中国近海初级生产力的遥感研究及其时空演化

1 Introduction Ocean primary productivity controls the exchange of carbon dioxide at the air-sea interface and plays an important role in the global carbon cycle and climate change. Most oceanographic research on primary productivity has focused on the ma…     

中国近海初级生产力的遥感研究及其时空演化

利用分级初级生产力模式反演估算了2003~2005年0^o~41^oN,105^o~130^oE海域的初级生产力,并分析了它们的时空演化。同时还计算了该时段内渤海、北黄海和南黄海、东海北部和南部以及南海的平均初级生产力状况,结果得出它们的年平均初级生产力 (2003~2005年) 分别为564.39、363.08、536.47、413.88、195.77和100.09 gCm^-2a^-1。北黄海、南黄海及东海南部的初级生产力分别在春季 (4~6月) 和秋季 (10、11月) 出现两次峰值,且春季的峰值高于秋季。然而,南海的两个峰值则分别出现在冬季 (1月)和夏季 (8月),且冬季的峰值高于夏季。渤海和东海北部则呈现单峰 (6月) 分布。渤海和南黄海的初级生产力几乎在整年内都高于其它海域,而东海南部和南海的初级生产力则在整年内都低于其他海域。其中,南海的初级生产力最低,月平均全都低于400 mgCm^-2d^-1。除南海以外的其它5个海域,在春季时期 (东海南部为3~6月,其他海域为4~7月) 的初级生产力最高,平均约占年平均值的41%,其年际变化也最大,平均标准偏差为6.68;而秋季时期 (东海南部为10~1月,其他海域为8~11月) 对年平均的贡献也很大,平均约33%;其他月份 (东海南部为2月和7-9月,其他海域为12~3月) 的贡献则最小。南海的初级生产力则在冬季时期 (12~3月) 最高,约占年平均的42%,夏末秋季 (8~11月) 次之,约30%,春季时期 (4~7月) 最低。叶绿素-a、海表温度、光合有效辐射、季风活动、河流排放、上升流、黑潮以及沿岸流等物理-化学环境因子是造成中国近海初级生产力时空演化的主要原因。     

黄河入海悬沙季节输送变化与输送机制的数值研究(英文)

Based on sediment and discharge flux data for the Yellow River, realistic forcing fields and bathymetry of the Bohai Sea, a suspended sediment transport module is driven by a wave-current coupled model to research seasonal variations and mechanisms of suspended load transport to the Bohai Sea. It could be concluded that surface sediment concentration indicates a distinct spatial distribution characteristic that varies seasonally in the Bohai Sea. Sediment concentration is rather high near the Yellow River estuary, seasonal variations of which are controlled by quantity of sediment from the Yellow River, suspended sediment concentration reaches its maximum during summer and fall. Furthermore, sediment concentration decreases rapidly in other seas far from the Yellow River estuary and maintains a very low level in the center of the Bohai Sea, and is dominated by seasonal variations of climatology wind field in the Bohai Sea. Only a small amount of sediments imported from the Yellow River are delivered northwestward to the southern coast of the Bohai Bay. Majority of sediments are transported southeastward to the Laizhou Bay, where sediments are continuously delivered into the center of the Bohai Sea in a northeastward direction, and part of them are transported eastward alongshore through the Bohai Strait. 69% of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited near the river delta, 31% conveyed seaward, within which, 4% exported to the northern Yellow Sea through the Bohai Strait. Wind wave is the most essential contributor to seasonal variations of sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea, and the contribution of tidal currents is also significant in shallow waters when wind speed is low.     

