基于MODIS资料的中国东部时间序列空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移高度估算

空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移高度是很多气候模型和陆面模式中的重要参数,采用气象学方法推导这两个参数对于大范围长时间序列的计算需要大量长期的野外观测,而遥感方法可以快速经济的提供大范围数据,在本研究中采用形态学模型,以MODIS产品数据作为数据源,计算植被冠层面积指数,估算了中国东部2001-2003年归一化到植被高度的...     

复杂地形条件下零平面位移和空气动力学粗糙度的计算——以珠海南亚热带常绿阔叶林地区为例

空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移是影响陆面过程的重要参数。以往对空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移的计算往往针对均一程度较高的下垫面。以珠海南亚热带常绿阔叶林地区为例,探索了复杂地形下垫面空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移的计算。用拟合法和粗糙元法计算了该地区下垫面的空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移,并分析了两种方法的误差来源。计算结果表明,拟合法在这种复杂地形下的计算准确度并不理想,由于这种方法的代表范围较小,易受到周边地形影响而使测量结果不符合对数廓线的形式,从而得不到准确的结果。与拟合法相比,粗糙元法可以给出所计算下垫面的具体范围。粗糙元法计算结果的代表范围比拟合法大得多,因此,粗糙元法比拟合法更加能够反映的是该区域下垫面空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移的总体情况。另外,粗糙元法可以计算那些因为风速资料不足无法用风速廓线直接加以计算的区域的空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移。根据拟合法的计算结果,冬季315~45°范围内,z_0=2.96 m,d=22.48 m;45~135°范围内,z_0=1.26 m,d=8.81 m。春夏季315~45°范围内,z_0=3.90 m,d=27.00 m;45~135°范围内,z_0=1.51 m,d=14.83 m。根据粗糙元法的计算结果,东南西北四个方向1 km×1 km范围内z_0分别为0.94 m、1.28 m、1.30 m、2.08 m;d分别为13.87 m、18.79 m、19.12 m、30.61 m。     

城市下垫面空气动力学参数的估算

为了定量描述北京城市下垫面的空气动力学特征,为模式提供准确的下垫面参数.利用气象塔大气湍流观测资料,结合Martano(2000)由单层超声风速、温度资料估算非均匀下垫面空气动力学参数的方法,计算了中国科学院大气物理研究所气象塔附近的下垫面空气动力粗糙度z0和零平面位移d,即z0为1.75 m和d为40.12 m.该结果与前人研究成果的比较结果表明最近的8年内,该处的零平面位移和空气动力粗糙度明显增大,这与该塔周围城市建设状况吻合.     

典型特大城市下垫面空气动力学特征参数的计算与分析研究

基于2012年12月—2013年11月上海徐家汇气象铁塔风和湍流观测资料及铁塔周边500m半径范围(平均建筑高度为39.5 m)下垫面信息,分别利用温度方差方法、风速标准差方法、涡度相关法和形态学方法计算典型特大城市下垫面零平面位移和动力学粗糙度。结果表明,温度脉动方差法计算的零平面位移与建筑物高度分布存在差异,但在58~208°方向与建筑顶面积系数呈现正相关(相关系数0.73),计算公式的经验参数、稳定度阈值和风速对计算结果影响较为显著;涡度相关方法和风速标准差方法计算的动力学粗糙度随风向分布趋势相似(相关系数0.94),并与零平面位移呈负相关关系。形态学方法与动力学方法之间数值和随风向的变化趋势均存在差异,风温观测仪器源区和形态学方法分析区域具有显著影响。     

