流域水环境遥感研究进展与思考

卫星遥感作为一种先进的水环境监测技术手段,可以监测现状,掌握现有情况;也可以追溯过去,揭示变化规律;同时还可以结合动力模型,模拟未来。这为人类了解、掌握和管理流域水环境变化发挥不可替代的作用。特别是近10 a已经进入“高分卫星时代”,卫星传感器的空间分辨率越来越高,可观测的参数越来越多,反演和估算精度越来越高。但是,目前还缺乏从流域角度阐述水环境遥感的相关综述文章。论文围绕“流域水环境遥感”研究主题,明确了研究的对象和范围,厘清了基本理论框架,并结合大家关注的问题,包括卫星数据源、水环境模型、富营养化湖泊藻类富集、水生植被退化、水面积变化等方面的研究进展和存在的问题进行了回顾和梳理;并指出在全球变暖和人类活动加剧背景下,未来需要研发专门面向流域水环境的天-空-地立体观测体系和系统框架,开展全流域统筹的水环境遥感监测和模拟,同时加强流域水体碳循环遥感研究。     

Satellite remote sensing for monitoring of vanishing seagrass in Swedish coastal waters

Jon Martin Trolldalen: On the fringe - a systems approach to the evolution of the environment and agricultural production in The Gambia, West Africa, 1948-1983. Dr. scient. thesis. Department of Geography, University of Oslo, 1986.     

基于遥感的安顺夜郎湖植被干旱响应特征

根据多年的气象资料和K干旱指数,分析了夜郎湖区域气候变化特征及其干旱背景,运用干旱年份（2009年11月—2010年3月）的4景Landsat卫星遥感数据计算了区域的归一化植被指数（NDVI）和修正的归一化水体指数（MNDWI）,重点分析了夜郎湖植被对干旱事件的响应特征,并探讨了极端干旱事件对湖泊生态系统的影响。结果表明：（1）夜郎湖水库及其周边地区表现出变冷变干的气候特征,1995—2012年间气温呈显著变冷的趋势（R²=0.54,P<0.05）,而年降水量表现出波动下降的趋势（R²=0.42,P<0.05）。2009年是夜郎湖自1995年以来降水相对稀少,同时也是干旱最为严重的年份（K<0.6）。（2）当水库的K干旱指数小于0.4（特旱）时,NDVI和植被面积呈显著下降的趋势即表现出大范围的缺水性死亡,干旱开始时水库对周边植被具有一定的调节作用,基本维持原有水平,之后水库调节能力下降,植被生长受到极度抑制,出现大范围的死亡。而水库水面因受到蒸发量增大与降水量减少的影响,水分逐渐丧失,面积呈逐渐递减的特征。（3）湖泊生态系统在面对特大干旱时植被的应对能力相对较差,地表水极其缺乏,植物根系无法获得维持其生存的水分,随着干旱程度的加深而大面积死亡。     

额尔齐斯河流域中亚段植被覆盖遥感动态监测

利用中亚北部额尔齐斯河流域2000-2008年的中分辨率成像光谱仪(Moderate ResolutionImaging Spectrometer,MOD IS)数据,分析了额尔齐斯河中亚段不同区域的归一化植被指数(Nor-malized D ifference Vegetation Index,NDVI)随季节变化的规律,并合成全年最大NDVI值代表当年植被最好时期的NDVI值,应用混合像元分解模型,计算研究区内的植被覆盖度并根据植被覆盖度的高低将研究区内的植被覆盖程度分为六个等级:无覆盖、极低覆盖度、低覆盖度、中覆盖度、中高覆盖度和高覆盖度。通过研究区内植被覆盖度的变化情况在一定程度上揭示研究区内植被变化情况。2000-2003年,研究区的植被覆盖水平有降低趋势,2003-2007年呈增加趋势,2007覆盖水平与2002年相近,2008年覆盖水平降低明显,为9 a来最低,是由研究区当年降水量减少引起;植被覆盖水平高的区域主要分布在研究区东北部的山区和西北部的平原区,植被覆盖水平较低的区域集中在流域中西部的干旱草原;高覆盖区域的植被覆盖年际变化幅度较中低覆盖区域的小。     

