河库连续体中溶解性无机碳及其同位素的时空分异特征——以澜沧江云南段为例

河流及水库等水生态系统中的溶解性无机碳(DIC)是全球碳循环与大气、陆地和海洋之间碳相互作用的重要组成部分.以澜沧江云南段上游天然河段及下游梯级水库群形成的连续体为研究对象,分析了河库连续体表层水体中水化学特征、溶解性无机碳浓度及其碳同位素时空分布特征.研究结果表明:河库连续体水体中溶解无机碳(DIC)及其同位素(δ13 C DIC)组成特征总体表现为:DIC浓度丰水期较低,枯水期较高,平均值分别为2.59±0.44和3.30±0.37 mmol/L;δ13 C DIC值丰水期偏负、枯水期偏正,平均值分别为-8.52‰±0.38‰和-6.95‰±0.53‰,与自然河流的季节变化特征相似.水体DIC来源主要包括土壤及水体有机质分解生成的CO 2、碳酸盐风化和水气界面CO 2的交换过程.澜沧江河库连续体中DIC浓度及δ13 C DIC组成的时空异质性特征与流域岩性、土壤生物地球化学过程以及微生物活动强度等均有较大关系.当前,澜沧江梯级水库群建库时间短,梯级联合运行下调度复杂,水文条件多变,梯级水库对河流重要生源要素——碳累积影响方面的“水库效应”还不明显.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气甲烷碳同位素分布及成因

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气甲烷碳同位素分布及其成因对认识该区煤层气藏的形成和分布规律,煤层气资源评价具有重要意义.在系统总结该区煤层气组分和煤层气碳同位素的地域、时域和煤阶分布特征的基础上,结合煤储层演化过程,分析了甲烷碳同位素的变化规律.该区甲烷碳同位素分布范围宽,同位素组成总体偏轻,地域上由北往南呈现"变轻-加重-变轻"的趋势,针对性分析认为北部低煤阶次生生物气的生成,中部水动力活跃地区引起的水溶解分馏,南部构造演化过程中地层抬升造成的解吸分馏,以及局部岩浆运动引起的快速增温生烃分馏是造成该区甲烷碳同位素普遍偏轻的主要因素.     

天山地震活动区地下水中碳同位素的初步研究

介绍了中国新疆维吾尔自治区地震局和乌兹别克斯坦共和国科学院地震研究所近 1 0年来地震科技合作在地下水碳同位素方面的基本研究成果。结合天山主要地震活动区 2 0 0余个水点的碳同位素观测资料 (其中乌鲁木齐地下水中碳同位素资料是第一次公布 ) ,分析了水中碳同位素的区域分布规律、来源及影响因素 ,探讨了碳同位素地震前兆异常的某些特征。     

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组火山活动的环境响应

通过岩心、薄片观察、X射线衍射分析、干酪根鉴定和碳氧同位素测试等技术方法,明确了岩石学特征、有机质组分类型及赋存状态、碳氧同位素值特征,结合准噶尔盆地二叠纪地层特征及火山机构分布,对吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组沉积时期火山活动的环境响应进行研究。结果表明:吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组岩性为火山物质与碳酸盐岩的混合沉积,火山物质为凹陷周缘或远源火山活动输入。有机质组分以降解藻和沥青质体为主,来源于遭受降解作用的低等水生藻类。剖面碳酸盐岩碳同位素介于6. 8‰～9. 7‰,平均值为8. 3‰,具有向正高值漂移的特征,氧同位素介于-11. 9‰～-4. 3‰,平均值为-6. 2‰。通过对准噶尔盆地二叠纪地层特征及火山机构分布调查的结果表明,该时期盆地范围内火山活动规模大,范围广。凹陷内部火山活动较弱,受其周缘火山活动的影响强烈。火山活动期间,飘落湖盆中的火山物质释放出大量营养元素有利于藻类等有机生物生长,在安静还原的水体环境中,有机质呈藻纹层分布,碳同位素具有正高值特征。火山活动间歇期,湖平面下降,湖泊底部水体向氧化环境转变,有机质遭到降解,以局部顺层富集或分散状分布,碳同位素值降低。凹陷周缘及盆地范围内长期、频繁的火山活动促使藻类等低等生物繁盛是碳同位素具有正高值特征及规律变化的根本原因。     

羌塘高原湖水δ13cDIC值特征及影响因素分析

湖水溶解无机碳同位素( δ13CDIC)是研究湖泊碳循环的有效手段,其影响因素分析是古湖沼学中重建过去环境的理论基础,但国内关于这一方面的研究却还相对较少.本文研究了羌塘高原24个湖泊水体δ13CDIC值空间分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明,所选湖泊水体δ13 CDIC值在-15.0‰至3.2‰之间,平均值为-1.2‰,...     

