机载海洋雷达高度计的性能分析

该文简要介绍了海洋雷达高度计的工作原理。对机载海洋雷达高度计的性能进行了具体的分析 ,对海洋雷达高度计的试验结果的分析和讨论表明 ,其性能达到了设计要求 ,为星载高度计提供了可靠的技术先导     

中分辨率机载海洋雷达高度计系统分析及接收系统的研制

本文简要介绍了海洋雷达高度计的工作原理，分析了定时抖动、时钟精度及回波中的固有噪声等因素对高度测量造成的影响，讨论了“全去斜坡”等接收系统的关键技术，研制出了中分辨率机载海洋雷达高度计接收系统，并且与发射系统联调取得了成功。系统分辨率达到了５ｎｓ的设计需求。     

中分辨率机载海洋雷达高度计信号处理方法及其实现

该文简要地介绍了海洋雷达高度计的工作原理 ,分析了“全去斜坡”技术在高度计信号处理中的时域和频域的对应关系及其相关的控制技术。研制出了分裂门跟踪和全程搜索软件 ,该软件在飞行实验中获得了成功 ,在国内首次获得了海洋回波曲线。首次提出全程搜索的方法 ,在此基础上提出了“平滑归并”的方法进行数据复合处理 ,进而提高了系统的指标     

合成孔径高度计的海面回波仿真

本文首先采用经验海浪谱仿真了三维海面,进而在此基础上根据镜面反射理论计算了海面小面元散射系数。然后根据雷达方程和合成孔径高度计的合成孔径处理计算了海面回波信号的矩阵,以便给出最终的功率回波。在目前国内外缺少相应试验数据的条件下,验证了合成孔径高度计工作方式的有效性,经验证其回波模型基本正确。同时,为了与传统高度计比较,给出了传统高度计在相同参数下的回波仿真结果。文章还通过展示合成孔径高度计在同种波高、不同涌浪和风浪方向情况下的回波,说明波浪方向也会影响合成孔径高度计回波。     

星载雷达高度计系统设计及测高精度分析

在总结机载海洋雷达高度计研制及其飞行实验的基础上,根据海面回波的性质,设计了一个星载雷达高度计系统。系统工作在脉冲有限足迹方式,发射脉冲为线性调频（Ｃｈｉｒｐ）脉冲,接收系统采用“全去斜坡”技术及频谱分析方法将海面回波信号从时域转换至频域处理,自适应跟踪器可抑制大于７５％的噪声,高脉冲重复频率使有效独立脉冲数达到最大,保证最大限度地抑制海面斑点噪声;设计了系统的主要工作模式：双分辨率捕获跟踪模式使海面回波信号的捕获时间小于５ｓ,定标模式可保证系统达到设计的测高精度;分析了主要噪声,即海面斑点噪声和接收机热噪声对高度估值的影响,通过对几种典型海况海面回波的模拟分析表明,系统则高精度可达±２ｃｍ。     

小型延时多普勒雷达高度计

延时多普勒雷达高度计（Delay Doppler Radar Altimeter,DDA）是采用孔径合成技术进行高度测量的雷达高度计。与传统雷达高度计相比,DDA沿航迹方向分辨率提高了10倍,发射峰值功率降低了10dB,测高精度提高到2cm。采用DDA技术可以使仪器测量精度更高、空间分辨率更高、功耗更低,易于实现小型化。DDA代表了新一代的卫星测高技术,特别适合海洋、海岸带和极冰的测量。该文就DDA测量机理、波形仿真和精度分析进行了研究。     

卫星雷达高度计近海波形重构算法进展研究

目前,制约卫星雷达高度计继续发展的一个主要问题是近海海域数据精度较低,并且大范围不可用。在现有的科技条件下,解决该问题的有效方法是波形重构。本文首先介绍了卫星雷达高度计回波波形形成原理,接着对几种用于近海的经典波形重构算法以及几种改进算法做了综述。     

CryoSat-2雷达高度计海冰波形优选特征分类

监测海冰的类型变化或厚度变化是较为有效的海冰监测方式,本文通过CryoSat-2雷达高度计对北极海冰类型开展研究。利用雷达高度计对北极海冰进行分类,一方面是难以挑选出最优特征参数,另一方面单一的雷达高度计数据难以实现海冰的相对精细化分类。针对以上问题,本文构建了一种利用卡方检验、互相关信息及Wrapper包装法组合的特征优选方法,利用该方法挑选出的特征子集（SSD+Sigma0+LTPP+PP+SK+LEW）结合随机森林分类法将北极地区的雷达高度计数据分为海水、一年薄冰、一年厚冰及多年冰。本文方法在训练集分类正确率为93.32%,验证集正确率为92.42%,Kappa系数为0.90,均优于其他特征组合,可以基本实现对北极地区海冰的有效分类,同时分类结果也有助于海冰厚度的反演。     