基于垂直带谱的南北过渡带1:5万植被类型图遥感制图研究——以太白山为例

The compilation of 1:250,000 vegetation type map in the North-South transitional zone and 1:50,000 vegetation type maps in typical mountainous areas is one of the main tasks of Integrated Scientific Investigation of the North-South Transitional Zone of China.In the past,vegetation type maps were compiled by a large number of ground field surveys.Although the field survey method is accurate,it is not only time-consuming,but also only covers a small area due to the limitations of physical environment conditions.Remote sensing data can make up for the limitation of field survey because of its full coverage.However,there are still some difficulties and bottlenecks in the extraction of remote sensing information of vegetation types,especially in the automatic extraction.As an example of the compilation of 1:50,000 vegetation type map,this paper explores and studies the remote sensing extraction and mapping methods of vegetation type with medium and large scales based on mountain altitudinal belts of Taibai Mountain,using multi-temporal high resolution remote sensing data,ground survey data,previous vegetation type map and forest survey data.The results show that:1)mountain altitudinal belts can effectively support remote sensing classification and mapping of 1:50,000 vegetation type map in mountain areas.Terrain constraint factors with mountain altitudinal belt information can be generated by mountain altitudinal belts and 1:10,000 Digital Surface Model(DSM)data of Taibai Mountain.Combining the terrain constraint factors with multi-temporal and high-resolution remote sensing data,ground survey data and previous small-scale vegetation type map data,the vegetation types at all levels can be extracted effectively.2)The basic remote sensing interpretation and mapping process for typical mountains is interpretation of vegetation type-groups→interpretation of vegetation formation groups,formations and subformations→interpretation and classification of vegetation types&subtypes,which is a combination method of top-down method and bottom-up method,not the top-down or the bottom-up classification according to the level of mapping units.The results of this study provide a demonstration and scientific basis for the compilation of large and medium scale vegetation type maps.     

The influence of bottom vegetation on remote sensing bathymetry: A case study using Landsat Thematic Mapper data in the Zanzibar Channel

By using echo-sounding data and considerable local knowledge of the environment the possibility to use data from Landsat TM for bathymetric mapping is analysed in the vicinity of Zanzibar. Different TM band combinations and basic image processing techniques are evaluated against the known water depths. The limitations of remote sensing techniques for bathymetric mapping are discussed, with emphasis on the problem of differences in reflective properties of the sea bottom. A recommendation for an optimal empirical method is given.     

基于NDVI的新疆荒漠地区植被覆盖度遥感估算经验模型研究

新疆荒漠地区植被覆盖度遥感估算模型十分缺乏,给荒漠化监测等相关工作带来很大不便,开展植被覆盖度遥感估算经验模型研究,对于促进和完善相关地区的生态监测及研究工作具有积极的现实意义。通过对阜康市北部沙漠南缘和克拉玛依市中部平原荒漠进行无人机航拍,利用无人机遥感提取(光合)植被信息,并将无人机航拍影像的植被覆盖度统计单元与高分辨率卫星影像像元在空间上直接相对应,获取在高分辨率卫星影像像元尺度上的植被盖度,然后通过植被覆盖度和空间上与其相对应的源自高分辨率卫星影像的NDVI数据的拟合关系,建立基于源自高分二号影像的NDVI的阜康北部沙漠植被覆盖度遥感估算线性模型以及基于源自ZY1-02C影像的NDVI的克拉玛依平原荒漠植被覆盖度遥感估算二次多项式模型。研究中所采用的无人机遥感与卫星遥感相结合、植被覆盖度统计单元与卫星像元在空间上直接对应的方法,可避免以往相关工作中常以点位测量数据代表卫星像元数据所带来的不确定性。由于所用卫星影像的NDVI数据稳定性相对不足等原因,所建立的遥感估算模型的估算精度尚相对偏低,有待于今后进一步的工作加以改进。     

The application of very high resolution satellite image in urban vegetation cover investigation： a case study of Xiamen City

With the technological improvements of satellite sensors, we will acquire more information about the earth so that we have reached a new application epoch of observation on earth environmental change and cartography. But with the enhancement of spatial resolution, some questions have arisen in the application of using traditional image processing and classification methods. Aiming for such questions, we studied the application of IKONOS very high resolution image (1 m) in Xiamen City on Urban Vegetation Cover Investigation and discussed the difference between the very high resolution image and traditional low spatial resolution image at classification,information abstraction etc. It is an advantageous test for the large-scale application of very high resolution data in the future.     

全国1:25万土地覆被遥感制图精度在内蒙古东部的实地验证

土地覆被是全球变化和区域可持续发展研究的重要内容,土地覆被遥感制图是支持全球变化和区域可持续发展研究的基础数据,制图质量是相关研究成果科学性的重要保证.本文针对全国1∶25万土地覆被遥感制图的精度评价,用大类分错扣1分,同一大类中的小类分错扣0.5分的计分评价方法,共选取190个样点,在内蒙古东部进行了实地验证.验证结...     

