基于MODIS数据的全国144个重点湖库营养状态监测:以2018年夏季为例

随着经济社会的快速发展和进步,我国湖库水体富营养化情况越来越严重.卫星遥感在水体营养状态监测方面具有重要潜力,但基于卫星遥感的全国范围内湖库水体营养状态监测和分析方面还鲜有研究.本文基于2018夏季的MODIS卫星遥感数据生产FUI指数产品,构建基于FUI水色指数的湖库营养状态评价方法,监测全国范围内144个重点湖库水体的营养状态等级.结果表明：贫营养、中营养、富营养的湖库比例分别为16%、24%、60%;营养状态在空间上分布不均匀,总体上呈现东高西低的现象;东北山地与平原和东部平原湖区以富营养状态水体为主;西部湖库水体以贫到中营养状态为主,尤其是青藏高原湖区贫营养比例比较高;海拔和地表温度等自然因素与工业点源和农业面源污染等人为因素是湖库营养状态的重要影响因素.     

福建山美水库浮游动物群落结构时空特征及其影响因子分析

山美水库既是福建省泉州市饮用水源地,也肩负着为台湾省金门县供水的功能,但春夏季过高的pH值影响了水库水质.为此,从2020年起,调整水库鱼类放养结构和捕捞策略,并研究鱼类群落调控后山美水库浮游动物群落结构的响应及其与环境因子的关系.本研究于2020年和2021年连续两年的1月（冬季）、4月（春季）、7月（夏季）、10月（秋季）调查山美水库21个采样点的浮游动物群落结构和水环境因子.结果共鉴定出浮游动物68属102种,其中轮虫21属41种（40.20%）,原生动物32属41种（40.20%）,枝角类8属13种（12.75%）,桡足类7属7种（6.86%）.2020—2021年山美水库浮游动物平均密度为（1443.05±360.02） ind./L,平均生物量为（1.21±0.27） mg/L,2021年浮游动物密度和生物量显著高于2020年,其中,2021年枝角类和桡足类的密度分别显著高于2020年枝角类和桡足类的密度,2021年库首、库中和库尾区域枝角类生物量显著高于2020年对应区域;2021年桡足类生物量显著高于2020年.春冬季浮游动物群落的优势种主要为原生动物,夏秋季浮游动物群落的优势种主要为轮虫.根据浮游动物密度和生物量评价水体营养状态,夏季山美水库处于中营养状态,春、秋和冬季处于贫营养状态.影响浮游动物群落结构分布的主要环境因子为电导率、水温、溶解氧、硝态氮、透明度和高锰酸盐指数.研究表明调整鱼类放养和捕捞措施提高了浮游动物密度和生物量,基于此提出了通过调整鱼类群落结构改变浮游动物群落结构,进而改善水环境的建议,可为湖泊水库水环境保护和水生生物资源高效利用提供科学依据.     

气候变化对湖库水环境的潜在影响研究进展

本文着重归纳气候变化对湖库热力特性、冰期、溶解氧、营养盐、浮游植物和水生植物等方面的影响规律,探讨气候变化对湖库水环境潜在影响的区域差异,讨论现有研究方法的优缺点和发展前景.研究表明,气候变暖对湖库物理过程的影响最为显著;热带草原气候和温带海洋性气候对于气候变暖和降雨变化的响应较其他气候类型突出;气候变化对湖库水环境的影响效果具有两面性.通过分析各气候类型中气候变暖对磷水平的潜在影响差异表明,亚热带季风气候的湖库更可能受气候变暖的影响趋于富营养状态.在今后研究中,建议深入开展各气候类型中区域性气候变化对湖库水环境影响的实例研究.     