高度计测距精度对沿轨迹重力异常反演的影响

应用求解沿轨迹重力异常的垂线偏差法以及求解空间分辨率的交叉谱分析法,建立了高度计测距精度与沿轨迹重力异常反演精度以及空间分辨率的关联性模型。首先依据卫星测高原理,给出了沿轨迹重力异常的误差传播公式,然后以此为基础通过推导交叉谱分析中一致性系数与信噪比的数学表达式,建立了高度计测距精度与空间分辨率的解析关系。数值仿真结果表明:雷达高度计测距精度与沿轨迹重力异常反演精度成正比关系,与空间分辨率成幂函数关系,即高度计测距精度提高m倍,沿轨迹重力异常反演精度提高m倍,全球海域平均空间分辨率提高m0.464 4倍。将数值仿真结果与相关文献中对实际测高数据的处理结果进行比较,验证了理论分析及模型的正确性。     

激光站在星载雷达高度计绝对定标中的应用

推导了一般情况下激光站为星载雷达高度计进行绝对定标的数学模型,并进行了仿真验证和误差分析,对高度计定标精度进行了定量评估。利用Corsica定标场区中Grasse激光站对Jason-2卫星定轨的实测数据进行了分析,取得了满意的结果。     

Processing of altimetry data

Summary Two methods are discussed for the processing of altimetry data. For the first method it is assumed that the altimetry data, may be analyzed independent of the orbit computation for the satellite that carries the altimeter. Because of the high accuracy of the altimetry data, which can only be fully utilized if it is also introduced into the orbit computations, the second method deals with a simultaneous processing of altimetry data, orbit tracking, and gravity anomalies for the continents. To represent the gravity field, the potential of a simple layer is chosen whose unknown density is assumed to be constant over surface elements into which the surface of the earth is divided. Depending on the accuracy and the amount of the altimetry data, the surface elements for the density values are chosen smaller or larger, so that a very flexible representation of the earth’s gravity field is obtained. Because of the amount and the resolution of the altimetry data a large number of density values have to be determined in a least squares adjustment. To facilitate the computations, buffer zones are introduced so that the large system of normal equations can be broken up into small independent subsystems. Shortened version of a paper presented to the 14 th International Congress of Surveyors in Washington, Sept. 1974.     

SZ-4飞船多模态传感器辐射模态数据处理与质量评价研究

研究了飞船多模态传感器中辐射模态1B产品数据的处理以及生成全球亮温图的方法,对辐射模态数据与SSM/I和AMSR-E星载微波辐射计对应通道进行了星星比对分析,建立了对应通道之间的线性关系。结果表明,飞船辐射模态亮温与SSM/I及AMSR-E的测量值在绝对幅度上相差较大,但却高度的线性相关,这在一定程度上说明了SZ-4辐射模态各通道亮温对地表微波辐射响应的能力。     

Orbit determination of the SELENE satellites using multi-satellite data types and evaluation of SELENE gravity field models

The SELENE mission, consisting of three separate satellites that use different terrestrial-based tracking systems, presents a unique opportunity to evaluate the contribution of these tracking systems to orbit determination precision. The tracking data consist of four-way Doppler between the main orbiter and one of the two sub-satellites while the former is over the far side, and of same-beam differential VLBI tracking between the two sub-satellites. Laser altimeter data are also used for orbit determination. The contribution to orbit precision of these different data types is investigated through orbit overlap analysis. It is shown that using four-way and VLBI data improves orbit consistency for all satellites involved by reducing peak values in orbit overlap differences that exist when only standard two-way Doppler and range data are used. Including laser altimeter data improves the orbit precision of the SELENE main satellite further, resulting in very smooth total orbit errors at an average level of 18 m. The multi-satellite data have also resulted in improved lunar gravity field models, which are assessed through orbit overlap analysis using Lunar Prospector tracking data. Improvements over a pre-SELENE model are shown to be mostly in the along-track and cross-track directions. Orbit overlap differences are at a level between 13 and 21 m with the SELENE models, depending on whether 1-day data overlaps or 1-day predictions are used.     