Numerical simulation on seasonal transport variations and mechanisms of suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River to the Bohai Sea

Based on sediment and discharge flux data for the Yellow River, realistic forcing fields and bathymetry of the Bohai Sea, a suspended sediment transport module is driven by a wave-current coupled model to research seasonal variations and mechanisms of suspended load transport to the Bohai Sea. It could be concluded that surface sediment concentration indicates a distinct spatial distribution characteristic that varies seasonally in the Bohai Sea. Sediment concentration is rather high near the Yellow River estuary, seasonal variations of which are controlled by quantity of sediment from the Yellow River, suspended sediment concentration reaches its maximum during summer and fall. Furthermore, sediment concentration decreases rapidly in other seas far from the Yellow River estuary and maintains a very low level in the center of the Bohai Sea, and is dominated by seasonal variations of climatology wind field in the Bohai Sea. Only a small amount of sediments imported from the Yellow River are delivered northwestward to the southern coast of the Bohai Bay. Majority of sediments are transported southeastward to the Laizhou Bay, where sediments are continuously delivered into the center of the Bohai Sea in a northeastward direction, and part of them are transported eastward alongshore through the Bohai Strait. 69% of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited near the river delta, 31% conveyed seaward, within which, 4% exported to the northern Yellow Sea through the Bohai Strait. Wind wave is the most essential contributor to seasonal variations of sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea, and the contribution of tidal currents is also significant in shallow waters when wind speed is low.     

Spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the fog regions in China

The spatial distribution and monthly/annual variation of foggy days in China are analyzed based on the monthly mean fog data collected from 604 observational stations for the period 1961–2000. Results show that there are six fog regions in China: the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, coastal areas, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, eastern Gansu–Shaanxi region, Huaihe River valley, Tianshan mountainous area and northern Xinjiang. On the whole the interannual variation trend of foggy days is descending, especially an obvious decline after the 1980s. The areas where the foggy days have obvious tendency present a southwest-northeast direction. The rising trend regions alternate with descending trend regions, forming a SE-NW directional wave structure. In general, the number of foggy days in autumn and winter is larger than in spring and summer over most fog regions. The monthly variation curves of foggy days are bimodal in the coastal area of the Yellow Sea and northern Xinjiang, and unimodal in other regions.     

青藏高原近40年来的降水变化特征

利用我国青藏高原地区的1961-2000年56个气象站的逐月降水资料,通过计算降水量的距平百分率,分析了青藏高原自1961至2000年以来降水量变化的趋势和1961-2000年以来各季降水量变化趋势,发现:青藏高原近40年来降水量呈增加趋势,降水量的线性增长率约为1.12mm/a。再将高原划分为四个季节,分析了各季40年来的降水量的变化情况得出:春季降水量年际变化较大,秋季降水量变化不明显。夏季降水量值较大而降水变化幅度较小,冬季降水量变化则与夏季相反。通过将青藏高原分为南北两个地区,分析了两个区的年降水量和四个季节的降水量的变化得出:高原南区1961-2000年降水量呈增加的趋势,降水量的线增长率为1.97 mm/a,春季和冬季降水量年际变化较大,夏季降水量变化不明显,秋季降水量略有增加;北区年降水量和夏季的降水量变化较小,秋季降水量的年际变化较大,冬季降水量变化最大。对青藏高原的南北两区用Mann-Kendall方法进行突变分析,显示高原南区分别在1978年和1994年发生突变,北区没有发现突变。     

Variability of the Northern Annular Mode's signature in winter sea ice concentration

Historical winter sea ice concentration data are used to examine the relation between the Northern Annular Mode (NAM) and the sea ice concentration in the Nordic seas over the past 50 years. The well known basic response pattern of a seesaw between the Labrador Sea and the Greenland, Iceland and Barents seas is being reproduced. However, the response is not robust in the Greenland and Iceland seas. There the observed variability has a more complex relationship with surface temperatures and winds. We divide the sea ice response into three spectral bands: high (P< year), band (515 year) filtered NAM indices. This division is motivated by the expected slow response of the ocean circulation which might play a significant role in the Greenland and Iceland seas. The response to the NAM is also examined separately for the periods before and after 1976 to identify variations due to the relocation of the northern centre of the North Atlantic Oscillation.     

