近50a西北地区年径流变化反映的区域气候差异

应用我国西部主要河流1951-2000年年径流资料,分析径流变化的区域特征.结果表明:中国西部地区大部分河流径流呈增加趋势,特别是天山南坡逐河流增加最为显著,最高达14%·(10a)^-1,其年径流的变化过程相关分析和差积曲线显示,西北地区西部新疆地区与东部的黄河上游年径流变化呈反相变化特征,而西北地区东部河流径流变化则与黄河上游的径流呈正相关关系.西北地区东部黄河年径流和西北太平洋夏季季风指数及其差积曲线表现出一致的变化过程,这表明了黄河上游径流变化主要受东亚季风的影响,同时由于东亚季风与西风在西北地区的相互作用,间接的影响到了新疆地区的径流和降水.这从一个侧面反映的西风带、东亚季风和高原季风的相互作用.     

我国过去50a来降水变化趋势及其对水资源的影响(Ⅱ):月系列

应用全国范围内的678个气象站1951-1998年长系列逐月降水资料, 用线性回归方法研究降水量的变化趋势, 同时结合长江、黄河和松花江主要控制水文站同期的径流资料, 研究径流对气候变化的响应. 结果表明: 降水的年内变化表现出较大的区域特性, 最显著的变化特点是秋冬季 (8～12月) 东部地区降水量普遍减少, 1～3月江南地区降水有增加趋势. 气候的上述变化趋势对我国干旱的西北地区有利, 该区河流径流量有明显增加; 另一方面, 夏季降水的增加可能会导致洪水事件的濒发, 与此同时, 降水量的年内不均匀变化, 特别是在 8～12月长时间的降水减少趋势, 导致枯水期径流的减少, 从而加剧秋冬季水资源的供需矛盾. 长江、黄河和松花江主要控制水文站6个站1～4月径流基本上表现为增加趋势, 而6～12月大多表现为减少趋势, 只有黄河上游唐乃亥站6月, 长江下游大通站7月和松花江哈尔滨站8月径流为增加; 另外, 气候变暖使发源于青藏高原的长江(宜昌站3、 4月)和黄河上游(唐乃亥站4～6月)的春季的融雪过程提前, 融雪期径流增加.     

新疆阿尔泰山区克兰河上游水文过程对气候变暖的响应

额尔齐斯河支流克兰河上游发源于西风带水汽影响的阿尔泰山南坡,主要由融雪径流补给,年内积雪融水可占年径流量的45%.年最大月径流一般出现在6月份,融雪季节4~6月径流量占65%.流域自20世纪60年代开始明显升温,年平均温度从50年代的1.4℃上升到90年代的5.2℃;年降水总量也呈增加趋势,尤其是冬季和初春增加最多.随着气候变暖,河流年内水文过程发生了很大的变化,主要表现在最大月径流由6月提前到5月,月径流总量增加约15%,4~6月融雪径流量也由占年流量的60%增加到近70%.在多年变化趋势上,气温上升主要发生在冬季,降水也以冬季增加明显,而夏季降水呈下降趋势;水文过程主要表现在5月径流呈增加趋势,而6月径流为下降趋势;夏季径流减少而春季径流增加明显.冬春季积雪增加和气温上升,导致融雪洪水增多且洪峰流量增大,使洪水灾害破坏性加大.近些年来气候变暖引起的年内水文过程变化,已经对河流下游的城市供水和农牧业生产产生了影响.     

河南省主要河道径流年内分配规律探讨

基于河南省四大流域代表性河道控制站1950~2011年月径流序列,采用集中度Cd、集中期Cp、不均匀系数Cv等多指标分析方法,分析了各站径流年内分配特征和规律,并采用M-K趋势分析法,研究各站月径流序列变化趋势。结果表明:河南省自南向北各河流,月径流集中度和不均匀度有减小趋势,径流重心也逐次后移,且存在两个跳跃区间,黄河、伊洛河、卫河Cd、Cv处于低值区间,淮河干流及淮南支流、洪汝河、沙颍河、唐白河Cd、Cv处于高值区。1980年以后,各站径流集中度降低、集中期延后、不均匀系数变小。北部和西北部河流月径流呈显著减小趋势;南部河流4、5月份径流量有显著减小趋势,其它月份增加或减小的趋势不显著;中部、西南部河流各月径流量增加或者减小的趋势不显著。汛期径流总量,北部和西北部河流有显著减小趋势,其它河流增加或减少的趋势不显著。     

