青藏高原小嵩草高寒草甸返青期遥感识别方法筛选

小嵩草高寒草甸是青藏高原的主要植被类型,研究其返青期识别方法对于模拟及预测青藏高原植被物候变化具有重要意义。常用的植被返青期遥感识别方法主要是先对遥感植被指数原始时序数据进行拟合去噪声再求取返青期,各种方法对研究区域、研究经验、参数设置、函数初值设置等有很强的依赖性。为避免返青期识别方法在曲线拟合时对参数初值的依赖性和陷入局部最优解,本文引入了模拟退火算法对双高斯和双逻辑斯蒂函数进行参数优化,并分别对基于以上两种函数及多项式拟合的植被指数时序曲线进行对比,从而选出最佳拟合方法,最后采用最大斜率阈值法、动态阈值法和曲率法识别返青期。利用青藏高原小嵩草高寒草甸34个样本点的返青期地面观测数据及相应的8 km分辨率的NOAA归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)时序数据对以上各种组合的返青期遥感识别方案进行了测试,并选取了153个遥感实验点求取了近30年(1982年—2011年)青藏高原小嵩草高寒草甸的返青期,结果表明:采用双高斯函数拟合的NDVI曲线与原始NDVI时序数据最为接近,在此基础上采用最大斜率阈值法识别的小嵩草高寒草甸返青期及其变化趋势与地面物候观测结果最为一致;同时发现近30年青藏高原小嵩草高寒草甸的平均返青期主要集中在每年的第120—140天,并且呈逐年提前趋势,30年来提前了7天。     

基于ETM+遥感影像水体信息提取方法探讨

利用卫星遥感数据提取地物信息,已成为遥感观测地物的一种重要手段.但在地物信息提取时由于多种因素的干扰,导致部分地物信息丢失.如何解译出地物的细部信息成为遥感信息提取的关键.利用Landsat7遥感数据为例,探讨了提取水体专题信息的方法,通过对遥感影像进行最佳波段组合、色彩变换、分类后对水体信息进行提取,效果较好.     

黑河流域遥感物候产品验证与分析

植被物候遥感产品对全球变化响应、农业生产管理、生态学的应用等多领域研究具有重要意义。但现有植被物候遥感产品还有较多问题,主要包括一方面使用不同参数的时间序列数据以及不同提取算法导致的产品结果差异较大,另一方面在地面验证中地面观测数据与遥感反演数据的物理含义不一致导致的验证方法的系统性误差。本文以黑河流域为研究区,对比验证基于EVI(Enhanced Vegetation Index)时间序列数据提取的MLCD(MODIS global land cover dynamics product)植被遥感物候产品和基于LAI(Leaf Area Index)时间序列数据提取的UMPM(product by universal multi-life-cycle phenology monitoring method)植被遥感物候产品的有效性及精度等。同时,通过验证分析进一步评估基于EVI和LAI时间序列提取的物候特征的差异及特点,探讨由于地面观测植被物候与遥感提取植被物候的物理意义的不一致问题导致的直接验证结果偏差。结果表明:UMPM产品有效性整体高于MLCD产品,但在以草地和灌木为主的稀疏植被区,由于LAI取值精度的原因,UMPM产品存在较多缺失数据,且时空稳定性较低;基于玉米地面观测数据表明,EVI对植被开始生长的信号比LAI更加敏感,更适合提取生长起点,但植被指数易饱和,峰值起点普遍提前,基于LAI提取的峰值起点更加合理。由于地面观测的物候期在后期更加关注果实生长,遥感观测仅关注叶片的生长,遥感定义的峰值终点和生长终点与玉米的乳熟期和成熟期差异较大。     

Google Earth Engine云平台及植被遥感案例研究

植被物候是全球变化的敏感指示器,对陆表物质和能量交换产生显著影响.植被物候遥感分析存在数据收集困难、提取方法实现复杂等问题,谷歌地球云计算平台(Google Earth Engine,GEE)为基于遥感大数据的物候分析提供了有利条件.本文分析了GEE平台的数据源、开发接口和应用场景,然后基于GEE中的长时序植被指数数据集NDVI3g,在像素级别采用导数法提取分析了中国东北地区的植被物候变化情况,发现该区域春季返青期推迟,秋季衰落期提前.实验说明了基于GEE进行复杂地学计算的可行性和适用性,但是在算法验证方面存在改进的空间.     

