西太平洋俯冲带的演变: 来自东北亚陆缘增生杂岩的制约

本文系统总结了东北亚陆缘晚古生代和中生代增生杂岩的构成与形成时代,并结合同时代火成岩组合及其时空变异以及沉积建造组合,重塑了西太平洋板块俯冲带的演变历史。结果表明: ① 位于佳木斯地块东缘的跃进山杂岩代表了二叠纪俯冲带,它是古亚洲洋构造体制的产物;② 侏罗纪增生杂岩代表了侏罗纪俯冲带,与陆缘同期钙碱性火成岩组合以及含煤建造一起,共同揭示了古太平洋板块西向俯冲的开始;③ 侏罗纪增生杂岩中—晚侏罗世和早白垩世早期陆源碎屑岩物源的变化,与古地磁和生物学证据一起,共同揭示了古太平洋板块小角度斜向俯冲和东北亚陆缘走滑的构造属性,导致了低纬度侏罗纪增生杂岩向高纬度的推移;④ 白垩纪—古近纪增生杂岩与陆缘白垩纪—古近纪岩浆作用一起代表了该期俯冲带的存在,自早白垩世到晚白垩世再到古近纪岩浆作用范围向海沟方向的收缩,揭示了古太平洋板块西向俯冲以及俯冲板片后撤（rollback）过程的发生,同时标志着东亚大地幔楔的形成;⑤古近纪晚期—新近纪早期日本海的打开,标志着现今太平洋板块俯冲带以及东北亚大地幔楔的形成。     

论俯冲增生杂岩带洋板块地质构造图编图思想与方法

对地质类图件编(填)图而言,合理厘定不同级别的编(填)图单元,是保证所编(填)图件质量的关键.俯冲增生杂岩带的物质组成,主要是来自洋盆不同构造环境下洋岩石圈的构造-岩石建造,可区分出洋脊建造(蛇绿岩)、深海平原建造、洋岛(OIB)-海山建造、洋内弧建造、海沟建造、源自洋岩石圈的高压-超高压岩石建造.另外,还有混入到俯冲增生杂岩带但不源自洋岩石圈,而是源自陆岩石圈的裂离地块建造、高压-超高压岩石建造、陆缘岩浆弧建造和楔顶盆地建造等.因此,查清并厘定出不同来源的地质体建造,是开展俯冲增生杂岩带编(填)图单元划分与图件编绘的基石.本文从区分出俯冲增生杂岩带内不同来源物质建造之科学目标为出发点,将它们的编图单元划分为3级:俯冲增生杂岩带(一级单元)、岩片(二级单元)、岩块和基质(三级单元).对各级编(填)图单元类型进行了具体划分和命名,规定了其代号、用色和岩性花纹的使用要求.简述了俯冲增生杂岩带构造形变的图面表达要求,强调俯冲期和碰撞期的构造变形是俯冲增生杂岩带的两大主期变形,必须合理编(填)绘.     

关于发展洋板块地质学的思考

为揭示造山带物质组成和结构构造,发展洋板块地质学,阐明大陆形成演化过程和动力来源,应用板块构造理论和地质学方法,对造山带俯冲增生杂岩带、蛇绿岩带等大洋岩石圈板块地质建造、结构构造进行系统研究,寻找俯冲带岛弧前弧火成岩组合;研究洋板块初始俯冲过程中,从前弧玄武岩到玻安岩、高镁安山岩,再到弧拉斑玄武岩和钙碱性熔岩的岩浆作用分阶段递进演变历史,以揭示洋盆向大陆转化的原始弧性质和前弧火成岩组合及洋陆转换过程,为建立和发展洋板块地质学奠定科学基础.     