武汉东湖不同营养型子湖的水生生物与水域功能

于１９９１－１９９３年研究了武汉东湖４个营养型不同的子湖中水生生物与水域功能,表明各子湖之间各类水生生物的生态特征存在明显差异,茶港湾的ＨＢＣ和ＦＣ的数量,藻类的细胞密度和初级生产量,浮游动物和底栖动物的个体密度等均居４个子湖之首,其水质已达到了超富营养水平,将该湖区的作为污水天然净化区进行管理,可望对东湖的主体湖区起到缓冲和保护作用,郭郑湖的水质状况仅次于茶港湾湖区,处于富营养阶段,该湖区多项生     

上行与下行效应对浮游动物的长期影响评价——以滇池与抚仙湖沉积物象鼻溞(Bosmina)为例

近年来云南高原湖泊面临富营养化、渔业活动增强等多重环境压力的叠加影响,对湖泊的有效治理与生态修复急需对多重压力下生态系统的响应模式进行系统了解.现有研究表明在系统生产力和捕食压力的不同配置下,湖泊系统主要组成(如浮游动物)的响应特征可能出现差异且捕食压力可能随营养水平的变化而改变,目前对云南湖泊生态系统的研究主要集中于单一环境压力下的生态响应.本研究以目前分别处于重富营养和中-贫营养水平的滇池和抚仙湖为研究对象,应用湖泊沉积物记录进行多指标分析,探讨受外来鱼类影响下两个大型湖泊浮游动物长期响应模式的异同.通过象鼻溞生物量与个体大小等指标,重建了近百年来滇池与抚仙湖典型浮游动物的变化历史,结果表明随着湖泊生产力水平(如沉积物色素生产量)的增加,2个湖泊中象鼻溞生物量显著增加,同时物种相对组成出现明显变化(如Bosmina longispina被B.longirostris取代),指示湖泊上行效应对浮游动物的控制作用.同时象鼻溞的生物量、壳长与触角长度的变化在1960s与1980s有明显降低的趋势,与同期外来鱼类(如银鱼)引入与渔业产量增加的时间一致.进一步应用多变量回归分析与方差分解方法来定量评价上行与下行效应对象鼻溞生物量变化的驱动强度,结果表明富营养化(沉积物色素)和捕食作用(象鼻溞壳长)对浮游动物长期变化的驱动强度比较相似(分别解释了生物量变化的77.25%和83.59%),然而在滇池下行效应对象鼻溞生物量的独立影响比在贫营养的抚仙湖中更强(分别为15.46%和10.39%),上行效应对象鼻溞生物量的影响在抚仙湖要明显强于滇池(分别为69.74%和19.67%),而在滇池上行与下行效应的相互作用强度明显强于抚仙湖(分别为42.12%和3.46%).结果表明随着湖泊营养水平的升高,浮游动物的生物量在2个湖泊中均显著增加,而外来鱼类(如太湖新银鱼)的引入和经济鱼类数量的增加加剧了对浮游动物的捕食压力,造成了浮游动物的生物量降低和个体减小.但在快速富营养化的滇池,对浮游动物的捕食压力随营养水平的变化出现较强的依赖性,而在总体处于中-贫营养水平的抚仙湖中此相互作用较弱.结果表明在不同营养水平的大型湖泊中,营养水平的变化幅度可以导致鱼类捕食压力的差异性变化,指示了对鱼类捕食压力的评价和浮游动物长期变化的特征分析需要考虑湖泊的营养水平与富营养化过程的差异.总之,富营养化和外来鱼类的引入导致了高原湖泊生态系统的快速响应与结构变化,因此对高原湖泊的生态修复需要考虑湖泊营养水平对生态系统结构与食物链作用的影响.     