农牧交错区生态环境质量遥感动态监测——以宁夏盐池为例

以26 a（1989-2015年）4期Landsat TM/OLI遥感数据为基础,提取不同年份的湿度指数、植被指数、地表温度以及土壤指数,利用主成分分析法,构建盐池县4个时期遥感生态指数（RSEI）和生态环境质量综合指数（ESI）,对其生态环境质量进行了评价,探讨区域生态环境的时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）湿度、绿度对区域生态环境质量起正面作用,而热度和干度则起负面作用,其中代表绿度指标的植被覆盖度（NDVI）对生态指数的贡献最大。（2）1989-2015年间,4个年份RSEI均值分别为0.41、0.54、0.51、0.57,生态环境质量呈上升-下降-上升且整体变好的特征。26 a间研究区生态环境明显转好的面积约占全县面积的20.01%,而生态环境质量中明显变差的面积仅占全县面积的1.64%。改善区域主要分布在研究区北部的盐池县城-高沙窝镇-王乐井乡以及惠安堡镇以南-麻黄山地区,中部的冯记沟乡生态环境质量有所变差。（3）盐池县生态环境质量受气候影响明显,退耕还林还草、草地禁牧以及禁止乱砍乱伐等措施对生态环境质量的提升起到了重要的促进作用。     

Tropical forest monitoring and remote sensing: A new era of transparency in forest governance?

The extent of tropical deforestation is now being tracked by actors in the nongovernmental, academic, private and government sectors using several different sources of satellite imagery. This paper presents an overview of the satellite systems that can be used for operational forest monitoring in the tropics and examines some recent trends in their use. It also reviews various satellite-based studies to map moist tropical forests and draws upon lessons learned from land cover mapping projects in several countries and regions. The case of Indonesia, examined as a nation undergoing rapid conversion of forest to other land uses, is contrasted with Brazil where satellite-based deforestation monitoring is fully operational. In Indonesia, the paper argues, the creation of a national monitoring system for tropical forest conversion is needed to create a source of transparent, reliable information on forest cover and condition. Such a system is likely to succeed if based on multitemporal, moderate-resolution optical data such as imagery provided by MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer). When MODIS images are complemented by radar and fine-resolution imagery from sensors such as IKONOS and QuickBird, areas of abrupt change can be identified and the causes potentially discerned. Thus, satellite imagery at multiple temporal and spatial resolutions can effectively increase transparency in the forestry sector by revealing the rate and extent of deforestation on an annual basis and identifying potential areas of illegal logging.     

基于RS和GIS的城市化进程中河道时空演变分析——以深圳市布吉河为例

为研究城市化对城市河道的影响,论文选择处于粤港澳大湾区的典型高度城市化流域布吉河流域为研究区,基于1988-2015年10期Landsat系列遥感影像、2003-2017年9期Google Earth高分辨率遥感影像、2019年深圳市水系图以及1980年以来的河道整治相关文献,应用RS和GIS技术,构建城市河道演变特征...     

Colour infrared aerial photography as a tool for vegetation mapping and change detection in environmental studies of Nordic ecosystems: A review

The aim of the paper is to sum up knowledge of colour infrared (CIR) aerial photography as a tool for vegetation data for mapping and monitoring in environmental and biodiversity surveys and change detection surveillance. It compiles thirty years of research of the main ecosystems in Swedish vegetation, where the overall goal was to develop methods for mapping and monitoring vegetation by use of CIR aerial photographs, assess the accuracy compared to field-based mapping and to implement them as a tool in nature conservation and environmental planning. The methods include development of a classification system, identification and analysis of indicators, development of interpretation techniques, and evaluation compared to the data collected in the field. The CIR observable criteria are colour, texture, pattern, size, form, and density, based on spectral reflectance, physiognomy, life forms, ecological conditions, moisture and nutrition, vegetation period and phenology, topography, site conditions, and management methods. The methods have been used to produce vegetation maps of mountains, boreal forests, and mires in northern and central Sweden, in national inventories of wetlands, ancient meadows and pastures, key biotopes in forests and for monitoring agricultural landscapes.     

基于多源遥感影像的洞庭湖地形提取方法

湖底地形数据是湖泊流域规划与治理、湖区冲淤变化研究、水资源利用和生态环境保护的重要基础。但传统的大型湖泊湖底地形数据获取手段耗时长、投入大,因此,有必要研究一种基于遥感影像快速获取湖底地形数据的方法。本文以洞庭湖为研究对象,采用Landsat和MODIS系列遥感影像提取湖区边界,基于趋势面分析法和克里金插值法,反演湖区边界各点对应的水位,将带有水位信息的边界点作为高程点实现湖底地形反演,进一步用实测湖底地形验证反演方法的可靠性。研究结果表明,克里金插值法水位反演效果较好,交叉验证的误差标准平均值在0.2 m以内,水位样本点分布较多处,基于克里金法的地形反演绝对误差在1 m以内。本文利用湖泊淹没区域变化的特点快速获取湖底地形,对湖区演变分析、综合治理与保护等具有重要意义。     