高大建筑物影响城市粗糙副层流场特征的数值研究

用数值模拟方法研究了高大建筑物对城市粗糙副层气流场特征的影响。数值模式采用基于雷诺平均纳维—斯托克斯方程组的应用计算流体力学FLUENT软件,次网格湍流参数化选用k-ε闭合方案。建筑物用立方体表示,并规则排列于模拟区域内。通过改变高大建筑物的数量与位置,对建筑物阵列内及其上空的气流特征进行了多个算例的数值模拟。依据模拟结果计算获得建筑物区域的面积平均风速廓线,结果表明各算例的粗糙副层风速廓线各不相同。运用动力学方法由风速廓线计算出各算例的零平面位移高度和粗糙度,并与几种计算零平面位移高度和粗糙度的形态学方法进行了比较检验。结果表明两种形态学方法(Ba、Ma)计算所得的零平面位移高度与动力学方法计算结果很接近,但对于粗糙度而言,几种形态学方法的计算结果都明显偏高。     

峨眉山地区近地层微气象特征研究

基于2019年12月至2020年11月峨眉山站梯度塔资料、辐射观测资料和地表通量资料,采用涡动相关法对峨眉山地区近地层的地表通量和蒸散发量的变化进行分析,并估算了零平面位移、空气动力粗糙度、空气热力粗糙度、动量通量输送系数和感热通量输送系数等重要的空气动力学和热力学参数.研究表明:近地面风速呈现高层高、低层低的特征,且...     

深圳356米气象塔观测数据的质量控制方法和空气动力学参数研究

气象高塔数据资料弥足珍贵, 对其进行质量控制将为后续科学研究和业务工作的开展提供便利; 此外, 利用塔基观测资料计算空气动力学参数有助于校正模式空气动力学参数理论值。对2017-2018年深圳356 m气象梯度观测塔共13层的每10 s风速、风向、相对湿度、温度探测资料进行数据质量控制, 基于莫宁-奥布霍夫相似理论和数据质量控制后的气象梯度观测塔近地层(10 m、20 m、40 m、50 m和80 m) 1分钟平均的风温资料, 利用最小二乘法拟合迭代计算了近中性条件下深圳气象梯度观测塔下垫面空气动力学粗糙度(z₀)和零平面位移(d)。结果表明:深圳气象梯度观测塔的气象探测资料数据质量很高, 连续两年平均数据缺失率为1.28%, 数据错误率为0.01%。近中性边界层条件下, 深圳气象梯度观测塔下垫面空气动力学粗糙度均值为0.35 m, 零平面位移均值为5.33 m, 结果合理可信。研究表明空气动力学参数受下垫面非均匀性、植株柔软性、气流来向、风速等的共同影响。      

城市下垫面空气动力学参数的确定

分析近10年北京325m气象塔常年观测资料,研究城市化发展对城市大气边界层动力学结构和特征的影响.结果表明,空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移总体是逐年递增的.气象塔西南方向的高层建筑群是20世纪90年代初期逐渐建成,在SW方向,空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移在90年代增加明显,增加的幅度1997年和1999年之间较大,这一点与气象塔西南方向城市化的加快相符合.而在NE、SE和NW方向,从1987年到1994年空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移增加明显,1994年以后变化较小.     

城市下垫面空气动力学参数确定方法综述

地表粗糙度和零平面位移是2个重要的空气动力学参数,对于城市下垫面,粗糙元的形态非常复杂,空间分布上存在较大的非均匀性,如何确定城市下垫面地表粗糙度和零平面位移目前尚无最佳方案。概述了这2个参数适用于城市非均匀下垫面的参数化方法,包括风温观测方法和粗糙元形态学方法。探讨了各自在应用过程中存在的问题及进一步的研究工作,并且提出,通过数学模型的改进和卫星遥感技术的引入,粗糙元形态学方法会有更好的发展前景：     

城市下垫面空气动力学参数确定方法研究综述

地表粗糙度和零平面位移是2个重要的空气动力学参数,对于城市下垫面,粗糙元的形态非常复杂,空间分布上存在较大的非均匀性,如何确定城市下垫面地表粗糙度和零平面位移目前尚无最佳方案。概述了这2个参数适用于城市非均匀下垫面的参数化方法,包括风温观测方法和粗糙元形态学方法。探讨了各自在应用过程中存在的问题及进一步的研究工作,并且提出,通过数学模型的改进和卫星遥感技术的引入,粗糙元形态学方法会有更好的发展前景。     

