大气作用下膨胀土地基的水分迁移与胀缩变形分析

运用土体渗流和蒸发理论,建立了大气-非饱和土相互作用模型;以现场观测的气象数据作为边界条件,进行了地基土中水分迁移的数值模拟,得到了大气作用下地基土体含水量的动态分布规律。计算结果表明,地基土中含水量变化幅度随深度增加而递减,3.5 m深度以下土体的体积含水量基本不变,从而确定了南宁地区膨胀土地基的大气影响层深度为3.5 m。在此基础上,结合已有膨胀土胀缩性指标的干湿循环效应研究成果,提出了一种同时考虑干湿循环效应和1.0 m深处含水量变化的膨胀土地基胀缩变形计算方法,通过算例将该法与传统方法进行比较,结果显示该法更加符合工程实际。     

降雨条件下边坡体积含水率变化规律研究

持续降雨是边坡发生失稳破坏的主要诱因之一,基于饱和—非饱和渗流理论,对梅州市大埔县某边坡的渗流场进行模拟,研究在不同降雨工况下该边坡土体体积含水率的时空变化规律。研究结果表明:相同条件下,降雨强度越大(降雨历时越长),边坡表层土体体积含水率变化越大;降雨强度60 mm/d历时1 d的暴雨对边坡表层土体体积含水率的增幅作用存在着一定的滞后性,其余工况未表现出滞后现象;降雨强度为120mm/d和300 mm/d的两种工况各研究点任意时段体积含水率较为接近;当降雨强度达到60 mm/d以上时,边坡内部体积含水率空间变化主要受降雨历时影响,降雨历时越长,降雨入渗深度和体积含水率变化越大。     

非饱和土的固结与水力特性研究

采用平均土骨架应力代替Bishop的非饱和土的有效应力,基于分析体积变形连续性条件建立了简化的一维非饱和土固结方程,分析计算了非饱和土在固结过程中孔隙压力、平均土骨架应力、饱和度的变化情况。同时建立了耦合水力特性的非饱和土本构模型和屈服方程。算例计算结果表明本文提出的非饱和土简化固结理论和耦合水力特性的非饱和土应力应变本构模型的有效性。     

降雨作用下碎石土滑坡稳定性演化过程分析

不同的降雨强度和历时导致滑坡体内渗流场的动态演变,同时也影响着滑坡稳定性的变化,但目前对降雨作用下的滑坡稳定性变化规律的研究并不多。本文选取铜仁地区石灰溪滑坡进行案例研究,基于饱和—非饱和渗流理论和极限平衡理论,采用SLOPE/W模块研究在不同降雨强度及不同降雨历时组合工况作用下石灰溪滑坡在降雨中及降雨后1~7天的稳定性演化特征及规律。研究表明在不同降雨强度条件下,滑坡稳定性在第一天降雨过后急剧恶化,稳定性系数迅速减小,随着降雨强度的增大滑坡稳定性恶化明显,当降雨强度为100 mm/d时滑坡稳定性已经基本接近于整体滑动的状态;滑坡在降雨过程中稳定性系数迅速减小,随着降雨历时的增大滑坡稳定性恶化明显,当降雨历时为2天、3天时滑坡已经整体失稳。     

非饱和介质中甲烷水合物形成与分解的水分变化特征

多孔介质中甲烷水合物形成与分解过程的水分变化研究对了解自然件下沉积物中天然气水合物的形成与分解机制具有重要意义.本研究中,我们首次利用可探测土壤内部水分及温度变化的pF-meter探头,对甲烷水合物形成与分解过程中非饱和粗砂和粉砂质粘土内的水分变化特征进行了研究.结果表明:甲烷水合物的形成与分解过程可仅引起非饱和粗砂内水分的重新分布;甲烷水合物在非饱和粉砂质粘土中容易形成也容易分解.     

雨水入渗对土钉支护体系稳定性的影响研究

为深入研究雨水入渗对土钉支护体系稳定性的影响,以郑州市某基坑工程由降雨引发的工程事故为背景,采用有限元方法建立了土钉支护体系的三维数值分析模型。仅考虑雨水入渗对土体抗剪强度及自重的影响,研究雨水入渗位置对土钉轴力、基坑侧移及稳定性安全系数的影响规律。结果表明:在入渗深度与宽度保持不变的条件下,随着入渗位置逐渐远离开挖面,基坑侧移先增大后减小,且存在突变点;安全系数先减小后增大,在土钉末端入渗时,达到最小值。研究成果为加强土钉支护的结构设计提供了理论基础。     