东亚飞蝗生境的遥感分类——以河北省黄骅地区为例

东亚飞蝗生境的分类研究是东亚飞蝗监测和防治的一项重要基础工作。本文以河北省黄骅地区为研究区,基于两个时相的TM图像,采用三种遥感波段组合方案,以及最大似然分类和基于知识的分层分类两种分类方法,进行了东亚飞蝗生境的分类研究。结果表明,三种组合方案的分类总精度相差不大,其中加入图像纹理信息的最大似然分类法的分类总精度最高。但是,基于知识的分层分类法的分类精度在各单项生境类型之间相差较小,从而显示出该方法在应用上仍有一定的优越性。     

Remote sensing mapping of the regeneration of coastal natural habitats in Singapore: Implications for marine conservation in tropical cities

Rapid urbanization has resulted in the loss of coastal and marine habitats in cities worldwide. The effective conservation of urban coastal ecosystems requires detailed knowledge of their spatial distribution, necessitating high-resolution mapping. Our study produces a high-resolution coastal and marine habitat map and shoreline map for the tropical city-state of Singapore created through pixel-based supervised classification of satellite imagery, bathymetry data and expert ground knowledge. These maps can be used as a base reference for multiple applications including ecological research, conservation and urban planning. They also help identifiy trends in the extent of key coastal habitats, providing insight into their differing levels of vulnerability to loss and potential for restoration to ensure long-term resilience. The method used for mapping shoreline typologies and resulting insights gained, can guide other rapidly urbanizing coastal cities on strategies to assemble useful spatial knowledge for effective conservation of their urban coastal ecosystems.     

基于MSAVI-WI特征空间的新疆渭干河-库车河流域绿洲土壤盐渍化研究

土壤盐渍化是造成干旱区土地荒漠化及生态恶化的重要原因,及时获取大尺度高精度土壤盐渍信息是防治工作的基础。选取新疆塔里木盆地北缘渭干河—库车河流域三角洲绿洲为研究区,利用Lansat-TM数据与野外实测数据分析盐渍化土壤与修改型土壤调整植被指数(MSAVI)、湿度指数(WI)之间的关系,在此基础上提出了MSAVI-WI特征空间概念,构建了土壤盐渍化遥感监测指数模型(MWI)。结果表明:MWI与土壤表层含盐量相关性较高,其相关性为0.844,精度高于土壤盐渍监测常用的盐分指数与实测数据的相关性。MWI能较好的反映盐渍化土壤地表植被及土壤水分的组合变化,具有明确的生物物理意义,并且特征参量简单,理论上易于理解,实践上易于实现,MWI模型的构建有利于干旱区大尺度土壤盐渍化定量监测与评价工作的开展。     

面向对象的湿地景观遥感分类——以杭州湾南岸地区为例

在ENVIEX软件的Feature Extraction平台上,利用LandsatTM影像数据,采用面向对象方法对杭州湾南岸地区湿地景观进行遥感影像分类;通过与基于最大似然法、人工神经网络法、支持向量机法等传统像元方法的相应分类结果进行比较,系统分析了面向对象方法在中低分辨率遥感影像的湿地景观生态分类中的有效性。研究结果表明:①较之单一依据像元光谱值进行分类的传统方法,面向对象方法综合考虑了对象的光谱、空间、纹理、色彩等多种属性特征,因而对于类型复杂多样、分布界限模糊、光谱混淆与混合像元现象严重的沿海滩涂、湖泊、河流等湿地景观具有更好的鉴别能力,也因此获得更高的分类精度(研究区景观分类总精度为88.80%,Kappa系数为0.8765);②面向对象方法在分类中提取的是由同质性像元组成的"对象",且在合理的影像分割下得到的对象破碎化程度较低,因而能在较大程度上减小分类结果中的"椒盐噪声"干扰;而基于像元方法提取的景观类型以离散像元形式组成,难以清晰表征景观的边界、形状等信息,所以分类结果中会有明显的噪声现象;③影像分割在运用面向对象方法进行遥感影像分类过程中具有重要影响,实验结果表明,60%的分割尺度和归并尺度组合较有利于中低分辨率影像的遥感分类;④面向对象分类过程中诸如影像分割精度的评价、最优分割尺度的选取、特征空间的优化等问题,则有待今后进一步探讨。     

柴达木盆地水资源环境及生态效应地球卫星遥感监测研究定位站

柴达木盆地水资源环境及生态效应地球卫星遥感监测研究定位站胡东生（中国科学院青海盐湖研究所，西宁，８１０００８）关键词水资源环境生态效应，地球卫星遥感监测，定位研究站，柴达木盆地，青藏高原１．立现依据和研究意义柴达木盆地处于青藏高原的东北部，四周群山环...