海浪破碎对海洋上混合层中湍能量收支的影响

海浪破碎产生一向下输入的湍动能通量,在近海表处形成一湍流生成明显增加的次层,加强了海洋上混合层中的湍流垂向混合。为了研究海浪破碎对混合层中湍能量收支的影响,文中分析了海浪破碎对海洋上混合层中湍流生成的影响机制,采用垂向一维湍封闭混合模式,通过改变湍动能方程的上边界条件,引入了海浪破碎产生的湍动能通量,并分别对不同风速下海浪破碎的影响进行了数值研究,分析了混合层中湍能量收支的变化。当考虑海浪破碎影响时,近海表次层中的垂直扩散项和耗散项都有显著的增加,该次层中被耗散的湍动能占整个混合层中耗散的总的湍能量的92.0%,比无海浪破碎影响的结果增加了近1倍;由于平均流场切变减小,混合层中的湍流剪切生成减小了3.5%,形成一种存在于湍动能的耗散和垂直扩散之间的局部平衡关系。在该次层以下,局部平衡关系与壁层定律的结论一致,即湍动能的剪切生成与耗散相平衡。研究结果表明,海浪破碎在海表产生的湍动能通量影响了海洋上混合层中的各项湍能量收支间的局部平衡关系。     

波生运动和波湍相互作用对海洋上混合层影响的数值探究

本文将波生运动和波湍相互作作用的参数化方案嵌入一维垂向混合模式GOTM中,并与不考虑波浪效应以及仅考虑波浪破碎的试验结果进行对比,发现不考虑波浪效应时,海表温度模拟结果偏高,混合层深度模拟结果偏浅,偏差在夏季尤其明显。波浪破碎对湍流的增强作用仅限于上层几米甚至仅限于表层,对整个混合层的温度分布和混合层深度影响不大。波生运动和波湍相互作用则有效增强海洋上层的湍流强度,改善模式高估海表温度而低估混合层深度的问题,温度分布模拟结果降低了上层温度同时增大了次表层温度,与观测更加相符。波生运动和波湍相互作用增大了海洋上层的湍流剪切生成项、湍动能、耗散率和湍流输运系数,两者对上混合层的温度分布、湍流强度和湍流输运作用的改善结果十分相似。波生运动和波湍相互作用的影响在冬季并不明显,此时可能有其他混合机制占主导地位。     

夏季长江口及其邻近海域湍流特征分析

利用2019年7月在长江口科学考察实验研究夏季航段(NORC2019-03-02)中获得的MSS90L湍流剖面仪的直接观测数据,本文计算并分析了该断面的湍动能耗散率ε和垂向湍扩散系数K_Z的分布情况。湍动能耗散率的大小为1.72×10?10～2.95×10?5 W/kg;垂向湍扩散系数的大小为3.24×10?7～4.55×10?2 m2/s。湍动能耗散率和垂向湍扩散系数的分布相似,均为上层最强,底层次之,中层最弱。上层由于风应力的作用,使得湍动能耗散率和垂向湍扩散系数较大;温跃层处层化较强,抑制了湍动能的耗散和垂向上的湍混合。盐度锋面的次级环流会促使低盐水团脱离,锋面引起的垂向环流会加强海洋的湍混合。低盐水团与外界的能量交换较少,湍动能耗散率较弱。长江口海区存在明显的上升流和下降流,它们是由锋面的次级环流产生的;上升流和下降流的存在促进湍动能的耗散与湍混合。     

基于舟山外海连续测站的湍混合研究

利用2010年4月3日在舟山外海观测的25hLADCP海流数据与CTD连续观测数据,综合利用Thorpe方法、功率谱分析、交叉谱分析等方法对测站所在海域的小尺度湍混合参数进行估计,分析并讨论了其时空分布特征及影响因子。研究结果表明,上混合层湍流所致的垂向翻转尺度普遍大于下混合层,较大尺度翻转均出现在潮位峰值附近,涨潮时段混合明显大于落潮时段且半日周期,1/4周期显著。该站点存在明显的"上强下弱"双密度跃层现象,湍动能耗散率、湍混合率也呈现出"表强底弱"特征。弱跃层中近惯性频率的内波和近半日潮频率的内潮信号最为显著,而强跃层中则是高频内波和近半日潮频率的内潮信号明显,上下跃层及其之间伴有间歇性强湍流发生。上混合层平均的湍混合对风应力的响应要快于对海流的响应,底应力是下混合层水体湍混合的重要因子。     

波浪破碎下湍流混合的实验研究

波浪破碎过程产生的湍流动量和能量垂向输运对于加快海洋上混合层中垂向混合具有显著效果。采用二维实验室水槽中对波浪破碎过程进行模拟。对采集的波浪振幅时间序列采用希尔伯特变换定位破碎波位置,波浪的破碎率随有效波高的增加而增大,波浪谱分析得到的波浪基本周期与有效周期结果相似。实验中采用粒子图像测速技术(particle image velocimetry, PIV)计算波浪破碎过程中湍动能耗散率的空间分布。湍流强度与波浪的相位密切相关,波峰位置处湍流活动最为剧烈,而且波峰位置处湍流混合区内湍动能耗散率量值的垂向分布基本保持不变,即出现"湍流饱和"现象,湍流影响深度可以达到波高的70%—90%。计算湍流扩散系数的垂向分布发现,湍流扩散在混合区上部随深度的增大以指数函数的形式增加,在混合区下部趋于稳定。作为对比,在相同位置处对声学多普勒流速测量仪(acoustic Doppler velocimeter, ADV)测量的单点流速做频谱分析,发现与该位置处PIV湍动能耗散率结果量级处于同一水平,进一步验证了实验结果的准确性。     

