河北小石门银金矿床地质地球化学特征与矿床成因

河北小石门银金矿床位于小寺沟斑岩铜钼矿床的南西侧.矿体呈脉状、透镜状,银金矿化受NNE向断裂控制,成矿与杂岩体及二长斑岩有关;矿物组合主要为中低温矿物组合,成矿温度240～365℃;流体包裹体研究表明成矿流体富硫,有较高的K ,NH4 ,Ca2 和Na ,成矿热液为岩浆热液;硫同位素分析显示,硫来源于岩浆;稀土元素分析亦表明成矿物质来自于二长斑岩及小寺沟岩体,而铅锌矿可能部分来源于地层.推断小石门银金矿床为中低温热液矿床.     

小寺沟铜钼矿成岩-成矿系统浅析

河北小寺沟斑岩铜钼矿是华北地区一个大型铜钼矿床。本文通过分析小寺沟岩体地质特征,认为本岩体为脉动式侵入的浅成复式岩体,呈岩枝状产出,且岩石具典型的斑状结构;通过剖析岩体主量元素与稀土元素特征,认为属典型的Ⅰ型花岗岩;综合分异指数、Mg#指数和无铕异常等多方面特征,认为结晶分异作用在斑岩岩浆演化中不占主导地位,而岩浆来源于下地壳部分熔融与加入的玄武质岩浆。以上特征均与斑岩型铜钼矿床含矿岩体相当。最后,通过矿床硫同位素及硫化物稀土元素特征的研究,利用对比分析法,揭示研究大型斑岩型矿床的要素。     

河北省小石门银金矿床地质特征及成因探讨

小石门银金矿位于小寺沟铜钼矿外围,是小寺沟铜钼矿成矿系列的组成部分.矿区内有三条长逾千米的金银矿化带,共17个矿体.矿体赋存于硅质白云岩中,受北北东向断裂及顺层滑脱断层构造控制明显,在空间上和切层或顺层产出的闪长玢岩及二长斑岩关系密切.矿体形态为不规则脉状、透镜状、囊状,矿石成分为富金属硫化物矿石及贫金属硫化物矿石,围岩蚀变主要表现为褐铁矿化、黄铁矿化、硅化、碳酸盐化.从硫同位素特征、稀土元素特征、成矿温度、包体成分特征等矿床地球化学特征综合研究,认为该矿床硫元素和成矿物质来源于与小寺沟杂岩体同源异相岩浆岩,矿床的成矿温度属中低温,矿物组合为中低温矿物组合,成矿热液为岩浆热液.矿床成因为与小寺沟杂岩体及二长斑岩有关的中低温热液充填型矿床.     

内蒙东部白土营子钼铜矿田的矿床地质特征、辉钼矿Re-Os年龄及其意义

白土营子斑岩型-石英脉型钼铜矿田是华北板块北缘西拉沐沦钼矿带南部新近发现的与岩浆热液活动密切相关的钼铜成矿系统.本文在矿床地质特征研究的基础上,对矿田内三个重要钼铜矿床开展了辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年,初步获得:1)白土营子斑岩型钼铜矿床的成矿年龄为248.O±10Ma(MSWD=0.52,n=6);2)白马石沟石英脉型铜钼矿的成矿年龄为248.6±6.7Ma(MSWD=1.06,n=4);3)库里吐石英脉型钼铜矿的成矿年龄为245.0±4.3Ma(MSWD =0.71,n=5);这一结果揭示该矿集区的钼铜矿化发生在早三叠世.该成矿系统的形成适值早三叠世西伯利亚板块与华北板块碰撞造山过程的晚期,二长花岗斑岩的UST结构证明含矿流体来自岩浆作用.早三叠世钼铜成矿作用在华北板块北缘及邻区有一定的普遍性,找矿前景可观.     

云南格咱岛弧带南缘铜厂沟铜钼矿成矿斑岩岩石成因及动力学背景探讨

<正>铜厂沟铜钼矿床位于云南格咱岛弧构造-岩浆岩带的南端,是近年来新发现的大型斑岩型矿床。铜厂沟成矿斑岩岩性为花岗闪长斑岩,锆石U-Pb年代学的研究结果表明,岩浆的结晶年龄为87.2±0.7Ma。铜厂沟花岗闪长斑岩具有高硅(63.02%~74.06%)、高碱(K2O+Na2O=6.97%~8.79%)、富钾(K2O/Na2O=0.71~2.13)的特点,属于高钾钙碱性岩石系列;岩石富集轻稀土元素,轻重稀土元素分     

内蒙古白乃庙铜钼矿区侵入岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义

白乃庙铜钼矿是华北地块北缘最重要的大型铜钼矿,矿区中部花岗闪长斑岩与成矿关系密切。为探讨成岩成矿关系,笔者选取花岗闪长斑岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和岩石地球化学特征研究。花岗闪长斑岩测年分别为432.4±2.2 Ma、440.7±2.1Ma和443±1Ma,岩体侵位时代为早志留世,与铜矿石中辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄440.5±4.4Ma(待刊)基本一致。岩体属高钾钙碱性岩石组合系列,稀土曲线右倾,δEu 14.83~-19.54,弱亏损,富集Rb、Ba、Th、U、K,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti,具有岛弧花岗岩的地球化学性质。结合区域地质背景,认为白乃庙铜钼矿成矿与早志留世花岗闪长斑岩岩浆期后热液活动密切相关,成矿构造背景为早古生代古亚洲板块向华北板块俯冲形成的白乃庙古火山岛弧带。     