呼伦湖东露天矿剖面有机碳的总量及其稳定碳同位素和古环境演化

湖泊沉积物中有机碳的总量（TOC）取决于湖泊的初始生产力及有机质沉积后的保存能力,而有机碳的稳定同位素（δ~(13)C）值则反映了不同来源有机质的组成以及流域古植被状况。本文通过对内蒙呼伦湖东露天煤矿剖面TOC及δ~(13)C值的垂直分布的研究,结合剖面的沉积特征及孢粉、硅藻分析结果,讨论了呼伦湖地区末次冰期以来古气候古环境演化过程。结果表明有机碳的总量及其稳定碳同位素可作为分析古气候环境的一种有效的代用指标。     

亚热带河口区水库DOC和DIC浓度时空变化特征

沿海水库汇聚并埋藏着大量的碳,是全球碳循环的重要区域.水体溶解有机碳(DOC)和溶解无机碳(DIC)的生物地球化学行为是水库碳循环研究的重要组成部分,对其系统生物过程和生态环境变化具有重要的影响.为了解亚热带河口区文武砂水库表层水体DOC和DIC的时空分布特征,本研究于2018年11月、2019年3月和6月分别对库区表层水进行多空间点位采样分析.结果表明,研究期间,文武砂水库表层水体DOC和DIC浓度变化范围分别介于0.10～21.13和0.38～34.94 mg/L,其均值分别为(4.09±0.18)和(15.83±0.24) mg/L,最大值分别出现在夏季和秋季;空间分布趋势,整体表现为北库区南库区,且由库区周边的浅水区向库区中心的深水区域呈现出递减的趋势;浮游植物光合作用强度是影响库区DOC和DIC浓度的季节变化的重要因素,而外源污染输入强度是引起库区DOC和DIC浓度空间变化的重要因素.本文结果扩展对水库碳循环的认知,对提高水库水质也提供了有益参考.     

洱海悬浮颗粒物和表层沉积物有机碳氮同位素来源特征及水质指示意义

为探究湖泊水体悬浮颗粒物和沉积物有机碳、氮来源及水质指示意义,分析了2013-2014年洱海悬浮颗粒物和表层沉积物有机碳同位素(δ13C)、氮同位素(δ15N)和C/N比值时空变化特征及与水质的关系.结果 表明:①洱海悬浮颗粒物δ13C、C/N、δ15N在旱、雨季差异显著(P＜0.05),旱季变化范围分别为-31.75...     

鄱阳湖入湖、出湖污染物通量时空变化及影响因素(2008-2012年)

研究鄱阳湖入、出湖污染物通量是加强鄱阳湖及长江水功能区限制纳污红线管理的前提,是建立鄱阳湖水质预测模型的基础.基于2008-2012年鄱阳湖8条主要入湖河流、出湖口的逐月水量、水质同步监测资料,根据污染源特征优选算法,计算总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH3-N)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)的入、出湖污染物通量,并分析时空变化特征及影响因素.结果表明:(1)出湖口和乐安河入湖口断面的NH3-N、TP及昌江入湖口断面的TP,以点源污染为主,采用每月瞬时通量作为月平均通量的算法更准确;其余以非点源污染为主,采用瞬时污染物浓度与月平均流量之积来计算月平均通量更准确.(2)2008-2012年CODMn、NH3-N和TP年平均人湖通量分别为304398、53063和9175 t,年平均出湖通量分别为367436、45814和8452t.8条入湖河流每年的入湖水量、CODMn通量和个别年份的NH3-N、TP通量小于出湖,这主要是因为未计算区间产流及相应排污和采砂引起的内源污染.(3)入、出湖污染物通量在年际间主要受水量影响而呈现W型波动变化趋势,CODMn、NH3-N、TP入湖通量及CODMn出湖通量均集中在汛期,NH3-N、TP出湖通量则是冬季较多(低水位下湿地植被净化作用受限).入湖TP、NH3-N、CODMn通量主要来自赣江、信江、乐安河,而NH3-N、TP浓度最高的是乐安河、信江.     