1960—2020年青藏高原东部主要河流的径流和泥沙变化特征

青藏高原作为“亚洲水塔”,对下游地区用水具有重要作用,在气候变化和人类活动影响下,河流的径流和输沙量已发生显著变化。选取青藏高原东部的黄河、长江、澜沧江、怒江和雅鲁藏布江五大河流源区,利用站点实测数据和Pettitt突变点检验、线性回归等统计方法,系统性地分析了1960—2020年间(近60 a)径流和泥沙的年际和季节性变化特征。主要结论为：(1)近60 a来,长江和怒江流域的年径流显著上升,其余流域变化不显著,径流变化存在较强的空间变异性,在2006年左右存在突变点,大部分站点的年径流在此后的十几年中均呈上升趋势;年输沙量方面,长江流域呈不显著上升,黄河、澜沧江、雅鲁藏布江流域均呈不显著下降,年际变化趋势与径流变化总体一致,但变异性更大。(2)对于60 a尺度的季节径流,上游站点冬、春季径流均呈增加趋势,所有站点夏、秋季径流的变化趋势与年径流总体一致,且夏季径流在空间分布上存在“北增南减”的特征。(3)澜沧江下游的水电梯级开发已经对下游天然径流过程产生干扰,主要表现为径流年内分布的突变,季节差异显著减小,趋于均匀化。以上结论深化了对青藏高原径流和泥沙变化特征的认识,可为开展径流趋势预...     

甘肃黄河流域与疏勒河流域降水径流变化特性对比分析

分析了甘肃黄河流域及内陆河疏勒河流域降水径流的年际变化特性。结果表明,黄河流域降水量与径流量变化一致,总体呈现减少的趋势;内陆河疏勒河流域降水量与径流量的变化趋势不一致,降水量呈总体减少趋势,径流量为总体增加趋势。两流域径流补给来源有差异,黄河流域径流补给来源为降水,疏勒河流域径流主要补给来源除降水外,与气温升高融雪水增大有关。     

长丰河流域年径流量变化趋势及原因分析

依据成县水文站1959-2018年实测年径流值,研究长丰河年径流变化趋势,并从年降水量、年蒸发量、流域蓄水量变化三方面对年径流量的影响进行了探讨。得出长丰河流域年径量有明显减小趋势,1968年左右和1993年左右存在两个明显的跳跃点;年降水量也有减少趋势,但趋势幅度较小,对年径流量趋势变化影响较弱;年径流量变化趋势减小的主要原因还是人类活动使长丰河流域下垫面性质发生变化。     

我国过去50 a来降水变化趋势及其对水资源的影响(Ⅰ):年系列

应用全国范围内的678个气象站1951-1998年长系列降水资料, 用线性回归方法研究降水量、降水日数和降水强度的变化趋势, 同时结合长江和黄河主要控制水文站同期的径流资料, 研究径流对气候变化的响应. 结果表明: 近50 a来年降水量表现出明显的区域性变化特征, 东部地区降水日数减少显著, 西部地区年降水日数以增加为主; 日平均降水强度的变化趋势除西南地区有一带状的微量减少外, 全国大部分地区表现为增加趋势. 气候的上述变化趋势对我国干旱的西北地区有利, 该区河流径流量有明显增加; 另一方面, 降水强度的增加导致洪水事件的濒发. 但对干旱的华北、多雨的华东和华南地区却不利, 华北呈现愈加干旱, 华东华南愈多洪涝. 黄河20世纪90年代持续的严重断流和长江淮河近10 a的洪涝大灾频发, 就是一个例证.     

西北气候环境转型信号在新疆河川径流变化中的反映

对新疆不同区域、不同补给类型的26条河流年平均径流量变化趋势分析研究,结果显示:大多数河流年径流量从1987年起出现增加趋势,天山山区增加尤其明显,其它地区有不同程度的增加,昆仑山北坡略微有减少.从径流变化来分析,天山山区的气候变化已出现由暖干向暖湿转型的信号,其它地区也正处在转型过程中.     

近50年来中国六大流域径流年内分配变化趋势

基于1950年以来的全国六大流域19个重点控制水文站实测月径流量观测资料,以1980年为界,分析各站实测径流量年内分配不均匀系数、集中度以及集中期的变化;采用Mann-Kendall非参数统计检验方法,诊断了各月径流量的变化趋势。结果表明,自1980年以来,全国六大流域的月径流发生了时空变化,除海河的石匣里、响水堡站和黄河花园口站年内径流不均匀性和相对集中度较小以外,其它站的年内径流不均匀性和相对集中度较大,以松辽流域为最大;此外,南方流域各站冬春季(12~3月)的径流均呈现增加的趋势,5月份呈现减少的趋势,7月份呈现增加的趋势;北方流域各站冬春季(1~5月)径流呈现减少的趋势,以海河流域各站、松辽的铁岭、黄河利津站和淮河的吴家渡站减少趋势最为严重。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.