鄱阳湖外围湖泊水体营养波动周年特征的比较湖沼学研究

近年来,我国最大淡水湖泊湿地鄱阳湖的水体富营养化趋势明显且日益受到各方关注,而对鄱阳湖湖体外围各类浅水湖泊富营养化情况及其动态却了解颇少.为深入了解鄱阳湖外围不同湖泊的富营养化现状、季节动态及驱动机制,于2014-2015年对毗邻鄱阳湖南岸的南昌市大小不同的3个城市或城郊浅水湖泊(青山湖、瑶湖、军山湖)水质参数和营养状态进行周年观测.结果表明,青山湖、瑶湖和军山湖的高锰酸盐指数范围分别在2.6~4.5、2.1~4.6和1.6~1.9mg/L之间,仅军山湖目前未受到有机物污染影响,3个湖泊两两之间均呈极显著差异.青山湖和瑶湖水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)浓度远高于湖泊富营养化转换的阈值(TN:0.20 mg/L,TP:0.02 mg/L),且TP污染最为严重,仅达到地表水Ⅳ~劣Ⅴ类标准.在3个湖泊中,水体氮主要以可溶性态氮的形态占优势,水体磷形态除了军山湖外,另外2个湖泊主要以颗粒态磷占优势.青山湖、瑶湖和军山湖的叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度范围分别为34.65~184.48、7.66~120.67和2.42~17.41μg/L,各湖泊的Chl.a浓度均在冬季达到最低值,且军山湖与其他2个湖泊的Chl.a浓度均呈极显著性差异,青山湖与瑶湖无显著差异.基于综合营养状态指数法对3个湖泊的营养状态进行评价发现,青山湖富营养化程度最高,已达到轻-中度富营养的稳定富营养状态;其次为瑶湖,营养状态不稳定,在中营养-轻度富营养-中度富营养水平之间巨幅波动;军山湖相对最低,全年整体处于贫营养-中营养状态之间,处于波动上升的趋中营养状态.同时发现3个湖泊的水体富营养化程度的年内波动依赖于不同的水温环境,水温是以上3个亚热带浅水湖泊富营养化程度年内季度波动的重要影响因子之一.Pearson相关分析还发现,3个湖泊的Chl.a浓度均与水柱TN和TP浓度呈显著正相关,其中青山湖和军山湖的水柱Chl.a浓度与总溶解性氮和总溶解性磷浓度均呈极显著正相关关系.整体来说,水柱氮是影响3个湖泊水环境特征的主导因子之一,磷是2个富营养化湖泊的主导影响因子,在富营养化湖泊控制和削减磷营养盐输入的同时,应考虑如何有效降低氮的输入,并着力控制中温季节(水温为15~25℃)的营养输入和快速富营养化风险防控;中营养湖泊(军山湖)应在控制磷的输入和消减水柱氮上进行系统调控,尤其重视高温季节(水温25℃)的防控与预警,这将对鄱阳湖外围浅水湖泊的水环境保护和治理提供重点方向与新型管理思路.     

有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)吸收作为湖库化学需氧量监测替代指标的探讨

化学需氧量是衡量水体中有机物量及污染程度的综合性指标,也是我国《地表水环境质量标准（GB 3838—2002）》的重要评价指标.然而,由于测定过程缓慢和使用了有毒有害试剂易于形成二次污染,现行标准的高锰酸钾和重铬酸钾化学需氧量测定方法无法做到环境友好,也不能反映当前快速和实时监测的技术需求.因此,迫切需要发展操作简便、快速高效、灵敏可靠、环境友好和环保绿色的化学需氧量替代检测方法.本文首先从文献计量学视角比较我国与世界上发达国家化学需氧量研究主题论文发文量,剖析了我国发展化学需氧量替代检测方法的迫切性.基于全国大范围65个湖库706个样本有色可溶性有机物吸收系数、化学需氧量和其他水质参数同步调查数据,构建广覆盖范围的有色可溶性有机物特征波长吸收系数和化学需氧量间高精度线性关系模型,确定了地表水环境质量评价的吸收系数阈值,模型可以广泛应用于不同类型（深水、浅水、大型、中型、小型）和不同营养状态（贫、中、富营养）湖库水体有机物浓度的定量表征,具有一定普适性.通过对比有色可溶性有机物吸收系数和传统的高锰酸钾、重铬酸钾法优势和不足,明确了有色可溶性有机物吸收系数替代化学需氧量用于湖库水体开展有机物表征和污染程度评价的可行性和应用前景.     

