三亚河入海口与感潮河段悬浮物分布特征及潮汐之影响

河流入海口及感潮河段是陆海相互作用藕合带，受径流和潮汐的共同作用，具有独特的海洋环境。三亚河位于三亚湾的东侧，是注入三亚湾的最大河流，其流程28．8km，集雨面积337．02km^2，河床平均坡降6．09‰，总落差459．21m，三亚河属潮汐河流，平均每日纳潮量达490万立方米，年径流量为179亿立方米，现实际日纳潮量为253立方米、年径流量为92亿立方米。近年来，国内学者已对三亚湾海域开展了若干研究，如中国科学院南海海洋研究所何雪琴、南京大学海岸与海岛开发教育部重点实验室毛龙江等都先后报道过三亚湾的研究结果，但对三亚河口及感潮段悬浮物分布的研究目前尚未见报道。本文通过分析监测结果，研究了三亚河入海口及感潮河段悬浮物分布特征和潮汐对其影响。     

南水北调总体战略与评价

黄土高原和黄淮海平原是一个大缺水系统,南水北调势在必行 黄河是贯穿黄土高原和黄淮海平原的大动脉,使黄土高原和黄淮海平原的缺水形成了一个大缺水系统。 20世纪80年代后半期,黄河的工农业用水量已达271亿立方米,再加上冲刷黄河下游和河口泥沙淤积的用水量200亿立方米,总共达471亿立方米。黄河多年平均天然年径流量约560亿立方米,多年平均可利用水量的潜力已不到100亿立方米。     

青岛汇泉湾海滩沉积规律及演化的成因研究

文章介绍水动力条件对青岛汇泉湾岬角型海滩沉积物空间分布特征与海滩形貌演化规律的控制作用,对风暴沉积和潮汐沉积的差异性进行对比研究,揭示风暴、潮汐、海浪以及沿岸流对海滩形貌演变的耦合作用,提出潮进和潮退两个新概念,得出纵向砾堤和纵向砂丘带组合分别代表潮进阶段与潮退阶段海滩形貌发育成熟标志的结论,并构建汇泉湾岬角型海滩潮间带砾脊—砂丘带—砾堤循环演化模型。     

广西典型海湾物质输运滞留时间研究

为研究广西典型海湾物质输运的时间尺度,建立了钦州湾和铁山港湾水动力与物质输运数学模型,计算了钦州湾和铁山港湾物质输运的滞留时间和半交换周期,探讨了滞留时间随入海径流量的变化以及与半交换周期的关系.结果显示,钦州湾的滞留时间为413 - 595 h,半交换周期为148 - 178 h,铁山港湾的滞留时间为215 - 598h,半交换周期约为50 h,钦州湾和铁山港湾的滞留时间均随径流量增大而减小.铁山港的滞留时间在小流量情况下随径流量的变化显著,在大流量下随径流量变化较小,而钦州湾的滞留时间随径流量大致呈线性变化.钦州湾和铁山港的滞留时间和半交换周期之间尚无明确的函数关系,这反映了不同海域的水深、地形及径流与潮汐相互作用的差异性和复杂性.     

松辽盆地南部泉四段物源判别与沉积特征

根据岩心观察和描述,结合测井、区域地质、分析化验资料及砂体平面分布特征,分析松辽盆地南部泉四段的物源及沉积体系.结果表明:研究区泉四段沉积环境气候干燥,没有统一的汇水中心,主要发育河流一末端扇沉积体系.河流相主要包括辫状河与曲流河,辫状河沉积分布在盆地边缘地带,向盆地中心逐渐过渡为曲流河沉积;随着地形坡度逐渐变缓,曲流...     

加拿大Athabasca油砂矿区KN区块白垩系McMurray组中段沉积特征

加拿大Athabasca油砂矿区KN区块白垩系McMurray组中段缺乏系统的沉积特征分析。根据研究区59口井的岩心、粒度、生物遗迹、测井及高分辨率三维地震等资料,分析其沉积特征,总结沉积模式。结果表明:研究区沉积物为泥砾、砂、砂泥互层和泥等,粒度中含过渡组分,发育各种河流和潮汐成因的沉积构造及自下而上递增的过渡相生物遗迹。McMurray组中段形成于海陆交互的河口湾体系内靠近陆地一侧,是受潮汐影响的曲流河沉积,发育河床底部滞留、点坝、废弃河道和泛滥平原等微相类型。河流是正韵律下部沉积时期的主要地质营力,形成以块状层理砂为主的下点坝,是优质储层分布的位置;在正韵律的中上部,潮汐作用显现,倾斜的非均质砂泥互层IHS形成于潮汐双向水流和曲流河侧积的共同作用。该结果为优质储层评价和开发布井提供指导。     

