两种分析—维砂柱弥散实验数据的方法

文中提出了两种分析一维、稳态和连续注入定浓度示踪剂条件下的半无限砂柱弥散实验数据，确定纵向弥散系数DL值的方法。与原有方法相比较，它们具有：1）由于避免了人工作图和读数，消除了人为因素对参数计算结果准确性的影响；2）易将求参过程程序化，由微机完成等优点。     

两种分析一维砂柱弥散实验数据的方法

文中提出了两种分析一维，稳态和连续注入定浓度示踪剂条件下的半无限砂柱弥散实验数据，确定纵向弥散系数ＤＬ值的方法，与原有方法相比较，它们具有：１）由于避免了人工作图和读数，消除了人为因素对对数计算结果准确性的影响；２）易将求参过程程序化，由微机完成等优点。     

示踪弥散试验影响因子分析

污染物质在含水介质中的运移,不仅受到水文地质条件的制约,而且受水化学动力条件的制约。示踪弥散试验常用于模拟地下水污染物质的运移研究,为污染预测和污染防治提供依据。试验选用NaCl为示踪剂,砂土为介质。在室内进行一维弥散试验,针对示踪剂的浓度、水力梯度、砂土干密度等影响因素,进行系统分析。结果表明,弥散系数与NaCl浓度、水力梯度成正比,与砂土干密度成反比。     

孔隙结构和水动力对饱和多孔介质中颗粒迁移和沉积特性的耦合影响

为了研究孔隙结构和水动力对悬浮颗粒在饱和多孔介质中沉积和迁移特性的影响,对天然硅粉（悬浮颗粒）和荧光素钠（示踪剂）在饱和多孔介质中的渗流迁移特性进行土柱试验,分别得到了5种不同渗流速度（0.033、0.066、0.132、0.199、0.265 cm/s）、两种不同多孔介质（石英砂和玻璃球）的悬浮颗粒和示踪剂全组合下的20条穿透曲线。根据试验结果,研究孔隙结构、渗流速度对饱和多孔介质中颗粒迁移和沉积过程中水动力作用机制、弥散效应、加速效应的影响。研究表明,悬浮颗粒的穿透曲线可以用一阶沉积动力学对流弥散方程的解析解来描述。随着渗流速度的增大,水动力学作用对颗粒出流浓度的影响越来越大,而孔隙结构的影响则相对减弱。同时,存在一个临界渗流速度值。当渗流速度超出该值时,悬浮颗粒迁移要快于示踪剂,而且临界渗流速度对于玻璃球和石英砂两种多孔介质是不同的;其次,在两种介质中,随渗流速度增大,弥散度增加,回收率和回收悬浮颗粒粒径增大,沉积系数先增大后减小。此外,在孔隙比相近的情况下,悬浮颗粒在玻璃球介质中的回收率要大于其在石英砂中的。可见,孔隙结构和渗流速度是影响饱和多孔介质中颗粒输运的重要因素,渗流速度越大,孔隙结构的作用越明显。     

江汉平原过渡带黏性层状土弥散试验与模拟研究

为研究江汉平原—大别山区过渡带黏性层状土中溶质迁移的规律,以保守性阴离子Br-为示踪剂,通过等温吸附试验、一维弥散试验、HYDRUS-1D软件模拟反演手段,研究了Br-在黏性层状土中的吸附参数、迁移规律,模拟反演其弥散参数。结果表明：（1）Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型均能较好的拟合吸附试验结果,随着土壤中黏粒比例的增大,土壤对Br-的饱和吸附量有所增加;（2）层状土中土壤质地与结构均会影响穿透曲线的形状,但一维饱和土柱中的弥散过程主要取决于含水介质系统中黏性颗粒的占比,黏粒的增加会对溶质运移产生阻碍作用;（3）通过HYDRUS-1D软件构建模型反演弥散参数,R2均大于0.991,拟合效果较好,分析发现层状土中无论土壤组成类型还是层厚及排序的影响,其本质都是改变了土壤的平均孔隙流速从而影响弥散作用,平均孔隙流速越小其弥散系数越小;（4）试验中粉质黏土弥散系数约为0.005～0.048 cm2/d,远远小于下部砂土弥散系数0.524～7.477 cm2/d,差值达到了至少两个数量级,表明研究区内厚层黏土为控制地层,会较大程度阻碍地下水中溶质运移,上部含水层中的污染物或有机...     