水体富营养化改善过程中浮游植物群落对非生物环境因子的响应:以武汉东湖为例

针对武汉东湖存在营养状态梯度的5个子湖（郭郑湖、汤菱湖、团湖、庙湖、水果湖）,结合"空间换时间"理论,研究湖泊富营养状况改善过程中浮游植物群落对环境因子的响应.全年调查期间,各子湖综合营养状态指数分布范围为45.4~76.8,浮游植物密度及生物量变化范围分别为2.03×10⁶~245×10⁶ cells/L和0.819~19.9 mg/L.冗余分析结果显示,浮游植物的物种分布与水温、总氮、透明度、总溶解性固体、氨氮呈显著相关.采用多元逐步回归分析构建浮游植物密度、生物量与环境因子之间的最优响应方程,结果显示,总氮、水温是影响浮游植物密度的主要因子;对于浮游植物生物量而言,总磷、总氮浓度降低能够降低浮游植物生物量.通过对富营养程度改善进程中浮游植物群落组成的动态变化进行分析,发现浮游植物密度及生物量显著下降,但物种组成及生物多样性并未发生明显转变.此外,浮游植物物种多样性与水体富营养水平梯度并不呈现简单的线性相关.因此,在对富营养化湖泊进行修复时,应制定短期修复与长期维护双重措施,同时应重视生物多样性的重建,进而达到理想的修复效果.     

外源溶解性有机碳对抚仙湖甲壳类浮游动物碳源的贡献

外源溶解性有机碳(DOC)是湖泊碳库的重要组成部分,关于外源DOC对浮游动物的贡献及途径需要深入研究.本研究在抚仙湖受控实验中添加13C标记的葡萄糖,通过分析样品中浮游植物与浮游动物的种类、数量、磷脂脂肪酸生物标志物及其稳定同位素特征,研究外源DOC对湖泊甲壳类浮游动物碳源的贡献比例及其变化.结果表明:细菌、甲壳类浮游动物(象鼻溞)的δ~(13)C值在加入葡萄糖后分别从-16.28‰和-23.88‰快速增加到5408.25‰和1974.7‰,而藻类磷脂脂肪酸(C18∶2ω6)δ~(13)C值从-27.07‰增加到342.44‰,增长的幅度表明添加的葡萄糖首先被细菌和浮游动物快速利用,而藻类只利用了一小部分.同时细菌、颗粒性有机物(POM)和浮游动物的δ~(13)C值在第1 d急剧增加,细菌的δ~(13)C值远大于浮游动物和POM的δ~(13)C值,之后细菌和POM的δ~(13)C值开始下降,但浮游动物的δ~(13)C值却仍在缓慢增加,进一步表明了DOC进入湖泊后首先被细菌吸收利用,而细菌吸收DOC后通过自身代谢作用形成细胞颗粒,浮游甲壳类动物通过摄食细胞颗粒来获得外源DOC.     

三种湖泊水体的自然食物对隆腺溞(Daphnia carinata)生长繁殖的影响

用花神湖、玄武湖、南湖的湖水培养隆腺溞,探讨不同营养水体的自然食物对隆腺溢生长、繁殖的影响,花神湖氮、磷营养盐浓度和浮游植物生物量均很低,用花神湖湖水培养的隆腺溞生长缓慢,个体在没有繁殖前就全部死亡,玄武湖氮、磷营养盐浓度和浮游植物生物量均低于南湖,但用玄武湖湖水培养的隆腺潘在生长速率、平均体长、生殖量上均高于用南湖湖水堵养的隆腺溞,实验结果表明:不同营养盐条件下,湖泊中浮游植物的组成有较大的差别,这种差别会对浮游动物生长、繁殖产生影响;在浮游植物种类和生物量适宜时,隆腺溞有较大的生殖量,浮游植物种类组成、浮游植物生物量的过低或过高都会抑制降腺溞的生长、生殖.     