雷州湾海域悬浮物浓度遥感监测研究

以雷州湾为研究区域,利用光谱仪进行水体遥感反射率的测量和同步水样采集分析,通过研究悬浮物质量浓度与遥感反射率之间的相关性,采用波段比值法建立了悬浮物质量浓度的遥感反演模型,并利用2011年4月11日的HY-1B数据反演了研究区域的悬浮物质量浓度,得到其空间分布图。结果表明,所建立的悬浮物遥感反演模型,仪器现场遥感值与实验室实测值的平均相对误差为14.94%。利用HY-1B数据绘制了雷州湾海域悬浮物质量浓度的空间分布图,其反映的浓度值变化有待进一步验证。     

南海西北部正压潮的数值模拟

利用1/30°分辨率三维POM(Princeton Ocean Model)模式,以M2、S2、K1、O14大分潮作为潮汐边界条件,模拟南海西北部(105.5-115°E,16-23°N)海域正压潮,分析琼州海峡及其附近区域正压潮能通量分布特征。结果表明,研究海域内M2分潮和全日潮都是顺时针传入北部湾,然后自西向东通过琼州海峡,直至琼州海峡东口;计算所得穿过琼州海峡中部(110°E断面)能通量为M2,0.2GW或m1,0.47GW;穿过北部湾湾口(18.5°N断面)能通量为M2,1.0GW或m1,2.5GW;海南岛西部和琼州海峡处潮能耗散最强。     

水动力数值模拟的河控三角洲分支河道演化研究

河控三角洲是一类对油气勘探有重要意义的沉积体系,采用三维水动力数值模拟的方法正演模拟了河控三角洲的形成过程并精确分析了其分支河道的演化规律。利用Delft3D建立了河控三角洲的三维水动力数值模型,根据现代河流与三角洲的水动力特征,设计了其沉积过程的模拟条件。计算域长20.5 km,宽10 km,在地貌演化系数(Mor Factor)为60倍的情况下模拟时长4个月,约120 d。 通过对河控三角洲的模拟分析了河口砂坝的形成与冲蚀,分支河道的延伸、迁移和分叉,通过垂向剖面观察到分支河道的多期次充填。用定量的手段结合分支河道演化特征表明河控三角洲在没有波浪和潮汐作用的静水体中分支河道极其发育,只要空间足够大即可发育无数条的分支河道。研究表明在河控三角洲发育的后期分支河道的交叉切割与改造可形成连片的沉积体,这与在波浪和潮汐改造作用下所形成的连片朵状三角洲在成因机理上不同。该研究结果表明利用水动力数值模拟的方法可以较好地揭示河控三角洲分支河道的演化过程。      

湛江湾夏季陆源入海氮磷污染物浓度、组成和通量

【目的】研究夏季湛江湾陆源溶解态氮(TDN)和溶解态磷(TDP)入海污染物浓度、组成和入海通量特征。【方法】根据2018年夏季(7月)湛江湾陆源TDN和TDP入海污染物现场调查,进行实验室分光光度法分析。【结果】湛江湾夏季陆源TDN和TDP平均浓度分别为(366.87±400.61)和(28.60±37.52)μmol/L;溶解态无机氮(DIN)和溶解态无机磷(DIP)平均浓度分别为(60.90±41.81)和(20.28±34.42)μmol/L;溶解态有机氮(DON)和溶解态有机磷(DOP)平均浓度分别为(305.97±413.96)和(8.32±13.54)μmol/L;夏季湛江湾排污口中TDN和TDP严重超标,大部分入海河口和排污口站位处于劣五类水质,主要位于南柳河、绿塘河和文保河入海河口。DON/TDN和DOP/TDP平均分别是83.4%和29.1%,DON和DIP分别是TDN和TDP的主要存在形态。TDN/TDP、DON/DOP、DIN/DIP平均分别是15.5±7.0、46.4±58.3、14.8±24.3,是导致湛江湾呈现氮限制重要原因之一。夏季湛江湾TDN、TDP输入通量分别为1617.73t和266.32t,其中遂溪河占比最高,分别为71.1%和58.8%【结论】湛江湾夏季陆源入海氮磷污染物浓度较高,氮磷比失衡,陆源污染物输入通量空间分布呈现西高东低特征,实现湛江湾近海水质根本改善必须加强陆源入海污染物控制。     

