both P‐ and PS‐waves to the successful recovery of S‐wave velocity.     

The S to P convert wave from the bottom of sediment basin in the near-field seismic records

Introduction On October 18 and 19, 1989, a sequence of earthquakes with magnitude MS=5.5, 5.8 and 5.5 occurred in the southeast part of Datong basin, Shanxi Province, China. One year and five months later, on March 26, 1991, another strong earthquake with magnitude MS=5.8 strikes the Datong basin once more. After both October 1989 and March 1991 earthquakes, the Institute of Geophysics, China Seismological Bureau (IGCSB) made near-field observations for aftershocks. 5 DCS-302 digital…     

地震近场记录中来自沉积盆地底部的S-P转换波震相c

在1989年10月和1991年3月大同地震余震的近场记录中,发现P波与S波到时之间还存在一个附加震相. 对地震的精确定位表明,有一些带有附加震相的地震记录是在临界角之内的台站得到的,因而可以排除附加震相为地表折射波的可能性. 用质点运动轨迹分析方法对附加震相的振动方向进行分析后认为,附加震相的运动特性与P波的运动特性一致,因而,可能是来自沉积盆地底部的S-P转换波. 设定一个低速的沉积层覆盖在速度较高的基岩之上的速度结构模型,用合成地震图技术模拟出这次地震的附加震相,从而确认该附加震相为盆地底部的S-P转换波. 调整传播路径上沉积基底的深度,可以得到一个概略性的盆地底部的图象,即大同盆地底部是一个沿桑干河河谷中部深、两側浅的V形盆底.      

A regional study of mantle velocity variations beneath eastern Australia and the southwestern Pacific using short-period recordings of P,S, PcP,ScP and ScS waves produced by Tongan deep earthquakes

Deep earthquakes located in the Tonga-Kermadec region produce exceptionally clear and sharp short-period P, S, PcP, ScP, and ScS phases which are recorded at many stations at distances of less than 60°. The data used in this study are produced by short-period stations located in oceanic-type regions (Fiji and New Caledonia), a mobile continental region (eastern Australia) and a shield region (central Australia). Differential travel-time residuals of the above phases at these stations are investigated to determine the contribution to the differential residuals from: (1) the upper part of the mantle (S-P residuals); (2) the core-to-station portion of the mantle (ScS-ScP residuals); and (3) the hypocenter-to core portion of the mantle (ScP-PcP residuals). The use of differential travel-time residuals considerably reduces near-station effects and effects due to inaccurate determination of the source parameters, and hence the results can be interpreted as due to variations along the propagation paths. The results show that (S-P) residuals from phases traveling along event-to-station paths are about 7 s smaller at the shield station than at the oceanic stations. This correlation with surface tectonic environments is equally strong for the (ScS-ScP) residuals, with the shield/oceanic station difference being about 4 s. Moreover, the data suggest that this correlation between differential residuals and surface tectonic environments is caused by variations in shear velocity within the upper part of the mantle. However, the data cannot uniquely resolve the required depth of these variations within the mantle. For example, if the shear velocity variations extend to a depth of 400 km beneath the recording stations, then the average shear velocity difference between shield- and oceanic-type environments is about 4%. However, if the variations extend only to a depth of 200 km, this difference is more than 8%.(ScP-PcP) and (ScS-PcS) residuals vary from about +1 to about +4 s at the different stations, apparently because of compressional velocity variations in the mantle along the Pc path. If the variation in compressional velocity within the mantle below a depth of about 600 km is about 10% and occurs near the source region, these results suggest that, in the vicinity of deep earthquake zones, variations in compressional velocity extend to a depth of about 1000 km. However, these results can equally be explained by a 1% variation in compressional velocity, evenly distributed along the entire Pc path. An estimate of Q determined from the observed predominant frequency of ScS waves, as recorded at the shield station, suggests that the average 〈Q_s〉 of the mantle beneath about 600 km is about 1050 at frequencies of about 1 Hz.     

Study and review on crust-mantle velocity structure in Bohai Bay and its vicinity

Introduction Bohai Bay, along with its adjacent areas, is one of the seismically active areas in North China. Understanding its crust/upper-mantle structural characteristics and lateral heterogeneity of the medium in this area is of great significance to the study of seismogenic environment, thus improvimg the level of earthquake prediction. For years, scientists have studied the area by gravity and magnetic methods (FENG, et al, 1989), geothermal field (WU, et al, 1988; TIAN, ZHANG, 19…