垂向混合参数化方案对模拟黄海夏季上层温度结构的影响研究

采用POMgcs(Princeton Ocean Model with generalized coordinate system)和MITgcm(MIT General Circulation Model)两个海洋数值模式,研究了M-Y2.0、基于固壁近似假定的M-Y2.5、基于波浪破碎作用的M-Y2.5和KPP 4种垂向混合参数化方案对模拟黄海夏季上层温度结构的影响。结果表明,M-Y2.0和基于固壁近似假定的M-Y2.5方案低估了黄海上层的湍动能,模拟的黄海夏季温度上混合层的效果与实测相比均偏浅,不能够很好地重构黄海夏季温度的垂直结构。而基于波浪破碎作用的M-Y2.5和KPP方案均可以增加海洋上层湍动能的输入量,模拟的黄海夏季温度上混合层的效果与实测较为一致。故推测黄海夏季的上层结构是受波浪混合和流场剪切等物理机制共同调节的,若通过合理的垂向混合参数化方案将这些物理机制的作用加以体现,将会较真实地模拟和重构出黄海夏季海温上层结构。     

渤海弱层化期湍流混合观测特征分析

利用2017年9月在渤海共享航次中取得的湍流混合直接观测数据,本文研究了渤海海域湍流混合的空间分布特征及有关的影响因素。9月观测海区水体垂向层结较弱,莱州湾受黄河冲淡水影响出现高温低盐结构,位于渤海中央浅滩南北两侧洼地的双中心冷水结构依旧存在。湍流观测结果表明湍动能耗散率在10~(-9)～10~(-5)W/kg之间变化,统计上满足对数正态分布。耗散率强值区出现在辽东湾及渤海湾湾口近岸处,相应的垂向湍扩散系数约为10~(-6)～10~(-2)m~2/s。垂向上,水体表、底层混合较强,进一步研究发现弱层化水体的平均湍动能耗散率〈ε〉与风速和正压潮流速的大小存在正相关关系。另一方面,耗散率ε与浮性频率N近似满足ε=2.0×10~(-8)+3.0×10~(-7)(N~2/N_0~2)~(-5)的拟合函数关系,反映了层化对水体垂向混合的抑制作用。     

北黄海海域大气湍流强度特征及风速标准差相似性分析

根据国家海洋局"908"专项北黄海海区海洋气象观测资料,计算了2007～2008年间该海区4个不同季节的大气湍流强度并与其他海区及陆地下垫面大气湍流值相比较.北黄海海区大气湍流强度量级为10-2,比陆地下垫面大气湍流强度低一个量级.由于海洋的特殊性质,对秋季大气湍流强度日变化的分析发现,在大气湍流强度的影响因素中,海洋的热力作用相对较大.对水平方向风速标准差是否满足Monin-Obukhov相似关系进行了探讨,数据显示,在不稳定层结下冬季水平方向无量纲风速标准差与Z/L的关系,基本满足1/3次方律.秋冬在不稳定层结下垂直方向风速标准差满足Monin-Obukhov相似理论.     

热力学效应及斯托克斯漂流对混合层影响的研究

本文通过理想化的外部强迫以及海洋站点实测数据驱动普林斯顿海洋模式来研究海洋热力学效应和斯托克斯漂流对上混合层数值模拟的影响。在Mellor-Yamada湍流闭合方案中,经常出现夏季海表面温度偏暖和混合层深度偏浅的模拟误差。实验表明,斯托克斯漂流在冬季和夏季均能增强湍流动能,加深混合层深度。这种效应可以改善夏季的模拟结果,但与观测数据相比,将增大冬季混合层深度的模拟误差。斯托克斯漂流可以通过增强湍动能来加深混合层深度。结果表明,将斯托克斯漂流与冷皮层和暖层对上部混合层的热效应相结合,可以正确地模拟混合层深度。在夏季,海洋冷皮层和暖层通过“阻挡结构”和双温跃层结构模拟出更真实的上混合层变化。在冬季,海洋热力学效应通过增强上层海洋层结平衡了斯托克斯漂流的影响,并且由斯托克斯漂流引起的过度混合被校正。     

春季南海南部上混合层数值模拟与数值实验

采用一维湍动能模式对南海南部的 SST及混合层进行数值模拟和数值试验。结果表明 :TKE模式能够模拟南海南部的海表面温度 SST以及除南海南部 5月中旬以外的上混合层深度随时间变化基本特征。在 5～ 6月 ,SST的日振荡主要依赖于短波辐射的日变化 ,风的混合作用抑制了 SST的日周期振荡。春季夏季风爆发期间 ,南海海面潜热通量和感热通量与短波辐射和风应力相比较 ,是一个对 SST和混合层影响较小的量。在春季南海南部 ,短波辐射作用能使 SST升高的最大值约为 4℃ ;潜热和感热通量能使 SST的下降的最大值为 3℃。风应力对南海混合层深度随时间变化趋势起着决定的作用 ,并能使其深度加深 2 0～ 30 m,而短波辐射则使混合层的深度变浅2～ 3m,潜热和感热通量会使混合层的深度加深 1～ 2 m。在春季南海南部 ,热通量对混合层深度的影响与风应力相比要小得多     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.