欧拉方程中三个参数选取与雷达测定区域降水量的精度

通过数值模拟资料和实测资料探讨欧拉方程三个参数选取原则和物理意义，研究表明参数的选取和雷达测定区域降水量存在一定的关系。这一结果为使用变分法测定区域降水量精度的提高，提供了有益参考。     

Spectral reflectance in an urban area a case study for Tokyo

The spectral reflectance of the surface in an urbanized area was estimated through airborne measurements of the spectral upward flux of visible radiation in the range 475–750 nm. Atmospheric effects due to Rayleigh and Mie scattering were accounted for by using optical parameters to solve the radiative transfer equation. The values for these parameters were derived from measurements of the particle number concentration and size distribution.The results clearly show a difference in reflectance between urban and suburban areas. The difference in spectral reflectance decreases from the suburban to the urban area.In a metropolitan area, the surface reflectance generally decreases with urban development, and the global upward flux of visible radiation has a similar tendency. This trend supports the idea of a decrease in reflectance due to the modification of the surface structure.     

关于中国西北干旱区陆—气相互作用及其对气候影响研究的最近进展

本文综述了中国西北干旱区陆—气相互作用及其对气候影响研究的最近进展。文中不仅回顾了“中国西北干旱区陆—气相互作用观测试验”经过连续12年的观测和多次加强期观测所取得的干旱区陆面过程参数的分析以及边界层和陆—气相互作用特征等的分析和研究,而且综述了应用这些参数来优化有关陆面过程模式的参数化方案和改进有关陆面过程模式的研究;并且,本文还综述了关于中国西北干旱区感热输送特征以及西北干旱区陆—气相互作用对中国东部气候的影响及其机理,并揭示了中国西北干旱区春、夏季具有高感热输送特征,此高感热对中国东部夏季气候变异有重要影响。此外,本文还指出今后在此方面应进一步观测和深入研究的科学问题。     

Modeling water and heat balance components for the river basin using remote sensing data on underlying surface characteristics

The method of the AVHRR-3 (NOAA) radiometer measurement data subject processing is produced for the retrieval of underlying surface temperature and several vegetation characteristics under cloud-free conditions. A technology for deriving the values of these parameters from the MODIS (EOS/Terra and Aqua) radiometer data is developed. The estimation of the temperature and vegetation characteristics is carried out for the Seim River basin (Kursk region) with the catchment area of 7460 km² for 2003–2005 vegetation seasons. Practical coincidence of estimations of AVHRR- and MODIS-derived temperatures, as well as the coincidence with ground observation results, is revealed. Statistics of these estimation errors is analyzed. Satellite-derived estimations of land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation characteristics are used for the calibration and verification of the developed model of the vertical heat and water transfer in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere system (SVAT). The model is intended for calculations of evapotranspiration, soil water and heat content, latent and sensible heat fluxes, and other water and heat balance components. The abilities to compute these parameters using the satellite estimations of the leaf area index and projective vegetation cover fraction as the model parameters and LST satellite estimations as the model input variable are investigated.     

UNCERTAINTY IN THE SPECIFICATION OF SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS: A STUDY OF PREDICTION ERRORS IN THE BOUNDARY LAYER