洋板块地质研究进展

中国存在多个时代、多种类型的造山带,发育了多种多样的俯冲增生杂岩带,经历了复杂多变的洋陆转换过程,如何揭示包括洋内演化和洋陆转换等的造山过程一直是一个难题。为此,中国区域地质志项目组提出了洋板块地质研究,试图通过对造山系俯冲增生杂岩带、蛇绿岩带等洋岩石圈地质建造、结构构造进行系统研究,再造洋岩石圈从洋中脊形成到海沟俯冲消亡、转换成陆的地质作用全过程。本文介绍了洋板块地质提出到现今主要的研究进展,包括四个方面。一是,初步建立了洋板块地质格架,洋板块地质的研究包括俯冲增生杂岩的物质组成、蛇绿岩类型及其形成的构造环境、洋板块沉积组合和洋板块地层、岛弧火成岩组合、洋陆转换的过程和机制、洋-陆转换过程与成矿作用等重要内容。二是,识别出北山牛圈子—马鬃山、嘉荫—依兰、陈蔡、东昆仑布青山—阿尼玛卿、鹰扬关、大洪山、甘孜—理塘、新余神山—新干神政桥等中国陆域62条主要的俯冲增生杂岩带/增生杂岩带。俯冲增生杂岩带是认识、理解造山系时空结构、组成和演化的关键。三是,在祁连地区识别出较为完整的洋内弧岩石组合。洋盆演化形成大陆过程中的洋内俯冲带是大陆的诞生地,洋内俯冲作用形成的洋内弧是洋盆演化形成大陆的初始弧。洋内弧火成岩组合序列的发现为研究洋陆转换过程提供了岩石学依据。祁连造山带是洋板块地质研究的经典地区之一。研究显示,当金山出露完整的洋内弧岩石组合,这些岩石记录了洋内弧从初始俯冲到发育成熟的全过程,为探讨祁连造山带原特提斯洋构造演化提供了新的依据。四是,制定了洋板块地质构造图编图方案,编图内容主要包括俯冲增生杂岩带、岩浆弧、高压-超高压带、俯冲期和碰撞期构造形变要素和构造演化等。编图单元分为三级:一级为俯冲增生杂岩带;二级为岩片;三级包括基质和岩块。编图过程中需要明确岩浆弧的性质和归属,明确图面上某一岩浆弧与哪个蛇绿混杂岩或大洋配套。图面上对于构造要素的表达重点是区分俯冲和碰撞阶段。通过构造变形的时态、相态、位态研究,识别俯冲期和碰撞期的构造变形形迹。这是洋板块地质初步的研究成果,以俯冲增生杂岩带的研究为基础,探讨特提斯洋等大洋的演化、中国东部古太平洋/太平洋转换与中新生代成矿关系等重大基础地质问题是洋板块地质研究下一步的工作方向。目前,洋板块地质的研究还处于试点阶段,洋板块地质与成矿的成因联系等重大地质问题尚需今后更深入地研究。     

西藏班公湖-怒江结合带北缘多龙地区侏罗纪 增生杂岩的特征及意义

西藏班公湖-怒江成矿带北部多龙矿集区出露的增生杂岩属总体无序、局部有序的非史密斯地层,由基质和块体2个部分组成。基质为侏罗系砂泥质复理石建造,块体由大小不等的玄武岩、砂岩、硅质岩、泥质灰岩、超基性岩等组成。增生杂岩系变形强烈,发育强烈的构造置换作用,块体与基质之间由透入性挤压面理或剪切面理分隔,为典型造山带大陆增生边缘的增生杂岩。这套增生杂岩形成于侏罗纪羌塘陆块南缘的侧向增生边缘,发育于晚古生代增生杂岩系之上,与班公湖-怒江中特提斯洋壳侏罗纪时期向羌塘陆块的俯冲作用有关,侏罗纪—白垩纪羌多岩浆弧为在这套增生楔基础上发育起来的火山-岩浆弧。班公湖-怒江结合带北缘多龙地区侏罗纪增生杂岩的识别为正确认识多龙超大型斑岩铜金矿床的成矿地质背景和结合带的演化提供了新的线索。     

西藏班公湖-怒江结合带北缘多龙地区侏罗纪增生杂岩的特征及意义

西藏班公湖-怒江成矿带北部多龙矿集区出露的增生杂岩属总体无序、局部有序的非史密斯地层,由基质和块体2个部分组成。基质为侏罗系砂泥质复理石建造,块体由大小不等的玄武岩、砂岩、硅质岩、泥质灰岩、超基性岩等组成。增生杂岩系变形强烈,发育强烈的构造置换作用,块体与基质之间由透入性挤压面理或剪切面理分隔,为典型造山带大陆增生边缘的增生杂岩。这套增生杂岩形成于侏罗纪羌塘陆块南缘的侧向增生边缘,发育于晚古生代增生杂岩系之上,与班公湖-怒江中特提斯洋壳侏罗纪时期向羌塘陆块的俯冲作用有关,侏罗纪—白垩纪羌多岩浆弧为在这套增生楔基础上发育起来的火山-岩浆弧。班公湖-怒江结合带北缘多龙地区侏罗纪增生杂岩的识别为正确认识多龙超大型斑岩铜金矿床的成矿地质背景和结合带的演化提供了新的线索。     