地震作用下非饱和土主动土压力极限分析半解析法

地震是诱发边坡失稳的主要因素之一,重力式挡土墙作为一种广泛采用的岩土支挡结构,有必要对其地震稳定性问题进行深入的研究.为有效评估地震作用下非饱和填土的主动土压力,基于极限分析上限原理和拟动力法,提出一种半解析水平片分法,计算具有非线性分布特征的非饱和土重力和地震惯性力所做外功率,并构建功能平衡方程,得到非饱和填土主动土压力显示半解析解.通过与解析解对比,验证该方法的合理性,并通过算例分析,揭示吸力效应的强化机制和非饱和填土主动土压力的地震响应规律.结果表明:忽略吸力效应会高估填土的主动土压力,吸力的强化作用不仅取决于填土类型,还与地震动特性密切相关;水平和竖向地震动对土压力有较大影响, 土压力系数峰值随土剪切模量的增加略有增加并向负方向移动,随地震周期的增加略有增加并向正方向移动;填土倾角较大时,坡顶附加荷载的影响更加显著;对于倾角大于100°的填土,墙G土界面摩擦角较大时,土压力相对较高.     

地震荷载作用下被动侧土压力计算方法研究

地震土压力的评价是土力学和岩土工程领域的基本研究课题之一。以往的研究结果表明,挡墙的位移量和位移模式对于地震土压力大小和分布具有显著影响。实际工程中,地震荷载下挡土墙后填土通常处于主动和被动状态之间。经典的物部-冈部公式只能计算主动和被动极限状态下的地震土压力,未考虑填土的侧向变形对于土压力的影响。文中基于拟静力法和曲面中间滑楔体的概念,给出了挡墙平动模式时,任意侧向变形条件下的被动侧地震土压力计算方法。在此基础上采用所提方法对一典型的挡土墙系统的被动侧地震土压力进行了计算,给出了地震土压力系数的计算图表,并与基于平面滑动面假定的计算结果进行了对比,讨论了平面滑动面所导致的误差。     

均质及双层地基土条件下环形沟隔振效果分析

为了探究均质地基和双层土地基条件下环形沟几何参数变化对其隔振区域的影响规律,及环形沟在不同地基土层中隔振效果的差异,本文建立缩尺比为1: 15的模型试验,以地基土类型、环形沟深度、宽度及圆心角为研究变量,通过开展具体试验进行探究。结果表明:在均质地基和双层土地基环形沟隔振中,环形沟宽度变化对其隔振效果影响较小,环形沟深度及圆心角是影响其隔振效果的重要参数,且深度和圆心角越大,隔振效果越好,但当地基土为成层土地基,环形沟深在临近土层分界面深度增大时,环形沟隔振效果相对减弱;在均质地基和双层土地基中,相同参数条件下,均质地基土较双层地基土具有更好的隔振特性;振源与环形沟之间及环形沟末端位置区域由于振动波的传播特性存在振动增强区域。     

考虑填土侧向变形的地震土压力计算方法

地震土压力评价是挡土墙抗震设计的关键问题之一.以往的研究结果表明,挡墙上地震土压力的大小及分布与墙体的侧向位移或者墙后填土的侧向变形密切相关.经典的物部-冈部地震土压力公式可计算填土处于主动与被动状态的极限平衡条件下的土压力,未考虑挡墙侧向位移或填土侧向变形对土压力的影响.在研究土压力系数随应变增量比变化规律的基础上,本文指出土压力系数与挡土墙位移量之间不存在唯一性关系,发现正常固结填土的土压力系数与以应变增量比表述的填土侧向应变约束条件之间具有良好的唯一性,揭示了压剪耦合效应是土压力形成的物理本质;基于上述的唯一性关系和中间土楔等概念,提出了可考虑填土侧向变形的地震土压力实用计算方法,并通过土压力模型试验结果初步验证了该方法的合理性.     

安徽肥东形变台短水准降雨干扰特征分析

运用安徽肥东形变台短水准和降雨观测数据,分析了降雨对该台短水准日均值与月均值的干扰特征。在此基础上,根据观测场地膨胀土土体特性,探讨了降雨干扰短水准观测的问题,由于地表水下渗,致使膨胀土膨胀,对标志杆产生围压,从而影响测线高差。     

Tracer and hydrometric study of preferential flow in large undisturbed soil cores from the Georgia Piedmont,USA