Changes in rainfall and relative humidity in river basins in northwest and central India

Seasonal and annual trends of changes in rainfall, rainy days, heaviest rain and relative humidity have been studied over the last century for nine different river basins in northwest and central India. The majority of river basins have shown increasing trends both in annual rainfall and relative humidity. The magnitude of increased rainfall for considered river basins varied from 2–19% of mean per 100 years. The maximum increase in rainfall is observed in the Indus (lower) followed by the Tapi river basin. Seasonal analysis shows maximum increase in rainfall in the post‐monsoon season followed by the pre‐monsoon season. There were least variations in the monsoon rainfall during the last century and winter rainfall has shown a decreasing trend. Most of the river basins have experienced decreasing trends in annual rainy days with a maximum decrease in the Mahanadi basin. The heaviest rain of the year has increased from 9–27 mm per 100 years over different river basins with a maximum of 27 mm for the Brahamani and Subaranrekha river basins. A combination of increase in heaviest rainfall and reduction in the number of rainy days suggest the possibility of increasing severity of floods. Such information is useful in the planning, development and management of water resources in the study area. Further, the majority of river basins have also experienced an increasing trend in relative humidity both on seasonal and annual scales. An increase in annual mean relative humidity for six river basins has been found in the range of 1–18% of mean per 100 years, while a decrease for three river basins from ? 1 to ? 13% of mean per 100 years was observed, providing a net increase in the study area by 2·4% of mean per 100 years. It is understood that an increase in areal extent of vegetation cover as well as rainfall over the last century has increased the moisture in the atmosphere through enhanced evapotranspiration, which in turn has increased the relative humidity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatial and temporal variations in rainfall characteristics in mountainous and lowland areas in Taiwan

Although changes in rainfall characteristics have been noted across the world, few studies have reported those in mountainous areas. This study was undertaken to clarify spatial and temporal variations in rainfall characteristics such as annual rainfall amount (Pr), mean daily rainfall intensity (η), and ratio of rain days (λ) in mountainous and lowland areas in Taiwan. To this aim, we examined spatial and year‐to‐year variations and marginal long‐term trends in Pr, η, and λ, based on rainfall data from 120 stations during the period 1978–2008. The period mean rainfall () at the lowland stations had strong relationships with the period mean daily rainfall intensity () and the period mean ratio of rain days () during those 31 years. Meanwhile, was only strongly related to at mountainous stations, indicating that influences on spatial variations in were different between lowland and mountainous stations. Year‐to‐year variations in Pr at each station were primarily determined from the variation in η at most stations for both lowland and mountainous stations. Long‐term trend analysis showed that Pr and η increased significantly at 10% and 31% of the total 120 stations, respectively, and λ decreased significantly at 6% of the total. The increases in Pr were mostly accompanied by increases in η. Although stations with significant η increases were slightly biased toward the western lowland area, increases or decreases in Pr and λ were not common. These results contribute to understanding the impacts of possible climate changes on terrestrial hydrological cycles. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Phosphorus dynamics in water and sediments in urbanized and non-urbanized rivers in Southern Brazil