饶河杂岩中枕状玄武岩的锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及其地质意义

那丹哈达增生杂岩为中国东部古太平洋板块俯冲最为可靠的地质记录之一,对限定古大洋板块的西向俯冲具有重要的理论意义.饶河杂岩位于那丹哈达增生杂岩的核心位置,发育典型的增生杂岩组合,其中玄武岩类多呈构造透镜体状产出于超镁铁质-镁铁质杂岩带,变形轻微,没有遭受变质.对饶河杂岩中枕状玄武岩样品进行的同位素年代学和地球化学研究结果表明：饶河杂岩中枕状玄武岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为中侏罗世（168±2 Ma）,枕状玄武岩大离子亲石元素Rb、Sr亏损,高场强元素Nb、Ta富集,Th元素丰度较高,形成于洋岛（OIB型）环境.饶河杂岩中枕状玄武岩的形成时代和成因环境,对于该区侏罗纪时期构造动力学背景研究具有意义.     

佳木斯地块构造演化

佳木斯地块位于中亚造山带东段,是我国东北地区一个重要的大地构造单元,古生代以来经历了复杂的多构造体系叠合的演化过程。本文在总结近二十年已报导的相关研究成果基础上,结合笔者近年工作,探讨了佳木斯地块的基底属性和来源,重塑了佳木斯地块西缘碰撞拼贴,以及东缘俯冲-增生的构造演化过程。研究表明,佳木斯地块具有亲冈瓦纳大陆的构造属性,裂离后经历了长距离的北漂。与松辽地块先后两次拼合,首次发生于中志留世(～425Ma),在晚二叠世前后(～250Ma)沿原缝合带位置发生裂解,拉张出新的有限洋盆(牡丹江洋),并于侏罗纪(185～145Ma)与松辽地块沿牡丹江-依兰构造带再次碰撞拼贴,形成了高压变质的黑龙江增生杂岩带。而佳木斯地块东缘受晚石炭世-晚三叠世(305～250Ma)泛大洋的俯冲-增生事件影响,形成了跃进山增生杂岩,随后于中侏罗世-早白垩世(165～128Ma)在古太平洋板块的西向俯冲作用下,形成了饶河增生杂岩。因此,佳木斯地块的构造演化既涉及了晚古生代古亚洲洋构造域的消亡,又经历了中生代古太平洋构造域的叠加与改造,而黑龙江杂岩的形成标志着古太平洋构造体制与古亚洲洋构造体制的转换始于晚三叠世(～210Ma)。     

青藏高原中的古特提斯体制与增生造山作用

青藏高原古特提斯体系的特征表现为古特提斯洋盆中多条状地体的存在,多俯冲、多岛弧增生体系的形成和多地体汇聚、碰撞造山的动力学环境,其构架包括4条代表古特提斯洋壳残片的蛇绿岩或蛇绿混杂岩(昆南-阿尼玛卿蛇绿岩带、金沙江-哀牢山-松马蛇绿岩带、羌中-澜沧江-昌宁-孟连蛇绿岩带和松多蛇绿岩带)、5条火山岩浆岛弧带(布尔汗布达岛弧岩浆带、义敦火山岩浆岛弧带、江达-绿春火山岛弧带、东达山-云县火山岛弧带和左贡-临沧岛弧-碰撞岩浆带)、4个陆块或地体(松潘-甘孜地体、羌北-昌都-思茅地体、羌南-保山地体)、3条洋壳深俯冲形成的高压-超高压变质带(金沙江得荣高压变质带、龙木错-双湖高压变质带、松多高(超)压变质带),以及5条弧前增生楔或增生杂岩(西秦岭增生楔、巴颜喀拉-松潘-甘孜增生楔、金沙江增生楔、双湖-聂荣-吉塘-临沧增生楔、松多增生杂岩)。古特提斯洋盆的俯冲增生造山作用普遍存在于青藏高原古特提斯复合造山体中,构成与多条古特提斯蛇绿岩带(缝合带)相伴随的俯冲增生杂岩带(链)。古特提斯俯冲增生杂岩带包括由弧前强烈变形的沉积增生楔、以及高压变质岩、岛弧岩浆岩、蛇绿岩和外来岩块组成的混杂体,代表在洋盆俯冲过程中的活动陆缘的地壳增生。     