Geographic variations in spring and autumn phenology of white ash in a common garden

Geographic variations in plant phenology are known to be affected by climatic differences over space, but the role of adaptation variability of plant populations is less well understood. In this study, I examined the geographic variations in spring and autumn phenology of white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) in a common garden and related observations over a 2-year period (2013 and 2014) to climatic and geographic factors of their provenances. Spring leaf-out of trees with northern provenances occurred later in 2013, but slightly earlier in 2014, than those with southern provenances. This difference was potentially caused by the counterbalancing effect of chilling and forcing in response to interannual temperature fluctuations. In both years, leaf senescence of white ash occurred significantly earlier for trees with northern than southern provenances, reflecting strong adaptation to a photoperiod gradient. The growing season length for white ash, therefore, is constrained by spring and fall phenology through different environmental cues. Spring phenology exerted a greater influence on the interannual variability of growing season length. Identifying these detailed adaptive patterns facilitates a better understanding of phenological change over space and allows development of genotype-sensitive phenological models to predict the ecological impact of climate change.     

南海滨珊瑚骨骼密度带的季节特征及其主要环境影响因素

滨珊瑚（Porites）是南海造礁石珊瑚群落的主要优势种之一,广泛应用于珊瑚礁生态以及高分辨率气候环境响应和重建研究。滨珊瑚不同季节生长形成的骨骼密度条带是开展相关研究的重要基础,而前人对于滨珊瑚骨骼密度带季节性的认识多是基于单一地点的样品,存在地域的差别或矛盾。选取南海不同地点典型珊瑚礁区包括北部海南文昌、中部西沙群岛永兴岛和盘石屿、南部南沙群岛美济礁的 4 个现代活体滨珊瑚骨骼样品,利用数字影像分析方法以及电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱和气体稳定同位素比质谱仪分别分析了滨珊瑚骨骼密度条带影像灰度和地化指标（Sr/Ca 和 δ 18 O）。结果显示,滨珊瑚样品骨骼密度和地化指标都呈现显著的季节变化。结合海温数据,揭示出样品骨骼密度带季节特征的地域差异,其中,北部文昌滨珊瑚样品骨骼高密度带形成于夏季,低密度带形成于冬季;中部永兴岛样品高密度带形成于秋季,低密度带形成于春季;盘石屿样品高密度带形成于春季,低密度带形成于秋季;南部美济礁样品高密度带形成于冬季,低密度带形成于夏季。采用广义加性混合模型进一步分析了滨珊瑚样品骨骼密度与 3 个主要环境影响因子（海温、光照和盐度）的响应关系。结果表明：不同地点滨珊瑚样品的骨骼密度与主要环境因子的关系也各有不同,考虑样品个体和地点的随机效应,4 个地点滨珊瑚样品的骨骼密度整体上与海温和光照存在非线性响应关系,反映了在南海大空间尺度上,海温和光照可能是影响滨珊瑚样品骨骼密度季节变化的主要环境因素。     

1979-2012年北极海冰范围年际和年代际变化分析

利用美国冰雪中心发布的海冰密集度数据,对1979—2012年北极海冰范围进行年际和年代际变化分析。结果表明:(1)海冰在秋季融化速度最快,其次为夏季、冬季、春季。2000年后春季下降速率变缓,而其他季节融化速度加快;(2)由于多年冰的融化,太平洋扇区在夏秋季节融化速度要高于其他海区。而大西洋扇区在冬季和春季海冰的融化速度要快于夏秋季节,主要是因为大西洋海温升高;(3)东半球在夏秋季节海冰融化的范围要大于西半球,因此东北航道比西北航道提前开通应用。而整个北极区域近几年春季融化速度变缓,则主要是西半球的作用;(4)从空间分布年代际变化来看,1989—1998年最接近气候态,1979—1988年密集度偏大区域主要在巴伦支海和东西伯利亚海,2009—2012年海冰密集度较常年显著偏小,东半球密集度减小幅度比西半球更大,尤其是冬春季在巴伦支海,夏秋季在楚科奇海。春季时由于风的作用,白令海附近海冰密集度异常偏大;(5)北极区域海冰范围在冬春季比夏秋季突变明显,基本在2003年前后,海冰范围变化周期为6年。     