测量机器人自动化垂直度与圆轴度检测系统研究

介绍了基于智能型全站仪的手持移动设备程序的开发环境与方法,研究了基于测量机器人的垂直度和圆轴度运动检测系统,该测量系统提供金跟踪、半跟踪和全手动三种测量模式。利用该系统进行测量可以对运动设备进行全自动化测量,集数据采集与数据处理系统于一体,实时直观提供数据分析结果供用户使用。笔者在深入研究了系统框架和系统开发方法后,基于WindowsMobile系统,在．NET平台运用C#编程语言实现了自动化垂直度与圆轴度数据采集与数据处理。     

Long-wavelength global gravity field models: GRIM4-S4, GRIM4-C4

Summary.  GFZ Potsdam and GRGS Toulouse/Grasse jointly developed a new pair of global models of the Earth's gravity field to satisfy the requirements of the recent and future geodetic and altimeter satellite missions. A precise gravity model is a prerequisite for precise satellite orbit restitution, tracking station positioning and altimeter data reduction. According to different applications envisaged, the new model exists in two parallel versions: the first one being derived exclusively from satellite tracking data acquired on 34 satellites, the second one further incorporating satellite altimeter data over the oceans and terrestrial gravity data. The most recent “satellite-only” gravity model is labelled GRIM4-S4 and the “combined” gravity model GRIM4-C4. The models are solutions in spherical harmonics and have a resolution up to degree and order 60 plus a few resonance terms in the case of GRIM4-S4, and up to degree/order 72 in the case of GRIM4-C4, corresponding to a spatial resolution of 555 km at the Earth's surface. The gravitational coefficients were estimated in a rigorous least squares adjustment simultaneously with ocean tidal terms and tracking station position parameters, so that each gravity model is associated with a consistent ocean tide model and a terrestrial reference frame built up by over 300 optical, laser and Doppler tracking stations. Comprehensive quality tests with external data and models, and test arc computations over a wide range of satellites have demonstrated the state-of-the-art capabilities of both solutions in long-wavelength geoid representation and in precise orbit computation. Received 1 February 1996; Accepted 17 July 1996     

TOPEX/Poseidon orbit error assessment

This paper discusses the accuracy of TOPEX/Poseidon orbits computed at Delft University, Section Space Research & Technology (DUT/SSR&T), from several types of tracking data,i.e. SLR, DORIS, and GPS. To quantify the orbit error, three schemes are presented. The first scheme relies on the direct altimeter observations and the covariance of the JGM-2 gravity field. The second scheme is based on crossover difference residuals while the third scheme uses the differences of dynamic orbit solutions with the GPS reduced-dynamic orbit. All three schemes give comparable results and indicate that the radial orbit error of TOPEX/Poseidon is 3–4 cm. From the orbit comparisons with GPS reduced dynamic, both the along-track and cross-track errors of the dynamic orbit solutions were found to be within 10–15 cm.     

海洋卫星测高及其反演全球海洋重力场和海底地形模型研究进展

海洋卫星测高在全球和区域大地水准面建模、全球海洋重力场反演、海底地形探测、海平面变化监测、构造板块运动研究等大地测量领域至关重要。本文概述了海洋微波测高卫星的简要发展历程,重点梳理了卫星测高在全球海洋重力场和全球海底地形建模方面取得的丰硕成果,对比分析了主流的海洋重力场和海底地形模型;介绍了合成孔径雷达高度计、Ka频段雷达高度计、合成孔径雷达干涉仪3种先进微波测高技术,并分析了其各自的优缺点,表明它们将在未来若干年呈并驱发展趋势;较为系统地阐述了海洋卫星测高的另一新型技术,即GNSS反射信号测量技术的研究动态,给出了GNSS-R(GNSS reflectometry)类(试验)卫星的发展脉络和发展前景。卫星测高的发展趋势之一是多颗测高卫星的组网观测,本文概括了曾经提出的和拟议中的若干组网测高计划,扼要介绍了由我国提出并正在实施的双星跟飞测高模式;最后指出了卫星测高发展的几个主要关注点,包括双星跟飞测高和SWOT(surface water ocean topography)任务的2维海面高(差)测量、卫星测高反演海底地形与高级地形激光高度计观测数据及遥感卫星图像的结合、星载GNSS-R厘米级海面高的载波相位测量、人工智能技术在卫星测高中的潜在应用等。     

国际重力卫星研究进展和我国将来卫星重力测量计划

本文首先分别介绍了国际已经成功发射的专用地球重力测量卫星CHAMP、GRACE以及即将发射的GOCE、GRACE Follow-On和专用月球重力探测卫星GRAIL的研制机构、轨道参数、关键载荷、跟踪模式、测量原理、科学目标和技术特征;其次,阐述了当前相关学科对地球重力场测量精度的需求;最后,建议我国在将来实施的卫星重力测量计划中首选卫星跟踪卫星高低\低低模式,尽快开展轨道参数优化选取的定量系统研究论证和重力卫星系统的误差分析,依据匹配精度指标先期开展重力卫星各关键载荷的研制以及尽早启动卫星重力测量系统的虚拟仿真研究。