本钢郑家屯潜水含水层弥散试验研究

在本钢郑家屯潜水含水层中进行了弥散试验，以Ｃｌ＾－为示踪剂，瞬时投放，根据流场条件，建立了二维水质运移模型。利用标准曲线法进行处理，得到了各监测井处的弥散度，对该试验结果进行分析，得到了在试验范围内，多孔介质中水动力弥散度的变化。     

榆阳矿区含水介质弥散实验研究

以水动力弥散理论为基础,在中能榆阳煤矿矿坑排水池采取8组岩心样,垂向上和水平上各采集4组,进行室内一维沙柱弥散实验,以半无限含水层中污染物迁移模型的解析解计算了弥散度,并分析了测定结果的误差来源,为地下水溶质运移模型的建立提供参数。研究结果：水平方向采集的沙样的弥散度大于垂直方向采集的沙样的弥散度,这是由于水平取样时破坏了含水介质的密实度和颗粒排列,另外,室内一维沙柱实验测得的弥散度与野外弥散实验弥散度有一定差距,因此在条件允许的情况下尽量采用野外弥散试验测定方法。     

页岩介质中放射性核素迁移的实验研究及其数学模型

在自行设计的实验装置中进行了放射性核素13 1I在页岩介质中的扩散、渗透 -弥散的实验。采用渗透法及扩散法获得了实验曲线并计算出弥散系数、阻滞系数、孔隙度等参数。实验表明13 1I在页岩介质中为弱吸附核素 ,其阻滞系数较小。在此实验基础上建立了放射性核素13 1I在页岩介质中的一维迁移物理模型及数学模型。结果表明13 1I随地下水迁移得比较慢 ,因此页岩对13 1I的迁移能起到一定的阻滞作用     

非保守示踪剂条件下的河流水质参数的确定

将描述示踪剂为非保守、瞬时投源条件下的一维河流水团示踪试验的解析表达式进行2次适当的变形,分别得到一个二元和一元线性方程。对二元线性方程应用相关系数极值法,可以推导出计算河流横断面平均流速的公式;利用直线图解法或一元线性回归法能够计算出一元线性方程中的2个常数值,据此可以计算河流的纵向离散系数D_L与示踪剂的一级反应速率常数k。与现有的数据分析方法相比较,该方法具有:(1)适用于示踪剂为非保守的情况;(2)利用一组野外试验数据可以同时计算河流离散系数D_L、河流横断面平均流速V与示踪剂的一级反应速率k常数3个参数值;(3)全部数据分析过程可以程序化,由计算机完成等特点。     

饱和黏性土中污染物运移一维模型试验研究

基于一维室内模型试验,以氯化钠溶液来模拟可溶性污染物,以饱和黏性土为介质,研究了污染物在饱和黏性土中的运移规律,分析了渗透路径的增加导致穿透曲线的相关变化,提出了弥散系数的测定方法。结果表明,随着渗透路径的增加弥散系数逐渐增大,同时证明了污染物与饱和黏性土在接触时间较短的情况下,依然存在较明显的离子的吸附解吸现象。为污染物运移模型的研究及场地的污染情况预测提供参考。     

煤层气藏水平井渗流规律与压力动态分析

通过气体拟压力代替Langmuir吸附公式中的压力,得到了煤层气藏水平井拟稳态渗流的数学模型。采用积分变换和分离变量等方法求解了数学模型,给出了Laplace变换空间解。绘制并分析了吸附因子、储容比、窜流系数和渗透率模数对典型曲线的影响。通过分析指出,拟稳态流的双对数压力导数曲线会出现明显的“V”形曲线,并且储容比和煤层气吸附系数主要影响“V”形曲线的深浅,而窜流系数主要影响“V”形曲线出现时间的早晚。渗透率变异系数主要影响典型曲线的晚期形态,而对早期形态没有影响。      

多个相关随机参数的空间变异性对溶质运移的影响

根据给定渗透系数、孔隙度以及吸附系数的概率分布,采用顺序高斯模拟生成相关的多参数随机场的实现,作为地下水流和溶质运移模型的输入参数,对污染物浓度进行随机分析。研究结果表明,与仅考虑渗透系数空间变异性相比,考虑相关的多参数空间变异性导致污染羽的扩散程度有显著不同。当孔隙度与渗透系数呈正相关关系时,会减少污染羽的扩散程度,反之,当孔隙度与渗透系数为负相关关系时,会加剧污染羽的扩散程度。吸附系数也是如此。在考虑吸附系数的空间变异性之后,污染羽的分布表现出拖尾现象。同时考虑渗透系数、孔隙度以及吸附系数空间变异性时,孔隙度非均质性对溶质运移的影响较吸附系数非均质性的影响更大。     