北祁连中段加里东俯冲－增生杂岩/火山弧带及其变形特征

分布于北祁连造山带中段的加里东期俯冲－增生杂岩／火山弧带可划分为托莱山俯冲杂岩带和走廊南山增生杂岩／火山弧带两个亚带。前者主要由蛇绿岩、蛇绿混杂岩及深海复理石组成，为古祁连洋俯冲作用后期由于岛弧的阻力在浅部刨铲作用的产物；后者由不完整的蛇绿岩透镜体、高压变质岩、弧火山岩及一些变质碎屑岩等组成，反映古祁连洋不断向北俯冲，火山弧前锋南移，增生杂岩不断增厚且在其下部发生板底垫托作用以及海沟不断向南倒退的复杂演化历史。俯冲－增生杂岩在加里东期共经历三期变形作用（Ｄ＿１、Ｄ＿２、Ｄ＿３）。Ｄ＿１、Ｄ＿２为简单剪切变形机制，反映从Ｎ向Ｓ的逆冲方向。Ｄ＿３为压扁型变形机制，代表走廊南山古岛弧与中祁连地块碰撞时的挤压变形。     

兴蒙造山带的基底属性与构造演化过程

为了解兴蒙造山带基底属性和多个构造体系演化与叠加历史,系统总结了近年来在基础地质研究中取得的新成果,并利用这些成果讨论了兴蒙造山带的基底属性与演化历史.兴蒙造山带是指我国东北地区古生代构造作用影响的地区,这些地区也遭受了中生代构造作用的叠加与改造.兴蒙造山带主要由微陆块和其间的造山带组成.虽然传统上认为属于前寒武纪结晶基底的地质体主要已解体为古生代和早中生代,但随着新太古代和古元古代地质体的相继发现,以及新生代玄武岩中幔源古元古代橄榄岩包体的发现,可以判定兴蒙造山带内微陆块应具有古老的前寒武纪基底,并且壳幔是耦合的.微陆块内部地壳增生以垂向增生为主,且主要发生在新元古代和中元古代,以及次要的新太古代和古生代.相反,陆块间造山带或岛弧地体的陆壳则以侧向增生为主,且主要发生在新元古代和古生代.额尔古纳地块与兴安地块的拼合发生在早古生代早期;兴安地块与松嫩地块的拼合发生在早石炭世晚期;松嫩地块与佳木斯地块的拼合发生在早古生代晚期,中生代早期又经历了裂解与再闭合的构造演化过程;华北克拉通北缘增生杂岩带与北方微陆块群的最终拼合发生在晚二叠世-中三叠世,古亚洲洋的最终闭合发生在中三叠世,且为剪刀式闭合.晚古生代晚期蒙古-鄂霍茨克大洋板块南向俯冲作用的发生以及早中生代(三叠纪-早侏罗世)的持续南向俯冲,控制了大兴安岭-冀北-辽西地区的岩浆活动,蒙古-鄂霍茨克大洋的闭合发生在中侏罗世,晚侏罗世-早白垩世主要表现为闭合后的伸展环境.古太平洋板块中生代的俯冲起始时间为早侏罗世,晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期东北亚陆缘主要表现为走滑的构造属性和陆缘地体从低纬度到高纬度的构造就位过程,早白垩世晚期-古近纪岩浆作用的向东收缩揭示了古太平洋板块的持续俯冲和俯冲板片的后撤过程,古近纪晚期日本海的打开标志着东北亚陆缘从活动陆缘已经转变为沟-弧-盆体系,并且标志着东亚大地幔楔的形成.     