中国植被绿度期遥感监测方法研究

基于遥感技术的地表植物物候监测,有效克服了传统地面观测站点有限、资料不完整等缺陷,实现了观测方法由点向面的空间尺度转换,因此可表征植被生态系统层面的物候现象.本文选择使用"植被绿度期"来代替"植物生长期或生长季"等概念,并以中国陆地植被为研究对象,建立了中国植被绿度期遥感监测模型--基于NDVI累积频率曲线的Logistic拟合模型,来计算中国植被绿度始期和绿度末期.为验证本模型结果的可靠性和优越性,使用地面物候观测数据对其结果加以检验,并与其他常见遥感监测模型进行了比较.结果和验证表明,在地处温带地区的牡丹江、呼和浩特、北京、西安和洛阳站点,使用本模型计算的植被绿度始期与地面观测结果相差9-21d,绿度末期相差0-13d,其准确度均优于其他遥感模型,而且年际波动相对较小;在地处亚热带地区的屯溪、仁寿、贵阳和广州站点,本模型结果产生较大误差.通过误差分析可知,在南方以常绿植被为主的亚热带地区,本模型计算所得的植被绿度始期和绿度末期并不是地表植被生长季始末日期的真实反映,而往往用于指示区域气候变化的特征.此外,本研究模型比其他方法具有更好的适用性,而且适合不同空间尺度的植物物候监测.     

陆表物候监测的遥感指数多维度评估

针对陆表植被物候监测已发展了很多遥感指数,但不同遥感指数表征陆表植被季节性变化的能力存在差异。目前,有关陆表植被物候遥感指数的评估大多在不同标准下开展,导致研究结果间的可比性较差,致使无法根据不同区域选择出最佳的遥感指数,从而影响大尺度（如半球乃至全球）的陆表物候监测精度。本文在北半球中高纬度地区,以75个碳通量塔站点的406条记录和129个物候相机站点的482条记录为参考标准,对10种遥感指数应用于陆表物候监测的能力进行了系统性评估,并从两个精度评估视角（物候提取准确度、物候变化趋势一致性）、4个维度（植被类型、地理环境、物候类型、物候事件）对比分析了各种情况下的最佳遥感指数及其精度。虽然部分遥感指数在多数情况下均表现最佳,但不同植被类型、地理环境、物候类型（功能物候、结构物候）、物候事件（春季、秋季）组合情况下的最佳遥感指数并不聚焦于少数几种,而是散布于各类遥感指数之中;即使是采用了最佳遥感指数,但在某些情况下,其用于陆表物候监测的误差仍较大。从不同的精度评估视角来看,物候提取准确度高的遥感指数并不一定与物候变化趋势一致性高的遥感指数相对应,说明应根据关注视角来选择最佳遥感指数。本...     

基于归一化指数分析的居民地遥感信息提取

以无锡市作为研究区域,采用2000年Landsat ETM+影像数据,通过对居民地的遥感机理分析,利用植被指数、水体指数、城镇指数相结合的方法提取居民地信息。分析遥感影像的谱间结构特征,通过试验,建立二值逻辑运算式,得到居民地遥感信息提取结果。并用该方法在不同时相不同地区的Landsat TM/ETM+影像上进行了进一步的验证。研究结果表明:该方法可以将居民地信息提取出来,并且效果较好。     

面向对象标准最邻近分类法在地理国情监测中的应用

地理国情监测项目范围大,遥感影像分辨率高,信息提取精度要求高,人工解译任务繁重,急需利用自动解译技术来提高效率。面向对象的标准最邻近分类法可针对地表覆盖信息实现数据的自动快速提取,相比于人工分类方法所提取的结果,该方法具有较高的精度,并且可大幅度提高地理国情监测地表覆盖信息提取的生产效率。     

利用MODIS数据识别水稻关键生长发育期

利用遥感方法提取中国范围内的水稻关键生长发育期。首先, 对时间序列Terra MODIS-EVI(Enhanced Vegetation Index)进行傅里叶和小波低通滤波平滑处理, 然后, 根据水稻在移栽期、分蘖初期、抽穗期和成熟期的EVI变化特征, 实现对各个生长发育期的识别。通过将利用2005年MODIS数据识别的结果与当年气象台站的地面观测资料进行比较, 采用本研究中的识别方法得出的水稻各个生长发育期的绝对误差大部分小于16d, 经过F检验表明提取的结果与地面观测资料在0.05水平下具有显著一致性。研究中的信息提取方法可被用于其他年份的水稻生长发育期识别, 根据其他作物的生长发育特点, 也可能适合于提取其他作物的生长发育期。     