鄱阳湖湿地碟形湖-河流水稳定同位素变化特征及其指示意义

为深入认识鄱阳湖湿地区域水循环过程,于2019年1—12月在鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区对降水、河流水、主要碟形湖水进行系统采集,综合分析碟形湖-河流水稳定同位素的动态变化特征及其指示意义。结果表明,鄱阳湖湿地修河和赣江的同位素组成具有明显的季节性变化规律,4月河水同位素最为富集,5—7月逐渐贫化,之后呈现出不断富集的变化趋势,整体上与降水同位素的时间变化特性相似。在空间分布上,各段河水的同位素组成均具有相对稳定的沿程分布特征,赣江在修河汇入点上、下游的同位素特性在大多数月份没有呈现出明显变化。碟形湖水同位素的年内变化范围比河水大,并且相对富集。主要碟形湖水的δ²H-δ¹⁸O关系接近当地大气降水线,具有更小的蒸发线斜率以及系统性偏离的特征,反映碟形湖主要受到当地降水补给,经历了一定程度的蒸发作用。基于指数模型方法估算修河和赣江水体的平均滞留时间(mean residence time,MRT)分别为1.54和0.81年,赣江较短的MRT表明鄱阳湖流域具有不同水体组分相互快速转化的水力条件,修河上游柘林水库的调蓄作用导致其MRT明显大于赣江。通过假定...     

Carbon dioxide,methane, and dissolved carbon dynamics in an urbanized river system

Estimates of greenhouse gas evasion from rivers have been refined over the past decades to constrain their role in global carbon cycle processes. However, despite 55% of the human population living in urban areas, urban rivers have had limited attention. We monitored carbon dynamics in an urbanized river (River Kelvin, 331 km², UK) to explore the drivers of dissolved carbon lateral and vertical export. Over a 2-year sampling period, riverine methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations were consistently oversaturated with respect to atmospheric equilibria, leading to continual degassing to the atmosphere. Carbon stable isotopic compositions (δ¹³C) indicated that terrestrially derived carbon comprised most of the riverine CH₄ and dissolved CO₂ (CO₂*) load while dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from groundwater was the main form of riverine DIC. The dynamics of CH₄, CO₂*, and DIC in the river were primarily hydrology-controlled, that is, [CH₄] and [CO₂*] both increased with elevated discharge, total [DIC] decreased with elevated discharge while the proportion of biologically derived DIC increased with increasing discharge. The concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) showed a weak relationship with river hydrology in summer and autumn and was likely influenced by the combined sewer overflows. Carbon emission to the atmosphere is estimated to be 3.10 ± 0.61 kg C·m⁻²·yr⁻¹ normalized to water surface area, with more than 99% emitted as CO₂. Annual carbon loss to the coastal estuary is approximately 4.69 ± 0.70 Gg C yr⁻¹, with annual DIC export approximately double that of DOC. Per unit area, the River Kelvin was a smaller carbon source to the atmosphere than natural rivers/streams but shows elevated fluxes of DIC and DOC under comparable conditions. This research illustrates the role urban systems may have on riverine carbon dynamics and demonstrates the potential tight link between urbanization and riverine carbon export.     

Carbon budgets of three temperate forest ecosystems in Dongling Mt.,Beijing,China

There is a general agreement that forest ecosystems in the Northern Hemisphere function as signifi-cant sinks for atmospheric CO2; however, their magnitude and distribution remain large uncertainties. In this paper, we report the carbon (C) stock and its change of vegetation, forest floor detritus, and mineral soil, annual net biomass increment and litterfall production, and respiration of vegetation and soils between 1992 to 1994, for three temperate forest ecosystems, birch (Betula platyphylla) forest, oak (Quercus liaotungensis) forest and pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) plantation in Mt. Dongling, Beijing, China. We then evaluate the C budgets of these forest ecosystems. Our results indicated that total C density (organic C per hectare) of these forests ranged from 250 to 300 t C ha-1, of which 35―54 t C ha-1 from vegetation biomass C and 209―244 t C ha-1 from soil organic C (1 m depth, including forest floor detritus). Biomass C of all three forests showed a net increase, with 1.33―3.55 t C ha-1 a-1 during the study period. Litterfall production, vegetation autotrophic respiration, and soil heterotrophic respira-tion were estimated at 1.63―2.34, 2.19―6.93, and 1.81―3.49 t C ha-1 a-1, respectively. Ecosystem gross primary production fluctuated between 5.39 and 12.82 t C ha-1 a-1, about half of which (46%―59%, 3.20―5.89 t C ha-1 a-1) was converted to net primary production. Our results suggested that pine forest fixed C of 4.08 t ha-1 a-1, whereas secondary forests (birch and oak forest) were nearly in balance in CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and ecosystems.     