Rock associations and their spatial-Temporal variations of the early mesozoic igneous rocks in the NE Asia: Constraints on the initial subduction timing of the paleo-pacific plate北大核心CSCD

This paper summarizes rook associations and spatial-Temporal variations of the early Mesozoic igneous rocks in the NE Asia, with the aim of revealing the initial subduction timing of the Paleo-Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasia, and the relationships between the early Mesozoic magmatisms and the Paleo-Asian tectonic system, Mongol-Okhotsk tectonic system, and amalgamation of the Yangtze and North China cratons. Dating results indicate that the early Mesozoic magmatisms in the NE Asia can be subdivided into three stages, i.e., Early-Middle Triassic, Late Triassic, and Early Jurassic. The early Mesozoic calc-Alkaline magmatisms within the Erguna Massif reveal southward subduction of the Mongol-Okhotsk oceanic plate. The Triassic alkaline and bimodal magmatisms within the northern margin of the North China Craton indicate an extensional environment related to the final closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. The Late Triassic A-Type rhyo- lites and bimodal magmatisms, together with the Late Triassic stable sedimentary rocks, in eastern Heilongjiang-Jilin provinces, reveal an extensional environment and passive continental margin setting, whereas the Early Jurassic calc-Alkaline magmatisms and its compositional variations, together with the coeval accretionary complex, reveal the onset of the Paleo- Pacific plate beneath the Euirasian continent.     

东北亚晚古生代—中生代岩浆时空演化:多重板块构造体制范围及叠合的鉴别证据

东北亚大地构造发展经历了古亚洲洋、蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋和古太平洋的俯冲-碰撞作用。如何鉴别和厘定这三种构造体制的时空影响范围和叠合过程一直是一个难题。本文通过巨型岩浆岩带的建库编图,揭示了该地区晚古生代—中生代岩浆岩的时空迁移规律;据此,探讨和厘定了这三大板块构造体制的时空分布范围和构造叠合过程。二叠纪到三叠纪早期间,古亚洲洋体制经历了俯冲到碰撞,主要作用于阿拉善—华北北缘—大兴安岭一带;期间,鄂霍茨克洋主要为陆缘环境,影响范围限于中北部蒙古—外贝加尔一带,并在侏罗纪逐渐向蒙古—鄂霍茨克主缝合带迁移,到白垩纪,其造山带伸展垮塌阶段,影响范围增大,远程效应波及阿拉善—华北北缘—大兴安岭一带,叠加于古亚洲洋体制产物之上。古太平洋构造体制主要发育于三叠纪—侏罗纪时期,其平板俯冲影响范围抵达大兴安岭—太行山,在白垩纪,俯冲板片后撤,影响范围迁移至东亚大陆最东缘。这些作用叠加于古亚洲洋体制产物之上;并与蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋体制同时叠合于大兴安岭一带。     

年轻造山带洋板块地层*

重点分析和总结了由显生宙增生复合体和造山带混杂岩重建的年轻造山带洋板块地层--太平洋洋板块地层,也简要介绍了东古印度洋(东新特提斯洋)和古亚洲洋洋板块地层的重建情况。通过对阿拉斯加南部中生代增生地体、俄罗斯远东和中国东北侏罗纪-早白垩世增生复合体、日本二叠纪-侏罗纪-白垩纪等不同时期的增生复合体、菲律宾侏罗纪增生复合体和美国加州海岸山脉中侏罗世-古新世弗朗西斯卡杂岩体等不同单元的岩石学特征、古生物地层学、年代地层学、因逆冲导致的构造叠置和混杂失序特征及演化阶段的分析,重建了太平洋洋板块地层。其中加州海岸山脉中侏罗世-古新世弗朗西斯卡杂岩体的研究比较深入,对该区俯冲带上叠蛇绿岩(大峡谷群弧前盆地蛇绿岩)和弗朗西斯卡北部马林海岬杂岩体(原岩为洋中脊玄武岩)进行了有效区分,不仅还原了太平洋板块的俯冲碰撞过程,还厘清了与之伴生的弧前盆地裂陷和扩张过程。另外,板块俯冲的滞留和幕式增生在活动时间较短的板块俯冲体系中可能不容易识别。     

Mid–Cretaceous Episodic Magmatism and Tin Mineralization in Khingan-Okhotsk Volcano–Plutonic Belt, Far East Russia