应用面向对象的决策树模型提取橡胶林信息

橡胶林的无序和不合理种植引发了一系列的生态问题,快速监测橡胶林空间分布及动态变化,对橡胶的合理种植、区域生态环境保护以及有关部门的规划决策有重要的指导意义。以MODIS归一化植被指数NDVI时间序列数据和多时相的Landsat TM数据为基础分析橡胶林的季相和光谱特征,确定橡胶识别的关键时期和特征参数,构建面向对象的决策树分类模型,开展橡胶信息提取研究。结果表明,多时相的遥感数据可反映橡胶的季相特征,以TM数据为基础计算得到的陆表水分指数LSWI和归一化植被指数NDVI可作为橡胶识别的光谱特征参数,橡胶休眠期是利用遥感方法进行橡胶提取的最佳时期。相比于单时相数据,利用包含橡胶关键物候期的多时相遥感数据能得到更高的橡胶林提取精度。     

植被物候遥感监测研究进展

植被物候是研究植被与气候、环境变化间关系的重要参量。本文针对目前常用的阈值法、拟合法和延迟滑动平均法等植被物候遥感监测方法进行比较分析;介绍了传感器网络法、物候模型法等物候遥感监测验证方法;从遥感监测方法和数据源两方面分析物候遥感监测的误差来源;针对目前研究中存在的问题,讨论了遥感物候的主要研究方向:从机理层面,应创新植被物候遥感监测方法;建立标准化地面验证数据源;利用多源遥感数据,组成高时间分辨率的原始遥感数据源,提高植被物候遥感监测的时间分辨率和测算精度。     

融合Landsat 8与Sentinel-2数据的红树林物候信息提取与分类

科学准确地监测红树林是保护海陆过渡性生态系统的基础和前提,但红树林分布于潮间带,难以进行大规模人工监测。遥感技术能够对红树林进行长时间、大面积监测,但已有研究尚存不足。一方面,红树林分布于热带、亚热带区域,受到天气条件限制难以获得长时间覆盖的有效光学遥感数据;另一方面,红树林极易与其他陆生植被混淆,仅利用多波段数据的光谱信息难以精确识别。本文以恒河三角洲孙德尔本斯地区为例,基于谷歌地球引擎GEE（Google Earth Engine）获取2016年全年的Landsat 8 OLI和Sentinel-2 MSI数据,利用物候信息进行红树林提取研究。首先,基于最小二乘回归构建两个传感器在相同指数之间的关系,重建时间序列数据,之后根据可分性判据选取增强型植被指数EVI（Enhanced Vegetation Index）和陆地表面水分指数LSWI（Land Surface Water Index）。其次,对两个指数的时间序列数据进行Savitzky-Golay滤波处理,并分别提取生长期始期等13种物候信息。最后,将两个指数的物候信息进行特征级联,采用随机森林RF（Random Forest）方法进行分类,提取研究区红树林范围。实验结果表明：Landsat 8 OLI和Sentinel-2 MSI数据融合可有效提升时间序列质量,与基于单一传感器数据的分类结果相比,总体精度提高1.58%;物候信息可以显著增强红树林与其他植被的可分性,与直接使用时间序列数据的分类结果相比,总体精度提高1.92%;同时考虑EVI和LSWI指数可极大地提升分类效果,与采用单一指数相比,总体精度分别提高14.11%和9.69%。因此,本文通过数据融合、物候信息提取和指数特征级联可以更好地提取红树林,总体精度达到91.02%,Kappa系数为0.892。研究验证了物候信息在红树林遥感监测中的应用潜力,提出的方法对科学准确地监测全球或区域红树林具有一定参考价值。     

Using ground observations of a digital camera in the VIS-NIR range for quantifying the phenology of Mediterranean woody species