黄渤海海岸季节性风沙气候环境

分析了黄渤海海岸气候形成因素和影响风沙活动的各种气候要素的季节性变化特征，指出冬、春季研究区受东亚大陆气团的影响，形成了干旱、多风的风沙气候环境，尤其是渤海海岸地区冬、春季气候条件与我国内陆沙漠区和严重沙漠化地区相似，也存在风沙灾害的威胁。     

1950~2011年渤海地区海表风场的季节特征与多尺度变化分析

基于1950~2011年的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对渤海10 m风场的风速与风向变化进行多尺度分析。利用小波分析、交叉谱分析等方法对渤海海域的海表风速、风向的变化趋势以及周期进行研究。分析发现：渤海地区海表风的风向与风速除了存在显著的季节性变化特征外,在年际、年代际的变化尺度上也有明显的周期性。风向存在1 a、8.7 a、15.8 a的显著周期,风速存在1 a、6.3 a、15 a的显著周期。风向与风速在时间尺度分别为20 a、5.71 a、2.67 a时存在显著共振周期;共振周期受东亚季风、西太平副热带高压的年际、年代际变化的影响呈现出多尺度变化周期。     

近50余年来南海西沙海域冬季风强度的变率

采用南海西沙永兴岛海洋观察站1958~1997年12~2月实测的北东向冬季风风速的平均值作为冬季风强度指数 (WMI),与南海北缘滨珊瑚的相应年月份的实测δ18O平均值进行相关分析,得到线性回归方程WMI (m/s) = - 4.913- 2.138δ18O (‰),r = 0.83, n = 40。在计算(后报) 所得的1944~1997年代际变化序列中,WMI在40~60年代呈下降趋势,70年代略有上升,而80~90年代又呈下降趋势。在年际变化序列中,WMI呈显著的下降趋势,所得线性回归方程为WMI = 79.67-0.0377 Year, r = 0.68, n = 54。由斜率看出,WMI每10年平均下降约0.4 m/s。用Daniell功率谱法分析,近54年来WMI的变化存在2.5~7年的周期,与季风的QBO周期为2~2.4年,以及ENSO活动的3~8年周期密切相关。WMI连续下降的趋势是与全球持续变暖相映,南海海域冬季风强度的变化受到了全球变化的制约。     

Estimation of ocean primary productivity and its spatio-temporal variation mechanism for East China Sea based on VGPM model

According to calculation results of ocean chlorophyll concentration based on SeaWiFS data by SeaBAM model and synchronous ship-measured data, this research set up an improved model for CaseⅠand CaseⅡwater bodies respectively. The monthly chlorophyll distribution in the East China Sea in 1998 was obtained from this improved model on calculation results of SeaBAM. The euphotic depth distribution in 1998 in the East China Sea is calculated by using remote sensing data of K490 from SeaWiFS according to the relation between the euphotic depth and the oceanic diffuse attenuation coefficient. With data of ocean chlorophyll concentration, euphotic depth, ocean surface photosynthetic available radiation (PAR), daily photoperiod and optimal rate of daily carbon fixation within a water column, the monthly and annual primary productivity spatio-temporal distributions in the East China Sea in 1998 were obtained based on VGPM model. Based on analysis of those distributions, the conclusion can be drawn that there is a clear bimodality character of primary productivity in the monthly distribution in the East China Sea. In detail, the monthly distribution of primary productivity stays the lowest level in winter and rises rapidly to the peak in spring. It gets down a little in summer, and gets up a little in autumn. The daily average of primary productivity in the whole East China Sea is 560.03 mg/m2/d, which is far higher than the average of subtropical ocean areas. The annual average of primary productivity is 236.95 g/m2/a. The research on the seasonal variety mechanism of primary productivity shows that several factors that affect the spatio-temporal distribution may include the chlorophyll concentration distribution, temperature condition, the Yangtze River diluted water variety, the euphotic depth, ocean current variety, etc. But the main influencing factors may be different in each local sea area.     