Abstract: Age of magmatism and tin mineralization in the Khingan‐Okhotsk volcano–plutonic belt, including the Khingan, Badzhal and Komsomolsk tin fields, were reviewed in terms of tectonic history of the continental margin of East Asia. This belt consists mainly of felsic volcanic rocks and granitoids of the reduced type, being free of remarkable geomagnetic anomaly, in contrast with the northern Sikhote‐Alin volcano–plutonic belt dominated by oxidized‐type rocks and gold mineralization. The northern end of the Khingan‐Okhotsk belt near the Sea of Okhotsk, accompanied by positive geomagnetic anomalies, may have been overprinted by magmatism of the Sikhote‐Alin belt. Tin–associated magmatism in the Khingan‐Okhotsk belt extending over 400 km occurred episodically in a short period (9510 Ma) in the middle Cretaceous time, which is coeval with the accretion of the Kiselevka‐Manoma complex, the youngest accretionary wedge in the eastern margin of the Khingan‐Okhotsk accretionary terranes. The episodic magmatism is in contrast with the Cretaceous‐Paleogene long–lasted magmatism in Sikhote–Alin, indicating the two belts are essentially different arcs, rather than juxtaposed arcs derived from a single arc. The tin‐associated magmatism may have been caused by the subduction of a young and hot back‐arc basin, which is inferred from oceanic plate stratigraphy of the coeval accre‐tionary complex and its heavy mineral assemblage of immature volcanic arc provenance. The subduction of the young basin may have resulted in dominance of the reduced‐type felsic magmas due to incorporation of carbonaceous sediments within the accretionary complex near the trench. Subsequently, the back‐arc basin may have been closed by the oblique collision of the accretionary terranes in Sikhote–Alin, which was subjected to the Late Cretaceous to Paleogene magmatism related to another younger subduction system. These processes could have proceeded under transpressional tectonic regime due to oblique subduction of the paleo‐Pacific plates under Eurasian continent.     

东北中生代增生杂岩及对古太平洋向欧亚大陆俯冲历史的制约

吉林-黑龙江东部地区的中生代增生杂岩,主要由吉林-黑龙江高压变质带和那丹哈达增生杂岩(或那丹哈达地体)组成。它们将为古亚洲洋与环太平洋构造域的转换作用,大洋板块地层(OPS)层序重建,特别是古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆的俯冲历史提供重要的科学依据。吉林-黑龙江高压带分布在佳木斯-兴凯与松辽地块之间的具有高压变质带性质的缝合带,新的地质年代学研究表明其形成时代为210～180Ma,表明晚三叠-早侏罗世为南北向古亚洲洋关闭和西向俯冲增生开始的关键时期。那丹哈达增生杂岩则发育在佳木斯-兴凯地块东侧,并具体分为西部的跃进山杂岩和东部的饶河杂岩。新近发表的数据显示,跃进山杂岩就位时代为210～180Ma,这与佳木斯-兴凯地块西缘的吉黑高压带形成时代相似。而饶河杂岩就位时代为晚侏罗-早白垩世,最晚期就位的时代为早白垩世(137～130Ma)。因此,吉黑东部地区的中生代增生杂岩为古太平洋向欧亚大陆中生代的俯冲过程提供了关键的信息。     

Stratigraphy and structure of the central East Sakhalin accretionary wedge (Eastern Russia)