The spectral reflectance of most plant species is quite similar, and thus the feasibility of identifying most plant species based on single date multispectral data is very low. Seasonal phenological patterns of plant species may enable to face the challenge of using remote sensing for mapping plant species at the individual level. We used a consumer-grade digital camera with near infra-red capabilities in order to extract and quantify vegetation phenological information in four East Mediterranean sites. After illumination corrections and other noise reduction steps, the phenological patterns of 1839 individuals representing 12 common species were analyzed, including evergreen trees, winter deciduous trees, semi-deciduous summer shrubs and annual herbaceous patches. Five vegetation indices were used to describe the phenology: relative green and red (green\red chromatic coordinate), excess green (ExG), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and green-red vegetation index (GRVI). We found significant differences between the phenology of the various species, and defined the main phenological groups using agglomerative hierarchical clustering. Differences between species and sites regarding the start of season (SOS), maximum of season (MOS) and end of season (EOS) were displayed in detail, using ExG values, as this index was found to have the lowest percentage of outliers. An additional visible band spectral index (relative red) was found as useful for characterizing seasonal phenology, and had the lowest correlation with the other four vegetation indices, which are more sensitive to greenness. We used a linear mixed model in order to evaluate the influences of various factors on the phenology, and found that unlike the significant effect of species and individuals on SOS, MOS and EOS, the sites' location did not have a direct significant effect on the timing of phenological events. In conclusion, the relative advantage of the proposed methodology is the exploitation of representative temporal information that is collected with accessible and simple devices, for the subsequent determination of optimal temporal acquisition of images by overhead sensors, for vegetation mapping over larger areas.     

Evaluations and comparisons of rule-based and machine-learning-based methods to retrieve satellite-based vegetation phenology using MODIS and USA National Phenology Network data

Vegetation phenology is a sensitive indicator that reflects the vegetation–atmosphere interactions and vegetation processes under global atmospheric changes. Fast-developing remote sensing technologies that monitor the land surface at high spatial and temporal resolutions have been widely used in vegetation phenology retrieval and analysis at a large scale. While researchers have developed many phenology retrieving methods based on remote sensing data, the relationships and differences among the phenology retrieving methods are unclear, and there is a lack of evaluation and comparison with the field phenology recoding data. In this study, we evaluated and compared eight phenology retrieving methods using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the USA National Phenology Network data from across North America. The studied phenology retrieving methods included six commonly used rule-based methods (i.e., amplitude threshold, the first-order derivative, the second-order derivative, the third-order derivative, the relative change curvature, and the curvature change rate) and two newly developed machine learning methods (i.e., neural network and random forest). At the large scale, the start of the season (SOS) values, derived by all methods, had similar spatial distributions; however, the retrieved values had large uncertainties in each pixel, and the end of the season (EOS) inverted values were largely different among methods. At the site scale, the SOS and EOS values extracted by the rule-based methods all had significant positive correlations with the field phenology observations. Among the rule-based methods, the amplitude threshold method performed the best. The machine learning methods outperformed the rule-based methods in terms of retrieving the SOS when assessed using the field observations. Our study highlighted that there were large differences among the methods in retrieving the vegetation phenology from satellite data and that researchers must be cautious in selecting an appropriate method for analyzing the satellite-retrieved phenology. Our results also demonstrated the importance of field phenology observations and the usefulness of the machine learning methods in understanding the satellite-based land surface phenology. These findings provide a valuable reference for the future development of global and regional phenology products.     

Assessment of Potato Phenological Characteristics Using MODIS-Derived NDVI and LAI Information

Remote sensing techniques are capable of identifying a particular crop as well as monitoring its growing stages, crop vigor, and biomass. Due to the increasing demand for food staples, potato cultivation in Bangladesh has increased substantially over the last decade. A study was carried out in the Munshiganj area, the main potato-producing district in Bangladesh, to assess the growth of potatoes by modeling its important life metrics. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Leaf Area Index (LAI) products were extracted from MODIS Surface Reflectance Eight-Day L3 Global 500 m data from November 25, 2005 to March 6, 2006. NDVI and LAI were extracted for 50 selected fields in the study area and used to construct potato phenological curves. Twenty-two life metrics were derived for potato from the phenological curves. The first 12 metrics are the basic life metrics of potato and the others are supplementary. Results showed a significant amplitude and distinct response period of these vegetation indices. Based on the phenological curves, the spatial distribution of potato growth was estimated for the study area for both NDVI and LAI. The effect of temperature on crop phenology was examined during the potato growing season. It was found that significant growth occurred when the temperature was relatively low. This study demonstrates that remote sensing data can be effectively used to study potato growth in Bangladesh.     