Seasonal and spatial variation in suspended matter,organic carbon,nitrogen, and nutrient concentrations of the Senegal River in West Africa

The Senegal River is of intermediate size accommodating at present about 3.5 million inhabitants in its catchment. Its upstream tributaries flow through different climatic zones from the wet tropics in the source area in Guinea to the dry Sahel region at the border between Senegal and Mauritania. Total suspended matter, particulate and dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen as well as nutrient concentrations were determined during the dry and wet seasons at 19 locations from the up- to downstream river basin. The aims of the study were to evaluate the degree of human interference, to determine the dissolved and particulate river discharges into the coastal sea and to supply data to validate model results. Statistical analyses showed that samples from the wet and dry season are significantly different in composition and that the upstream tributaries differ mainly in their silicate and suspended matter contents. Nutrient concentrations are relatively low in the river basin, indicating low human impact. Increasing nitrate concentrations, however, show the growing agriculture in the irrigated downstream areas. Particulate organic matter is dominated by C4 plants during the wet season and by aquatic plankton during the dry season. The total suspended matter (TSM) discharge at the main gauging station Bakel was about 1.93 Tg yr⁻¹ which is in the range of the only available literature data from the 1980s. The calculated annual discharges of particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) are 55.8 Gg yr⁻¹, 54.1 Gg yr⁻¹, and 5.3 Gg yr⁻¹, respectively. These first estimates from the Senegal River need to be verified by further studies.     

贵州草海湖泊系统碳循环简单模式

本文分析了贵州草海湖泊系统中的主要含碳物质－湖水DIC、表层沉积物有机质、水生植物的稳定碳同位素组成,其δ^13C值分别为：－3．70‰至－10．60‰,－20．90‰至－21．60％,－16．10‰至－17．40,通过质量平衡计算,建立了草海区域碳循环的简单模式,结果表明：对于草海这样一个水生植物茂盛的浅水富氧湖而言,光合一呼吸作用和有机质的降解对整个湖泊体系的稳定碳同位素组成具有决定性的作用。     

Spatial and temporal variations of pCO2, dissolved inorganic carbon and stable isotopes along a temperate karstic watercourse

This study investigated CO₂ degassing and related carbon isotope fractionation effects in the Wiesent River that drains a catchment in the karst terrain of the Franconian Alb, Southern Germany. The river was investigated by physico‐chemical and stable isotope analyses of water and dissolved inorganic carbon during all seasons along 65‐km long downstream transects between source and mouth. Calculated pCO₂ values at the source were 21 400 ± 2400 µatm. The pCO₂ rapidly decreased in the river water and dropped to an average of 1240 ± 330 µatm near the mouth. About 90% of this decrease occurred within the first 6 km of the river. The river was supersaturated with respect to CO₂ over its entire course and must have acted as a continuous year‐round CO₂ source to the atmosphere. The average CO₂ flux from the karst river was estimated with 450 mmol m^?2 day^?1 with higher fluxes up to 5680 mmol m^?2 day^?1 at the source. At the source, δ¹³C_DIC values showed no seasonal variations with an average of ?14.2 ± 0.2‰. This indicated that groundwater retained high pCO₂ mainly from soil CO₂. The contribution of soil CO₂ to dissolved inorganic carbon was estimated at 65% to 72%. The downstream CO₂ loss caused a positive shift in δ¹³C_DIC values of 2‰ between source and mouth because of the preferential loss of the ¹²C isotope during degassing. Considering the findings of this study and the fact that carbonate lithology covers a significant part of the earth's surface, CO₂ evasion from karst regions might contribute notably to the annual carbon dioxide release from global freshwater systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