The East Sakhalin accretionary wedge is a part of the Cretaceous-Paleogene accretionary system, which developed on the eastern Asian margin in response to subduction of the Pacific oceanic plates. Its formation was related to the evolution of the Early Cretaceous Kem-Samarga island volcanic arc and Late Cretaceous-Paleogene East Sikhote Alin continental-margin volcanic belt. The structure, litho-, and biostratigraphy of the accretionary wedge were investigated in the central part of the East Sakhalin Mountains along two profiles approximately 40 km long crossing the Nabil and Rymnik zones. The general structure of the examined part of the accretionary wedge represents a system of numerous east-vergent tectonic slices. These tectonic slices. tens to hundreds of meters thick. are composed of various siliciclastic rocks, which were formed at the convergent plate boundary, and subordinate oceanic pelagic cherts and basalts, and hemipelagic siliceous and tuffaceous-siliceous mudstones. The siliciclastic deposits include trench-fill mudstones and turbidites and draping sediments. The structure of the accretionary wedge was presumably formed owing to off-scraping and tectonic underplating. The off-scraped and tectonically underplated fragments were probably tectonically juxtaposed along out-of-sequence thrusts with draping deposits. The radiolarian fauna was used to constrain the ages of rocks and time of the accretion episodes in different parts of the accretionary wedge. The defined radiolarian assemblages were correlated with the radiolarian scale for the Tethyan region using the method of unitary associations. In the Nabil zone, the age of pelagic sediments is estimated to have lasted from the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (Barremian); that of hemipelagic sediments, from the early Aptian to middle Albian; and trench-fill and draping deposits of the accretionary complex date back to the middle-late Albian. In the Rymnik zone, the respective ages of cherts, hemipelagic sediments, and trench facies with draping deposits have been determined as Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (middle Albian), middle Aptian-middle Cenomanian, and middle-late Cenomanian. East of the rear toward the frontal parts of the accretionary wedge, stratigraphic boundaries between sediments of different lithology become successively younger. Timing of accretion episodes is based on the age of trench-fill and draping sediments of the accretionary wedge. The accretion occurred in a period lasting from the terminal Aptian to the middle Albian in the western part of the Nabil zone and in the middle Cenomanian in the eastern part of the Rymnik zone. The western part of the Nabil zone accreted synchronously with the Kiselevka-Manoma accretionary wedge located westerward on the continent. These accretionary wedges presumably formed along a single convergent plate margin, with the Sakhalin accretionary system located to the south of the Kiselevka-Manoma terrane in the Albian.     

华南中生代大地构造研究新进展

华南地区中生代构造动力体制经历了从特提斯构造域向滨太平洋构造域的转换,由此产生了强烈的陆内造山作用和岩浆活动,形成了复杂构造组合的晚中生代陆内造山带和火成岩省。本项研究在下列几个方面取得了新的进展:(1)通过对雪峰山地区沅麻盆地的野外调查和构造测量,确定了该盆地晚中生代-早新生代5期构造应力场及其演替序列:中晚侏罗世近W—E向挤压、早白垩世NW—SE向伸展、早白垩世中晚期NW—SE向挤压、晚白垩世近N—S向伸展、古近纪晚期NE—SW向挤压。构造应力场方向的变化记录了不同板缘的动力作用对该区的影响。(2)识别了湖南地区晚古生代-早中生代海相地层中发育的横跨叠加褶皱构造,并基于地层接触关系和已有火成岩同位素年代学数据分析,认为该地区横跨叠加褶皱构造记录了中生代两期构造挤压和地壳增厚事件:早期近东西向褶皱构造是对三叠纪华南地块南北边缘大陆碰撞和增生作用的远程响应,晚期NE—NNE向褶皱构造则是对中晚侏罗世古太平洋板块向华南大陆之下低角度俯冲作用的变形响应。(3)对湖南衡山西缘拆离断裂带的变形结构和运动学特征进行了详细的调查和构造测量,确定了衡山变质核杂岩构造,并对拆离带中韧性剪切变形的钠长岩脉的锆石进行了SHRIMP U-Pb测年,从而确定了华南地区伸展构造的起始时代约137 Ma,即早白垩世早中期。(4)通过锆石U-Pb年代学测试分析,揭示了东南沿海长乐—南澳构造带早白垩世2期构造-岩浆事件:早期(147~135 Ma)表现为强烈的混合岩化作用和深熔作用形成的片麻状花岗岩、花岗片麻岩等;晚期(135~117 Ma)岩浆岩以含石榴子石花岗岩为主。这个结果表明东南沿海构造带是晚中生代陆缘造山带,造山作用可能起始于晚侏罗世,于早白垩世早中期(135 Ma)以来发生伸展垮塌。在上述研究结果的基础上,探讨了华南地区三叠纪"印支运动"和中、晚侏罗世"燕山运动"的表现及其产生的板块构造动力体制及其转换时代、早白垩世从挤压构造应力体制向伸展构造应力体制转变的时间节点。     