东海初级生产力遥感反演及其时空演化机制

According to calculation results of ocean chlorophyll concentration based on SeaWiFS data by SeaBAM model and synchronous ship-measured data, this research set up an improved model for Case I and Case Ⅱ water bodies respectively. The monthly chlorophyll distribution in the East China Sea in 1998 was obtained from this improved model on calculation results of SeaBAM. The euphotic depth distribution in 1998 in the East China Sea is calculated by using remote sensing data of K490 from SeaWiFS according to the relation between the euphotic depth and the oceanic diffuse attenuation coefficient. With data of ocean chlorophyll concentration, euphotic depth, ocean surface photosynthetic available radiation (PAR), daily photoperiod and optimal rate of daily carbon fixation within a water column, the monthly and annual primary productivity spatio-temporal distributions in the East China Sea in 1998 were obtained based on VGPM model. Based on analysis of those distributions, the conclusion can be drawn that there is a clear bimodality character of primary productivity in the monthly distribution in the East China Sea. In detail, the monthly distribution of primary productivity stays the lowest level in winter and rises rapidly to the peak in spring. It gets down a little in summer, and gets up a little in autumn. The daily average of primary productivity in the whole East China Sea is 560.03 mg/m^2/d, which is far higher than the average of subtropical ocean areas. The annual average of primary productivity is 236.95 g/m^2/a. The research on the seasonal variety mechanism of primary productivity shows that several factors that affect the spatio-temporal distribution may include the chlorophyll concentration distribution, temperature condition, the Yangtze River diluted water variety, the euphotic depth, ocean current variety, etc. But the main influencing factors may be different in each local sea area.     

渤海风驱-潮致拉格朗日余流的数值模拟与季相时空变异

利用HellermanandRosenstein全球风应力资料中的多年月平均风场资料驱动ECOM模型,设计了潮致、纯风生以及风与潮两者叠加三个数值实验对渤海海域风驱-潮致拉格朗日(Lagrange)余流的逐月时空分布与季节变化进行了模拟。研究结果表明,季风的大小和方向决定了渤海风驱-潮致拉格朗日余流的大小和方向,是影响余流流向和流速的重要因素。冬季,从渤海西岸到莱州湾海域风驱-潮致拉格朗日余流表现出一个大逆时针环流,辽东湾呈现顺时针方向流动,渤海中部存在一个弱的顺时针流环。夏季,整个渤海海域呈现顺时针流况,渤海海盆存在一微弱的逆时针涡旋,一支西南向流沿辽东湾东岸穿越渤海海盆,与起自渤海湾的东向流一起进入莱州湾。风驱-潮致拉格朗日余流主要受风的控制,潮汐则起到一定的调整作用。     

Interannual variability in water masses in the Greenland Sea and adjacent areas

Oceanographic data covering the period 1950–1998 are used to determine interannual variations in the convection intensity and water mass structure in the Greenland Sea and adjacent areas. Extremely cold winters throughout 1965–1970 assisted intensification of the water vertical exchange in the Greenland and Norwegian seas. As a result, cold and fresh Greenland Sea Deep Water (GSDW) production was extremely high in the central Greenland Sea while in the southern Norwegian Sea warm and salty water spread downwards. The recent rapid warming in the Greenland Sea Gyre interior from 1980 originates, we argue, from an increase in the Atlantic Water (AW) temperature due to the advection of warm waters into the region with the Return Atlantic Current. The negative water temperature and salinity trends in the upper 300 m layer of the Atlantic Water in the Norwegian Sea prevailed during 1950–1990, whereas during 1980–1990 the water temperature trends are indicative of warming of that layer. Observation series obtained onboard the Ocean Weather Ship Mike confirmed the existence of layers with advectiondriven high oxygen concentrations in intermediate and deep layers. The depth of oxygen maxima and the values of oceanographic parameters at this horizon can be regarded as indicators of the convection intensity in the Arctic domain. A simultaneous rise in NAO index and GSDW temperature points to a link between atmospheric and thermohaline circulation. Weakening in water exchange with the North Atlantic could be the reason for the Polar Water recirculation increase within the Nordic seas.     