We studied the temporal patterns of tracer throughput in the outflow of large (30 cm diameter by 38 cm long) undisturbed cores from the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia. Tracer breakthrough was affected by soil structure and rainfall intensity. Two rainfall intensities (20 and 40 mm hr⁻¹) for separate Cl⁻ and Br⁻ amended solutions were applied to two cores (one extracted from a hillslope soil and one extracted from a residual clay soil on the ridge). For both low and high rainfall intensity experiments, preferential flow occurred in the clay core, but not in the hillslope core. The preferential flow is attributed to well‐developed interpedal macrochannels that are commonly found in structured clay soils, characteristic of the ridge site. However, each rainfall intensity exceeded the matrix infiltration capacity at the top of the hillslope core, but did not exceed the matrix infiltration capacity at the middle and bottom of the hillslope core and at all levels in the clay core. Localized zones of saturation created when rainfall intensity exceeds the matrix infiltration capacity may cause water and tracer to overflow from the matrix into macrochannels, where preferential flow occurs to depth in otherwise unsaturated soil. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of water-level response to rainfall and implications for recharge pathways in the Chalk aquifer, SE England

Water table response to rainfall was investigated at six sites in the Upper, Middle and Lower Chalk of southern England. Daily time series of rainfall and borehole water level were cross-correlated to investigate seasonal variations in groundwater-level response times, based on periods of 3-month duration. The time lags (in days) yielding significant correlations were compared with the average unsaturated zone thickness during each 3-month period. In general, for cases when the unsaturated zone was greater than 18 m thick, the time lag for a significant water-level response increased rapidly once the depth to the water table exceeded a critical value, which varied from site to site. For shallower water tables, a linear relationship between the depth to the water table and the water-level response time was evident. The observed variations in response time can only be partially accounted for using a diffusive model for propagation through the unsaturated matrix, suggesting that some fissure flow was occurring. The majority of rapid responses were observed during the winter/spring recharge period, when the unsaturated zone is thinnest and the unsaturated zone moisture content is highest, and were more likely to occur when the rainfall intensity exceeded 5 mm/day. At some sites, a very rapid response within 24 h of rainfall was observed in addition to the longer term responses even when the unsaturated zone was up to 64 m thick. This response was generally associated with the autumn period. The results of the cross-correlation analysis provide statistical support for the presence of fissure flow and for the contribution of multiple pathways through the unsaturated zone to groundwater recharge.     

Water percolation in a thick unsaturated loess layer considering the ground‐atmosphere interaction

The key objective of this paper is to advance our present understanding of how surface water infiltrates in thick unsaturated loess, which is found in arid and semiarid regions of the world, considering the ground‐atmosphere interaction. In situ data for a period of 1 year in thick loess layer at a site in the Loess Plateau of China that has groundwater table at 97.5 m depth were collected for achieving this objective. Climate factors, mainly rainfall and actual evaporation, were measured. In addition, variations of soil temperature and water content at different depths in the unsaturated zone were also measured. The data were used to interpret the water percolation characteristics by dividing the thick unsaturated zone into three zones; namely, (i) surface zone, which constitutes the top 1.0 m, (ii) unsteady zone, which is from 1.0 to 7.0 m, and (iii) steady zone, which is below 7.0 m. In the surface zone, soil temperature and water content are sensitive to climate factors. There is a variation of water content associated with the cumulative influence of infiltration and evaporation in the precipitation and nonprecipitation periods, respectively. In the unsteady zone, the water content is relatively constant; however, temperature varies in different seasons. Water percolation in this zone is both in liquid and vapour phases. In the steady zone, both soil temperature and water content are constant during the entire investigation period. The percolation velocity in this zone is approximately 1.23 × 10^?8 m/s or 0.39 m/year, which suggests that it will take approximately 230.8 years for surface water to pass through the thick unsaturated zone and recharge the groundwater.     

西安地裂与地裂学——地球科学的一门新分支

在对西安地裂进行了全面综合研究的基础上,本文对各种不同的地裂灾害进行了归纳分类,並对其各自的成因进行了初步分析。给出了各类地裂在中国的宏观分布及地裂灾害最严重的地区——汾渭盆地的地裂分布。提出了在地裂的研究中,理论上要认识在多因迭加下浅部地层的非均匀、软弱、多相介质中断裂的失稳、扩展及终止的规律;应用上要解决各类建筑的防裂减灾技术问题,並能服务于环境、资源保护和城市规划,同时,还可以为地震预报、开发地热等工作提供某些基础资料。地裂学就是旨在完成上述任务的一门新兴的边缘学科,它将作为地球科学的一门分支学科在“国际减灾十年”中应运而生。     