江西省村前铜多金属矿床斜长花岗斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

村前铜多金属矿床是产于钦杭成矿带东段的重要的斑岩-矽卡岩矿床,含矿岩体为黑云母斜长花岗斑岩和斜长花岗斑岩,具有多次侵入特点及钙碱性岩石的地球化学特征.本研究采用了LA-ICP-MS技术,首次对含矿的斜长花岗斑岩岩体中的锆石进行了U-Th-Pb同位素分析,获得其成岩年龄为(169.3±1.1 )Ma.这一年龄与钦杭成矿带中德兴花岗闪长斑岩、银山石英斑岩、冷水坑花岗斑岩、桐村花岗斑岩等岩体的年龄十分接近,揭示在钦杭成矿带175～156Ma经历了一次大规模的岩浆侵位与成矿事件,形成了众多与埃达克质或钙碱质花岗岩有关的斑岩-矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床,进一步说明钦杭成矿带在此时期在同一岩浆-动力背景下形成了斑岩-矽卡岩型铜多金属矿成矿系列.     

黑龙江穆棱砍椽沟钼铜矿床地质与地球化学特征

砍椽沟钼铜矿床位于佳木斯—牡丹江多金属成矿带的南东段,钼铜矿化产于花岗闪长岩和花岗斑岩岩体中。矿床主量元素分析结果表明,成矿岩体具高Sr、Na、K和低Y、Mg,显示出钙碱质岩浆演化特点,应属C型埃达克岩;微量元素测试结果显示本区花岗质岩石亏损Nb、Nd等高场强元素,富集Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素,同时表明矿区的花岗质岩石具有埃达克岩属性;稀土元素组成具有轻微负Eu异常的特点,表明斜长石发生一定程度的分离结晶作用,或曾受到斜长石分离结晶作用的影响,且岩浆为地壳来源,在岩浆岩源区存在着一定数量的石榴石残留。矿床属斑岩型--热液脉型成因,成矿岩体的形成与太平洋板块俯冲作用关系密切。     

中国斑岩铜矿与埃达克(质)岩关系探讨

对比研究了中国26个主要斑岩铜矿的地球化学特征和年代学,结果表明其中25个矿床与埃达克(质)岩有成因联系,且多数与玄武质下地壳熔融形成的埃达克岩(C型)有关,现有数据表明土屋-延东和普朗斑岩铜矿可能与俯冲板片熔融形成的埃达克岩(O型)有关。容矿斑岩的初始锶值为0.7034～0.7090,均大于洋中脊玄武岩和亏损地幔的初始锶值,多数与EMI的初始锶值接近,推测其源区或源岩主要为玄武质下地壳,少数为洋中脊玄武岩,并受到中、上地壳不同程度的混染,这与两类埃达克岩的源区基本一致。虽然埃达克质岩浆具有形成斑岩铜矿的巨大潜力,但并非所有埃达克岩都能成矿,不同岩体需具体分析。     

滇西北铜厂沟夕卡岩-斑岩型Mo-Cu矿床成矿岩体的高氧逸度特征及区内斑岩矿床成矿元素组合差异控制因素分析

滇西北铜厂沟夕卡岩-斑岩型Mo-Cu矿床位于特提斯构造域的东部,成矿岩体为晚白垩世花岗闪长斑岩,矿化和岩体紧密共生,主要为夕卡岩型和斑岩型矿化。分析了花岗闪长斑岩中锆石Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺、Eu_N/Eu_N~*比值、岩体氧化物共生组合及岩体Sr-Nd同位素组成。铜厂沟花岗闪长斑岩中锆石具高的Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺比值(250～1415)和高的Eu_N/Eu_N~*比值(0.61～0.75),与智利北部以及中国的玉龙、德兴斑岩型矿床的基本一致,显示高氧化性特征;岩体发育赤铁矿-磁铁矿组合及据锆石微量元素组成计算岩浆lgfO_2值在-2.8～-20.0之间,也表明岩浆具高氧化特征,岩浆中的硫主要为氧化硫。岩浆中氧化硫主要通过与岩浆中的Fe²⁺反应,形成磁铁矿,使氧化硫还原,为硫化物沉淀析出提供还原硫。岩体全岩初始(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i比值在0.706881～0.706970之间,ε_Nd(t)值在-5.0～-5.5之间,两阶段模式年龄t_DM2范围在1297～1337 Ma之间,表明其主要为古老下地壳部分熔融形成的,并混有少量幔源组分。滇西北地区发育斑岩Cu-Mo(Mo-Cu)、Cu-Au-Mo及Cu-Au矿床,不同元素组合斑岩矿床成矿岩体岩浆都具高氧化特征,但矿床成矿元素从Cu-Mo→Cu-Au-Mo→Cu-Au,矿化岩体的(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)i范围从0.7076～0.7101逐渐减少到0.7053～0.7059,ε_Nd(t)值范围从-5.9～-6.1逐渐增加到-2.2～-3.8,显示幔源物质增加或地壳物质减少。这表明区内斑岩-夕卡岩型矿床成矿元素组合受源区控制,斑岩铜金矿床岩浆源区含较多幔源物质,斑岩铜钼矿床岩浆源区含较多壳源物质。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.