中国北方春季沙尘暴频数与北半球500hPa高度场的SVD分析

选取1957-2000年中国北方地区春季沙尘暴发生次数资料和北半球500hPa秋、冬、春季的平均高度场资料,对沙尘暴和高度场作SVD分析。结果表明,我国北方春季沙尘暴次数各地具有比较一致的变化趋势,表明可能与大尺度气候背景的变化有联系。变化的最敏感区域为内蒙古中西部地区、新疆西部、青海西部和东北地区。我国北方春季沙尘暴发生次数与同期及前期500hPa高度场有较好的相关关系,前期环流形势对春季沙尘暴频数有一定的指示和预测意义,冬季环流场尤其具有预报指示意义,因为前一年冬季北大西洋涛动对我国春季北方沙尘暴发生次数有影响。     

秦岭太白山气温直减率时空差异性研究

在评估山地生态系统对气候变化响应的过程中,作为气温要素的重要输入参数,气温直减率（γ）的精确性直接影响到相关科研工作的真实性和可靠性。本文基于秦岭主峰太白山（3771.2 m）11个分布于南北坡和不同海拔的标准气象站点2013-2015年连续3年实测日均温资料和25 m×25 m空间分辨率的DEM数据,研究了太白山气温直减率在不同时间尺度上的变化规律及不同坡向上的空间分布特征。结果表明：① 2013-2015年太白山年均γ北坡均大于南坡,北坡为0.513 ℃/100m,南坡为0.499 ℃/100m;北坡年均γ随海拔变化表现出一定的差异性,而南坡相对稳定。② 年内γ在不同时间尺度上均存在明显差异,且南北坡变化趋势不一致。在季尺度上,γ最大值北坡为夏季,为0.619 ℃/100m,而南坡最大出现在春季,为0.546 ℃/100m,最小值均为冬季,南北坡分别为0.449 ℃/100m和0.390 ℃/100m;春季和夏季,北坡γ均大于南坡,而冬季相反,北坡小于南坡,秋季几乎无差异。在月尺度上,气温相对高的月份γ亦较高,北坡γ变化幅度大于南坡;年始和年末（11-12月、1-2月）北坡γ小于南坡,而5-9月北坡大于南坡,且南北坡γ相差较大。③ 经数据可信度分析,所获得的γ可较为客观地反映太白山气温随海拔变化的规律性,将为山地气温空间分布规律及其生态系统响应等定量研究提供理论基础。     

1971-2013年环渤海地区风速的时空特征

基于环渤海地区60个站点1971-2013年日序列最大风速数据,采用线性倾向估计、Mann-kendall检验、反距离加权插值、小波分析等方法,分析了近年来环渤海地区风速的年、季节的变化趋势及其空间分异等特征。结果表明:(1)环渤海地区年均最大风速为6.35 m·s^-1,并以0.423 m·s^-1的年代变化速率呈显著的下降趋势。区内除承德、丰宁和阜新站点呈略微上升趋势,其余站点均呈下降趋势,整体上表现为南部下降幅度高而北部下降幅度低。四季最大风速也均呈显著的下降趋势,冬、春季的最大风速对全年趋势演变贡献率较大。(2)偏北风(尤其是北西北风)和偏南风(尤其是南西南风)是本区的主要风向。春、夏两季以偏南风为主要风向,秋、冬两季则以偏北风为主要风向。(3)环渤海地区最大风速减少的主要原因是各站点日最大风速为5级及以上的发生频率分别以0.912、0.671、0.271、0.076 d·a^-1的速率呈下降趋势;大风频率也以1.019 d.a^-1的速率呈下降趋势。冬半年是本区大风日数相对较多的时段,春季尤甚。(4)本区多数地区属大风较少区和较多区,其中大风较多区的站点最多(31个),而大风频发区的站点最少(仅4个)。位于大风较少区的站点数增长迅速,而大风较多区、多发区和频发区的站点数则均呈现下降趋势。最大风速与大风日数均具有25～30 a的显著振荡周期。