流域数据模型研究—以太湖流域西苕溪流域为例

对江汉平原江陵剖面沉积物中的总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、有机碳同位素δ13C值和粒度参数的分布特征与环境气候的关系进行了研究.结果表明：沉积物中有机碳、总氮较高,有机质的δ13C值偏负,沉积物的平均粒径较粗时,气候温暖湿润;反之,沉积物中有机碳、总氮较低,有机质的δ13C值偏正,沉积物的平均粒径较细时,气候温凉偏干.结合14C测年,判别江汉平原江陵地区的古气候演化过程：8900-6070 aBP,为温湿时期;6000-4600 aBP为相对冷干时期;4600-2500 aBP为温暖湿润时期;2500 aBP以来为温凉偏干时期.     

Seasonal,hydrological, and land management factors controlling dissolved organic carbon concentrations in the loch fleet catchments,Southwest Scotland

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was measured at hourly or two-hourly intervals during more than 30 events in one forested and two moorland subcatchments of the Loch Fleet catchment in southwest Scotland. The dominantly peaty soils in the catchments resulted in small discharge-related DOC variations within individual events, with a maximum range of about 2 mg 1^?1. Seasonal variations were larger with an amplitude of 8-9 mg 1^?1 and maximum concentrations in the summer months. The forested stream had the highest mean DOC, twice as large as the comparable moorland stream in the preliming phase. Applications of lime to the catchments increased stream DOC concentrations, with the largest increases in the moorland catchments.     

Dissolved inorganic carbon isotopes of a typical alpine river on the Tibetan Plateau revealing carbon sources,wetland effect and river recharge

The Nyangqu River, the largest right bank tributary of the Yarlung Zangbo River in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, was representative of an alpine riverine carbon cycle experiencing climate change. In this study, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) spatial and seasonal variations, as well as their carbon isotopic compositions (δ¹³C_DIC) in river water and groundwater were systematically investigated to provide constraints on DIC sources, recharge and cycling. Significant changes in the δ¹³C_DIC values (from −2.9‰ to −23.4‰) of the water samples were considered to be the result of different contributions of two dominant DIC origins: soil CO₂ dissolution and carbonate weathering. Three types of rock weathering (dissolution of carbonate minerals by H₂CO₃ and H₂SO₄, and silicate dissolution by H₂CO₃) were found to control the DIC input into the riverine system. In DIC cycling, groundwater played a significant role in delivering DIC to the surface water, and DIC supply from tributaries to the main stream increased from the dry season to the wet season. Notably, the depleted δ¹³C_DIC ‘peak’ around the 88.9° longitude, especially in the September groundwater samples, indicated the presence of ‘special’ DIC, which was attributed to the oxidation of methane from the Jiangsa wetland located nearby. This wetland could provide large amounts of soil organic matter available for bacterial degradation, producing ¹³C-depleted methane. Our study provided insights regarding the role of wetlands in riverine carbon cycles and highlighted the contribution of groundwater to alpine riverine DIC cycles.     

新疆博斯腾湖水体颗粒和溶解有机碳的季节变化及其来源初探

在博斯腾湖选取了13个点位,于2012年5、8、10月测定表层和底层水体中的颗粒有机碳、溶解有机碳、颗粒有机氮和叶绿素a含量.结果显示颗粒和溶解有机碳在表层水体中的浓度与底层相近.博斯腾湖水体中颗粒有机碳的季节变化十分明显,其平均浓度从春季(0.64 mg/L)到夏季(0.71 mg/L)变化不大,但在秋季变化十分显著(浓度达1.58 mg/L).其中西北湖区和湖心区颗粒有机碳的季节变化最明显,东部湖区颗粒有机碳的季节变化相对较小.博斯腾湖水体的颗粒有机碳在春、秋两季主要来自外源输入,在夏季受水体中浮游生物的影响较大.博斯腾湖水体中溶解有机碳也具有一定的季节变化,夏季浓度(平均为9.3 mg/L)略低于春、秋两季(平均为10.3 mg/L).溶解有机碳在河口区的季节变化最强,其夏季浓度明显偏低,主要是由于开都河河水的稀释作用.总体上,博斯腾湖水体中溶解有机碳浓度的变化主要受外部因素的影响.