The effects of uncertainty in the specification of surface characteristics on simulated atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) processes and structure were investigated using a one-dimensional soil-vegetation-boundary layer model. Observational data from the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project Field Experiment were selected to quantify prediction errors in simulated boundary-layer parameters. Several numerical 12-hour simulations were performed to simulate the convective boundary-layer structure, starting at 0700 LT 6 June 1987.In the control simulation, measured surface parameters and atmospheric data were used to simulate observed boundary-layer processes. In the remaining simulations, five surface parameters – soil texture, initial soil moisture, minimum stomatal resistance, leaf area index, and vegetation cover – were varied systematically to study how uncertainty in the specification of these surface parameters affects simulated boundary-layer processes.The simulated uncertainty in the specification of these five surface parameters resulted in a wide range of errors in the prediction of turbulent fluxes, mean thermodynamic structure, and the depth of the ABL. Under certain conditions uncertainty in the specifications of soil texture and minimum stomatal resistance had the greatest influence on the boundary-layer structure. A lesser but still moderately strong effect on the simulated ABL resulted from (1) a small decrease (4%) in the observed initial soil moisture (although a large increase [40%] had only a marginal effect), and (2) a large reduction (66%) in the observed vegetation cover. High uncertainty in the specification of leaf area index had only a marginal impact on the simulated ABL. It was also found that the variations in these five surface parameters had a negligible effect on the simulated horizontal wind fields. On the other hand, these variations had a significant effect on the vertical distribution of turbulent heat fluxes, and on the predicted maximum boundary-layer depth, which varied from about 1400–2300 m across the 11 simulations. Thus, uncertainties in the specification of surface parameters can significantly affect the simulated boundary-layer structure in terms of meteorological and air quality model predictions.     

南沙海域近海层大气湍流结构及输送特征研究

本文根据南沙群岛渚碧礁的一次大气湍流观测资料，分析研究南沙海域的湍流热通量输送、方差相似性、风速各分量谱、温度谱及各湍流通量协谱等大气湍流结构和输送特征，并与陆地下垫面上的结果作了比较，得到了一些有关南沙海域大气湍流输送及湍流结构的新认识。     

京津唐水资源分析及预测

分析了京津唐水资源与海滦河流域４０站夏季降水量的关系。结果表明，水资源总量与降水量的逐年变化是相当一致的，降水对京津唐水资源有显著影响的区域在滦河中下游、永定河、大清河上游及滏阳新河。建立了显著影响区域降水量与水资源量的关系方程，复相关系数达０．９６。还指出，受气侯变化影响京津唐水资源逐年代递减趋势是非常明显的，尤以入境水的减少最为突出，应引起足够的重视。还探讨了水资源的预测方法，以冬季南支急流指     

Estimating Aerodynamic Parameters of Urban-Like Surfaces with Heterogeneous Building Heights

There are many geometrical factors than can influence the aerodynamic parameters of urban surfaces and hence the vertical wind profiles found above. The knowledge of these parameters has applications in numerous fields, such as dispersion modelling, wind loading calculations, and estimating the wind energy resource at urban locations. Using quasi-empirical modelling, we estimate the dependence of the aerodynamic roughness length and zero-plane displacement for idealized urban surfaces, on the two most significant geometrical characteristics; surface area density and building height variability. A validation of the spatially-averaged, logarithmic wind profiles predicted by the model is carried out, via comparisons with available wind-tunnel and numerical data for arrays of square based blocks of uniform and heterogeneous heights. The model predicts two important properties of the aerodynamic parameters of surfaces of heterogeneous heights that have been suggested by experiments. Firstly, the zero-plane displacement of a heterogeneous array can exceed the surface mean building height significantly. Secondly, the characteristic peak in roughness length with respect to surface area density becomes much softer for heterogeneous arrays compared to uniform arrays, since a variation in building height can prevent a skimming flow regime from occurring. Overall the simple model performs well against available experimental data and may offer more accurate estimates of surface aerodynamic parameters for complex urban surfaces compared to models that do not include height variability.     

湖南人工增雨云型的分析判别与多普勒天气雷达指挥系统的研制应用

对湖南主要人工增雨对象——积云和积层混合云作了多普勒天气雷达回波分析与判别,发现对流云在不同发展阶段回波特征有明显差异,而积层混合云持续时间长,回波特征变化小。综合分析回波强度、回波顶高、含水量、云顶温度、回波移速、回波面积等参数,得出湖南的人工增雨指标和评分规则,并依此建立地面人工增雨多普勒天气雷达指挥系统。它可实现实时指挥,发布作业预警信息以及作业方位角、仰角、用弹量等作业参数指令,结合作业点GPS信息及GIS地理信息将指导产品通过网络分发到各作业炮点。试验表明,它能有效提高对作业时机的预判能力、对作业对象的选择能力以及对实时作业的指导能力。