地裂缝环境下马蹄形地铁隧道与土体相互作用的研究

以穿越地裂缝带的西安地铁2号线为研究背景,通过数值模拟对地裂缝作用下马蹄形地铁隧道与土体相互作用的机理进行了研究。研究结果表明：随着上、下盘位错量的增加,地裂缝处受影响的土体范围逐渐增大,土体的竖向位移也逐渐变大;上盘下降过程中,下盘隧道顶部沉降变形最大,上盘隧道顶部沉降变形最小;隧道的变形区域出现在预设地裂缝两侧,并且随着竖向位错的增大而增大,当错距d=100mm时,地裂缝处的隧道结构发生破坏。隧道的最大主应力位于结构出现裂缝和受剪切破坏的区域,随着位错量的增加,隧道的最大主应力变化剧烈。地裂缝处,隧道结构上部靠下盘区域受拉,靠上盘区域受压,隧道结构下部靠下盘区域受压,靠上盘区域受拉。在实际工程中,地铁隧道穿越地裂缝时,宜采用分段式隧道结构。     

A finite element model for simulating surface run‐off and unsaturated seepage flow in the shallow subsurface

This work introduces water–air two‐phase flow into integrated surface–subsurface flow by simulating rainfall infiltration and run‐off production on a soil slope with the finite element method. The numerical model is formulated by partial differential equations for hydrostatic shallow flow and water–air two‐phase flow in the shallow subsurface. Finite element computing formats and solution strategies are presented to obtain a numerical solution for the coupled model. An unsaturated seepage flow process is first simulated by water–air two‐phase flow under the atmospheric pressure boundary condition to obtain the rainfall infiltration rate. Then, the rainfall infiltration rate is used as an input parameter to solve the surface run‐off equations and determine the value of the surface run‐off depth. In the next iteration, the pressure boundary condition of unsaturated seepage flow is adjusted by the surface run‐off depth. The coupling process is achieved by updating the rainfall infiltration rate and surface run‐off depth sequentially until the convergence criteria are reached in a time step. A well‐conducted surface run‐off experiment and traditional surface–subsurface model are used to validate the new model. Comparisons with the traditional surface–subsurface model show that the initiation time of surface run‐off calculated by the proposed model is earlier and that the water depth is larger, thus providing values that are closer to the experimental results.     

Using MODFLOW 2000 to model ET and recharge for shallow ground water problems

In environments with shallow ground water elevation, small changes in the water table can cause significant variations in recharge and evapotranspiration fluxes. Particularly, where ground water is close to the soil surface, both recharge and evapotranspiration are regulated by a thin unsaturated zone and, for accuracy, must be represented using nonconstant and often nonlinear relationships. The most commonly used ground water flow model today, MODFLOW, was originally designed with a modular structure with independent packages representing recharge and evaporation processes. Systems with shallow ground water, however, may be better represented using either a recharge function that varies with ground water depth or a continuous recharge and evapotranspiration function that is dependent on depth to water table. In situations where the boundaries between recharging and nonrecharging cells change with time, such as near a seepage zone, a continuous ground water flux relationship allows recharge rates to change with depth rather than having to calculate them at each stress period. This research article describes the modification of the MODFLOW 2000 recharge and segmented evapotranspiration packages into a continuous recharge-discharge function that allows ground water flux to be represented as a continuous process, dependent on head. The modifications were then used to model long-term recharge and evapotranspiration processes on a saline, semiarid floodplain in order to understand spatial patterns of salinization, and an overview of this process is given.     

Modified MMF (Morgan–Morgan–Finney) model for evaluating effects of crops and vegetation cover on soil erosion

Modifications are made to the revised Morgan–Morgan–Finney erosion prediction model to enable the effects of vegetation cover to be expressed through measurable plant parameters. Given the potential role of vegetation in controlling water pollution by trapping clay particles in the landscape, changes are also made to the way the model deals with sediment deposition and to allow the model to incorporate particle‐size selectivity in the processes of erosion, transport and deposition. Vegetation effects are described in relation to percentage canopy cover, percentage ground cover, plant height, effective hydrological depth, density of plant stems and stem diameter. Deposition is modelled through a particle fall number, which takes account of particle settling velocity, flow velocity, flow depth and slope length. The detachment, transport and deposition of soil particles are simulated separately for clay, silt and sand. Average linear sensitivity analysis shows that the revised model behaves rationally. For bare soil conditions soil loss predictions are most sensitive to changes in rainfall and soil parameters, but with a vegetation cover plant parameters become more important than soil parameters. Tests with the model using field measurements under a range of slope, soil and crop covers from Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire, UK, give good predictions of mean annual soil loss. Regression analysis of predicted against observed values yields an intercept value close to zero and a line slope close to 1·0, with a coefficient of efficiency of 0·81 over a range of values from zero to 38·6 t ha^?1. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.