基于自组织网络的黄河口浑浊模式研究

传统浑浊度时空变化模式研究依靠野外观测实验,需要投入大量人力物力,模型适用范围亦非常有限。本文利用自组织网络（SOM）,直接从长时序遥感影像中提取典型浑浊模式,分析浑浊度年内、年际变化特征。以黄河河口附近海域为研究区,提取出近15年的6类典型浑浊模式。典型特征显示,研究区内主要有2个浑浊区,位于渤海湾西部和南部,以及河口外和莱州湾西北部;6类模式中四类以年为周期过渡更替,冬春季浑浊度较高,夏秋季浑浊度较低;多年浑浊模式逐渐由中浑浊向清澈模式变化,整体浑浊度有降低趋势。浑浊水体分布主要受河口潮流、环流等海洋动力和风浪影响,结合研究区气象观测数据分析,海面风浪变化是造成浑浊模式更替的主要原因,黄河入海泥沙影响范围仅局限于河口口门周边。利用统计参数分析和2007年各月悬浮泥沙浓度反演结果比较,评价SOM分类效果,结果表明SOM提取的模式间具有显著差异,一定程度上能够代替经验模型反映区域浑浊特征。SOM神经网络能够从长时序遥感影像中直接提取浑浊水体典型分布模式,分析海岸带地区水体浑浊度变化的时空特征,对了解复杂水体泥沙输运及优化水资源利用具有重要应用价值。     

Modeling transportation of suspended solids in Zhujiang River estuary, South China

A three-dimensional transportation model for suspended solids （SS） in Zhujiang （Pearl） River estuary, South China, was developed by coupling with a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. The model was validated using hourly measured data of sediment contents during 25-26, July 1999. The results showed that modeled contents matched well with measured ones and that the modeled top layer distribution agreed with the remotely sensed image of suspended solids in summer. The modeled results showed clearly the layers of suspended solids in depth, with larger sediment contents in lower layers though in the interface between salt water and freshwater the lowest contents appeared in middle layer. In overall, the suspended solids inflow from 8 rivers,transport southwestward, and carried by strong coastal flow in Zhujiang River estuary. Contours of sediment contents in the estuary spread further to the open sea during ebb tide rather than flood tide which reflects that the suspended solids in the estuary are land sourced.     

Seasonal variation of tidal prism and energy in the Changjiang River estuary:a numerical study

Tidal rivers are intrinsically complex because tidal propagation is influenced by river discharge. This study aims to examine the seasonal variation of tidal prism and energy variance in the tidal river of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River estuary in China. In order to quantify the behaviour of river and tide,we use numerical modelling that has been validated using measured data. We conduct our analysis by quantifying the discharge and energy variance in separate components for both the river and the tide,during wet and dry seasons. We note various definitions of tidal prism and explore the difference between tidal discharge on the flood and ebb and tidal storage volume. The results show that the river discharge attenuates the tidal motion and reduces the tidal flood discharge but the tidal storage volume is approximately constant with different riverine discharge since part of the fresh water discharge is intercepted and captured in the estuary due to the backwater effect. It appears that the tidal discharge adjusts according to the variation of river discharge to keep a constant tidal storage volume. An analysis of the hydraulics shows that the transition from tidal dominance(at the mouth) to river dominance(upstream) depends on the location of tidal current reversal which varies from wet season to dry season. Duringthe wet season,the Changjiang River estuary is totally dominated by energy from fresh water discharge.     

Impact of estuarine reclamation projects on saltwater intrusion and freshwater resource

Estuarine projects can change local topography and influence water transport and saltwater intrusion. The Changjiang (Yangtze) River estuary is a multichannel estuary, and four major reclamation projects have been implemented in the Changjiang River estuary in recent years: the Xincun Shoal reclamation project (RP-XCS), the Qingcao Shoal reclamation project (RP-QCS), the Eastern Hengsha Shoal reclamation project (RP-EHS), and the Nanhui Shoal reclamation project (RP-NHS). The effects of the four reclamation projects and each project on the saltwater intrusion and water resources in the Changjiang River estuary were simulated in a 3D numerical model. Results show that for a multichannel estuary, local reclamation projects change the local topography and water diversion ratio (WDR) between channels and influence water and salt transport and freshwater utilization in the estuary. During spring tide, under the cumulative effect of the four reclamation projects, the salinity decreases by approximately 0.5 in the upper reaches of the North Branch and increases by 0.5–1.0 in the middle and lower reaches of the North Branch. In the North Channel, the salinity decreases by approximately 0.5. In the North Passage, the salinity increases by 0.5–1.0. In the South Passage, the salinity increases by approximately 0.5 in the upper reaches and decreases by 0.2–0.5 on the north side of the middle and lower reaches. During neap tide, the cumulative effects of the four reclamation projects and the individual projects are similar to those during spring tide, but there are some differences. The effects of an individual reclamation project on WDR and saltwater intrusion during spring and neap tides are simulated and analyzed in detail. The cumulative effect of the four reclamation projects favors freshwater usage in the Changjiang River estuary.