融合多源遥感数据的高分辨率城市植被覆盖度估算

准确获取城市植被覆盖定量信息对城市生态环境评价,城市规划及可持续城市发展具有重要意义。遥感技术的发展为获取区域及全球植被覆盖信息提供了有效手段,目前基于单传感器、单时相遥感数据的城市植被覆盖度估算方法得到较为广泛的应用。然而,由于城市地表覆盖的复杂性、植被类型的多样性,在一定程度上影响了城市植被覆盖信息提取的精度。为此,本文提出一种基于多源遥感数据与时间混合分析的城市植被覆盖度估算方法。首先,通过时空融合、植被物候特征分析获得最佳时序的GF-1 NDVI数据;其次,基于时间序列的GF-1 NDVI及Landsat 8 SWIR1、SWIR2数据,采用时间混合分析方法以长沙市为例估算城市植被覆盖度。实验研究表明,基于多源遥感数据与时间混合分析方法获得了较高精度的城市植被覆盖度估算（RMSE为0.2485,SE为0.1377,MAE为0.1889）,相对于单时相光谱混合分析、传统的像元二分法,本文提出的方法更为稳定,在低、中、高不同植被覆盖区均能获得较高的估算精度,为城市植被覆盖度定量估算提供了有效方法。     

深度学习支持下的丘陵山区耕地高分辨率遥感信息分区分层提取方法

耕地是丘陵山区稀缺的土地资源,具有地形条件复杂、种植结构多样的特点,导致了山地耕地信息难以快速、准确获取,并且基于传统的遥感数据及遥感监测方法开展山区耕地信息快速自动提取比较困难。针对这一问题,本文以西南山区贵州省息烽县作为试验区,根据地理空间异质性特征,提出分区控制、分层提取的耕地形态信息提取思路,构建了一种地貌单元约束条件下的分区分层耕地形态信息的提取方法。该方法首先根据地貌-植被特征将试验区划分为平坝区、山坡区、林草区3类地理分区;然后在每类分区基础上,根据耕地所呈现的视觉特征划分为不同的类型,对不同类型的耕地分别设计不同的深度学习模型进行分层提取。试验结果证明,该方法对山区复杂地形背景噪声具有较好的抑制作用,所提取的耕地地块信息相比于传统方法更符合实际耕地的实际分布形态,有效地减少了漏提率和错提率。     

Mapping crop phenology using NDVI time-series derived from HJ-1 A/B data

With the availability of high frequent satellite data, crop phenology could be accurately mapped using time-series remote sensing data. Vegetation index time-series data derived from AVHRR, MODIS, and SPOT-VEGETATION images usually have coarse spatial resolution. Mapping crop phenology parameters using higher spatial resolution images (e.g., Landsat TM-like) is unprecedented. Recently launched HJ-1 A/B CCD sensors boarded on China Environment Satellite provided a feasible and ideal data source for the construction of high spatio-temporal resolution vegetation index time-series. This paper presented a comprehensive method to construct NDVI time-series dataset derived from HJ-1 A/B CCD and demonstrated its application in cropland areas. The procedures of time-series data construction included image preprocessing, signal filtering, and interpolation for daily NDVI images then the NDVI time-series could present a smooth and complete phenological cycle. To demonstrate its application, TIMESAT program was employed to extract phenology parameters of crop lands located in Guanzhong Plain, China. The small-scale test showed that the crop season start/end derived from HJ-1 A/B NDVI time-series was comparable with local agro-metrological observation. The methodology for reconstructing time-series remote sensing data had been proved feasible, though forgoing researches will improve this a lot in mapping crop phenology. Last but not least, further studies should be focused on field-data collection, smoothing method and phenology definitions using time-series remote sensing data.     

面向任务的高分辨率光学卫星遥感影像智能压缩方法

随着对地观测系统以及空间信息网络的快速发展,中国已经建成星地一体化的对地观测系统。高分辨率遥感影像数据从GB级转向TB级,轻小型智能遥感卫星有限的带宽容量和存储空间都严重限制了遥感信息的智能实时服务,由此提出了一种面向任务的智能压缩方法。首先,基于遥感影像的数据特点以及轻小型智能遥感卫星星地数传的瓶颈,分析了传统在轨压缩算法的局限性,论述了面向任务的高分辨率光学卫星遥感影像智能压缩处理的重要性;其次,提出了基于珞珈三号01星平台面向任务的智能压缩方法,通过星上高质量成像和高精度几何定位获取观测区域;然后,根据不同的任务需求,利用信息提取模型获取感兴趣目标/区域;最后,利用压缩模型对该区域进行自适应码率分配来实现高倍率压缩任务,并生成码流文件回传到地面。针对不同的任务需求,合理分配码率,可通过该方法有效实现遥感影像的高倍率智能压缩。