Phosphorus flux models show that the removal tends to be a common feature in polluted estuarine systems whereas the release of P to the adjacent coastal area occurs in pristine environments. This study analyzes the distribution of P in water and sediments along six rivers in the south coast of Brazil. Three rivers located inside protected areas were considered non-polluted and used as a control of urbanization. The other three, situated within urbanized areas, were considered as having highly elevated concentrations of P. Results showed a different behavior of P in water and sediments located in urbanized and non-urbanized areas. The concentrations of dissolved organic (P-org) and inorganic (P-inorg) phosphorus in water, and the total phosphorus (P-tot) and polyphosphate (P-poly) in sediments where higher in the urbanized rivers compared to the non-urbanized ones. Both P of punctual origin and of diffuse origin contributed to the maintenance of elevated concentrations and disturbed the natural fluxes along the polluted rivers. The minimum and maximum concentrations in urbanized areas varied from 0.39 to 12.45 (microM) for P-org and 0.00 to 5.92 (microM) for P-inorg in water, and in sediments from 89.90 to 808.16 (microM g(-1)) for P-tot and 0.00 to 76.51 (microM g(-1)) for P-poly. In non-urbanized areas concentrations in water varied from 0.22 to 1.20 (microM) for P-inorg and 4.43 to 5.56 (microM) for P-org, and in sediments from 45.91 to 652.26 (microM g(-1)) for P-tot and 0.00 to 8.61 (microM g(-1)) for P-poly. Using a hierarchical sampling design and a simple model of variation of P (K(d) model) it was possible to demonstrate that urbanized and non-urbanized estuaries may act as sinks or sources of P. The variation of P analysis in different points along each of the six rivers showed that release and removal areas may occur within a same river independently of its urbanization.     

Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous radiolarian zonation in Japan and in the western Pacific

Abstract A radiolarian zonal scheme for the entire Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous using biostratigraphic data from both Japanese Island sections and the western Pacific seafloor is documented. The zonation is applicable to low and middle paleolatitude portions of the Paleo-Pacific ocean. Radiolarian bio-events such as the evolutionary first appearance biohorizon, first occurrence biohorizon, and last occurrence biohorizon were used to define zones. The 11 zones proposed are, in ascending order, Parahsuum simplum, Trillus elkhornensis, Laxtorum(?) jurassicum, Tricolocapsa plicarum, Tricolocapsa conexa, Stylocapsa(?) spiralis, Hsuum maxwelli, Pseudodictyomitra primitiva, Pseudodictyomitra carpatica, Cecrops sep-temporatus, and Acanthocircus carinatus zones. Preliminary age assignments for these zones are presented.     

New developments in process understanding and modelling in geomorphology: introduction and overview

This Special Issue of Earth Surface Processes and Landforms develops from the ‘Geomorphology: a 2020 Vision’ Annual Conference of the British Society for Geomorphology, organised at the University of Birmingham, UK, in July 2007. Entitled ‘New Developments in Process Understanding and Modelling in Geomorphology’, the Issue comprises a vibrant selection of 10 ‘process’ papers from leading researchers in geomorphological processes who presented at Birmingham. It aims to provide a readily accessible source of new and emerging ideas in understanding different landform processes across a range of space and time scales, based on innovations in geomorphological modelling and monitoring. The last few years have seen significant and exciting changes in geomorphology, especially in conceptual developments, numerical simulations, monitoring methodologies, data‐acquisition strategies and dating techniques. The resultant empirical datasets, theory development and modelling results have generated substantial advances in the understanding of geomorphological processes, form‐process feedbacks, scale impacts, long‐term landform evolution, the effects of climate and environmental change, and human impacts and management strategies. The Special Issue attempts to address the following key challenges: (a) to build on our Conference theme ‘Geomorphology: a 2020 Vision’, by identifying fundamental areas where doors need to be opened, for example in theory development, conceptual understanding, model evaluation, integration of the chemistry, physics, biology and mathematics of geomorphological processes, experimental validation, data needs and monitoring requirements; (b) to look forward to the next decade and beyond, and critically examine some of the approaches we will need for the questions ahead; and (c) to stimulate new research in the geomorphological sciences by highlighting both research gaps and promising developments, including emerging process modelling approaches, monitoring technologies and robust datasets. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国油气资源勘探开发中存在的主要问题及对策

本文对中国石油、天然气资源作了重点的介绍.强调了这些资源对我国国民经济和国防建设的重要性.目前,我国油气资源短缺的现象日益严重.作者指明了在前第三纪海相残留盆地中勘探这些资源,会带来光明的前景.