     

中国区域GPS站海潮负荷形变特征分析

讨论5个全球海洋潮汐模型NAO99b、FES2004、GOT4.7、TPXO7.2和EOT11a在中国区域的差异性和适用性,并基于这些全球海潮模型和高分辨率区域海潮模型,分析中国区域GPS站海潮负荷形变特征。采用GIPSY软件对中国区域GPS站长时间观测数据进行处理,分析高精度区域海洋潮汐模型对中国沿海GPS站高精度位置时间序列的影响。分析表明,加入区域海洋潮汐负荷形变后,对GPS时间序列垂向的影响最大可达5.01 mm,可能会引起GPS时间序列中包含15 d和173 d 的虚假周期信号。     

Morphodynamic evolution of the Xiaoqing River mouth: a Huanghe River-derived mixed energy estuary

In an estuary,tidal,wave and other marine powers interact with the coast in different ways and affect estuary morphology as well as its evolution.In the Huanghe(Yellow) River estuaries and nearby delta,there are many small sediment-affected estuaries with a unique morphology,such as the Xiaoqing River estuary.In this study,we investigated the special evolution and genetic mechanism of the Xiaoqing River estuary by analyzing graphic and image data with a numerical simulation method.The results show that NE and NE-E tide waves are the main driving force for sandbar formation.Sediment shoals have originated from huge amounts of sediment from the Huanghe River,with consequent deposition at the Xiaoqing River mouth.The lateral suspended sediments beyond the river mouth move landward.Siltation takes place on the northern shoreline near the river mouth whereas erosion occurs in the south.The deposits come mainly from scouring of the shallow seabed on the northern side of the estuary.Storm surges speed up deposition in the estuary.Development of the sediment shoals has occurred in two steps involving the processes of growth and further southward extension.Although the southward shift increases the river curvature and length,the general eastward orientation of the estuary is unlikely to change.Processes on the adjacent shorelines do not affect the development of the sediment shoals.The study presents a morphodynamic evolutionary model for the Xiaoqing River estuary,with a long-term series cycle,within which a relatively short cycle occurs.     

FES2004和GOT4.7海潮模型改正对全球PPP的影响特征及差异分析

针对目前少有全球范围PPP海潮负荷影响特征分析的问题,对比FES2004与GOT4.7海潮模型改正前后20个IGS站静态和动态PPP的解算结果,探讨2种模型下的潮波差异。实验结果表明,海潮负荷引起全球沿海站点的U方向位移达5 cm,但在地中海及波罗的海等陆间和内陆海域,并非单纯随站点离海岸线越近位移越大;海潮负荷在世界范围24 h静态PPP中对坐标误差RMS的影响达数mm,改正后收敛时间提升率最高达30%,但在某些岛屿和陆海交界地带对E、N方向的改正效果较差;基于2种模型计算的全球M₂分潮U方向差异在近海区域最大可达13 mm,且地理分布上与海潮本身无必然联系,负荷形变差异具有与海潮类似的周期性特征,在马来群岛附近达数mm,且半日潮差异高于周日潮与半月潮。     

Impact of seasonal tide variation on saltwater intrusion in the Changjiang River estuary

An improved 3-D ECOM-si model was used to study the impact of seasonal tide variation on saltwater intrusion into the Changjiang River estuary, especially at the bifurcation of the North Branch (NB) and the South Branch (SB). The study assumes that the river discharge and wind are constant. The model successfully reproduced the saltwater intrusion. During spring tide, there is water and salt spillover (WSO and SSO) from the NB into the SB, and tidally averaged (net) water and salt fluxes are 985 m3/s and 24.8 ton/s, respectively. During neap tide, the WSO disappears and its net water flux is 122 m3/s. Meanwhile, the SSO continues, with net salt flux of 1.01 ton/s, much smaller than during spring tide. Because the tidal range during spring tide is smaller in June than in March, overall saltwater intrusion is weaker in June than in March during that tidal period. However, the WSO and SSO still exist in June. Net water and salt fluxes in that month are 622 m3/s and 15.35 ton/s, respectively, decreasing by 363 m3/s and 9.45 ton/s over those in March. Because tidal range during neap tide is greater in June than in March, saltwater intrusion in June is stronger than in March during that tidal period. The WSO and SSO appear in June, with net water and salt fluxes of 280 m3/s and 8.55 ton/s, respectively, increasing by 402 m3/s and 7.54 ton/s over those in March. Saltwater intrusion in the estuary is controlled by the river discharge, semi-diurnal flood-ebb tide, semi-monthly spring or neap tide, and seasonal tide variation.     

高精度重力测量的潮汐改正软件及其评估分析

基于MATLAB GUI界面,采用天顶距直接法和负荷格林函数法编写一套重力固体潮与海洋潮汐负荷改正软件GTIDE,并将其与国际现有软件进行比较。结果表明,GTIDE软件易于操作、便于维护,能有效揭示重力固体潮与海洋潮汐负荷的变化特征,适用于高精度绝对重力与相对重力测量的潮汐改正。