Geological records of the pacific plate subduction in the northeast asian continental margin; An overview北大核心CSCD

The Paleo-Pacific Ocean was originated from the Panthalassa, which was a vast global ocean surrounding the Pangea Supercontinent. With the breakup of the Pangea and the closure of the Paleo-Tethyan Ocean, the Paleo-Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic and Indian Oceanic plates were in turn formed. About 190 Ma, the Pacific Plate was initially generated at the junction of the oceanic rift among the Izanagi, Karallon and Pheonix plates. Although most geologists considered a coherent genetic relationship between Meso-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of NE Asian continental margin and subduction of the Pacific Plate, there still exist some key problems. The main issues include; ( I ) the formation, motion trait and evolution paths of the Pacific Plate, especially the Izanagi Plate which subducted beneath the NE Asian continental margin at least since early Jurassic; ( 2) the beginning time of the Pacific Plate subduction; (3) the identification of subduction-related magmatisni; and(4) physical conditions of subduction processes. Based on the recent research progress of the above issues, this paper synthesizes that the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate( or Izanagi Plate) beneath the NE Asian continent started in the early Jurassic. The subduction zone was gradually migrated eastward and constituted anarchipelagic oceanic framework with the involvement of old microblocks or foreign massifs.     

The dynamics of big mantle wedge,magma factory,and metamorphic–metasomatic factory in subduction zones

The East Asian continental margin is underlain by stagnant slabs resulting from subduction of the Pacific plate from the east and the Philippine Sea plate from the south. We classify the upper mantle in this region into three major domains: (a) metasomatic–metamorphic factory (MMF), subduction zone magma factory (SZMF), and the ‘big mantle wedge’ (BMW). Whereas the convection pattern is anticlockwise in the MMF domain, it is predominantly clockwise in the SZMF and BMW, along a cross section from the south. Here we define the MMF as a small wedge corner which is driven by the subducting Pacific plate and dominated by H₂O-rich fluids derived by dehydration reactions, and enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) which cause the metasomatism. The SZMF is a zone intermediate between MMF and BMW domains and constitutes the main region of continental crust production by partial melting through wedge counter-corner flow. Large hydrous plume generated at about 200 km depth causes extensive reduction in viscosity and the smaller scale hydrous plumes between 60 km and 200 km also bring about an overall reduction in the viscosity of SZMF. More fertile and high temperature peridotites are supplied from the entrance to this domain. The domain extends obliquely to the volcanic front and then swings back to the deep mantle together with the subducting slab. The BMW occupies the major portion of upper mantle in the western Pacific and convects largely with a clockwise sense removing the eastern trench oceanward. Sporadic formation of hydrous plume at the depth of around 410 km and the curtain flow adjacent to the trench cause back arc spreading. We envisage that the heat source in BMW could be the accumulated TTG (tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite) crust on the bottom of the mantle transition zone. The ongoing process of transportation of granitic crust into the mantle transition zone is evident from the deep subduction of five intra-oceanic arcs on the subducting Philippine Sea plate from the south, in addition to the sediment trapped subduction by the Pacific plate and Philippine Sea plate. The dynamics of MMF, SZMF and BMW domains are controlled by the angle of subduction; a wide zone of MMF in SW Japan is caused by shallow angle subduction of the Philippine Sea plate and the markedly small MMF domain in the Mariana trench is due to the high angle subduction of Pacific plate. The domains in NE Japan and Kyushu region are intermediate between these two. During the Tertiary, a series of marginal basins were formed because of the nearly 2000 km northward shift of the subduction zone along the southern margin of Tethyan Asia, which may be related to the collision of India with Asia and the indentation. The volume of upper mantle under Asia was reduced extensively on the southern margin with a resultant oceanward trench retreat along the eastern margin of Asia, leading to the formation of a series of marginal basins. The western Pacific domain in general is characterized by double-sided subduction; from the east by the oldest Pacific plate and from the south by the oldest Indo-Australian plate. The old plates are hence hydrated extensively even in their central domains and therefore of low temperature. The cracks have allowed the transport of water into the deeper portions of the slab and these domains supply hydrous fluids even to the bottom of the upper mantle. Thus, a fluid dominated upper mantle in the western Pacific drives a number of microplates and promote the plate boundary processes.