Kinetics of lead adsorption by iron oxides formed under the influence of citrate

The presence of organic acids greatly affects the formation of Fe oxides and surface properties; however, the subsequent effect on the kinetics and mechanisms of Pb adsorption by the Fe oxides formed under the influence of organic acids remains obscure. The kinetics of Pb adsorption on the Fe oxides formed in the presence of citrate ligands at initial citrate/Fe(II) molar ratios (MRs) of 0, 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 was studied at the initial Pb concentration of 8.33 μM and pH 5.0 at 278, 288, 298, and 313 K using macroscopic batch method. The results indicate that the Pb adsorption followed multiple first-order kinetics and the rate coefficient, activation energy, and pre-exponential factor in the Arrhenius equation of the adsorption varied greatly with the surface properties of the Fe oxides formed at various citrate/Fe(II) MRs. The alteration of surface properties of Fe oxides formed at the citrate/Fe(II) MR of 0.1 and the effect on the rate coefficient of the fast and slow reactions of Pb adsorption were especially significant. The rate-limiting step of Pb adsorption reactions on the Fe oxides was predominantly a diffusion process, except for the slow reaction of Pb adsorption on the Fe oxides formed at the initial citrate/Fe(II) MR of 0.1, where the rate-limiting process was evidently a chemical process, which may involve bond breaking between the coprecipitated citrate ligand and Fe oxide. The rate coefficients of Pb adsorption by the Fe oxides formed at various citrate/Fe(II) MRs cannot be explained by the activation energy alone. The pre-exponential factor plays an important role in influencing the rate coefficient of Pb adsorption by the Fe oxides. The role of organic acids such as citric acid in influencing the crystallization and the resultant alteration of surface properties of Fe oxides, and the impact on the dynamics of Pb in terrestrial and aquatic environments, thus merit close attention.     

污染地下水治理过程不确定性的影响因素分析

污染含水层系统中地下水质的恢复之所以往往收效不大，在于地下水去除污染过程中存在诸多不确定性因素。文中把之分为两类：一类具有客观不确定性；另一类则具有主观不确定性。前一类中包括：(1)污染含水层介质的非均一性；(2)污染物的非平衡吸附作用；(3)污染物吸附分配系数的非均一性；(4)部分有机污染物的非水溶性；(5)PAT方案中非完整井以及水流的影响等。后一类则包括数值模拟中模型的概化以及参数的取值等。最后，概述了研究此类问题较为有效的方法，即应包括问题的定义、不确定性分析以及风险(或失效)评估等。     

考虑泥沙影响的污染物输运年龄数值模拟

自然水体中污染物的迁移、转化规律与经泥沙吸附后的沉降、再悬浮等泥沙过程密切相关,其机制尚不明确。采用污染物输运年龄对泥沙影响进行了量化分析,并应用于南黄海辐射沙脊群西洋海域。基于水体中泥沙-污染物模型,推导了考虑泥沙影响的污染物输运年龄的计算方程,通过数值模拟分析了污染物分配系数KD对污染物输运年龄空间分布的影响。研究成果表明:计入泥沙影响后,污染物浓度显著减小,污染物输运年龄随之增大,表明泥沙对污染物扩散起阻碍作用;污染物分配系数KD表征泥沙吸附能力,污染物输运年龄与其呈一定的正相关性,当该系数达到一定值(KD=10^3L/g)时,泥沙吸附能力趋于饱和,污染物输运年龄不再发生显著改变。     

滑坡稳定性传递系数计算法的改进

对目前普遍采用的基于强度储备法及超载法推导的应用于滑坡稳定性及滑坡推力计算的两种传递系数法进行了讨论，认为基于强度储备法的传递系数法方法对稳定性计算是适合的，但其计算的滑坡推力偏小，与目前在考虑防治工程可靠度的基础上采用超载法原则不相符，不利于防治工程的稳定；基于超载法的传递系数法方法在进行稳定性计算时，允许条块间出现的拉应力，某些情况下所计算的稳定系数偏大，由此带来安全隐患。基于此，本文以超载法为基础对上述两种方法进行了改进，推导了改进的传递系数法，并采用两个实例进行了验证。     

Use of rhodamine WT with XAD-7 resin for determining groundwater flow paths

A passive sampling system for use with rhodamine WT (RWT) in groundwater tracing experiments was developed to assist in the characterisation of groundwater flow paths. Amberlite XAD-7 resin was found to be suitable for adsorption of RWT, which can then be extracted using an ethanol/water mix and analysed fluorometrically. Batch and column experiments showed that XAD-7 resin has a high RWT capacity. The adsorption was slightly dependent on pH, but was always above 75% under batch conditions. The resin had a high percentage mass recovery at flow velocities around 1.5 m/day, but this decreased with increasing flow velocities. Desorption of RWT off the resin in water is dependent on the flow velocity of water and the time after the peak RWT has passed. The mass of RWT extracted from the resin bags correlated very well with both the RWT mass flux in the water and the peak concentrations observed in the monitoring wells in a field experiment. The results of resin bags were reproducible in the field with a mean coefficient of variation equal to 16%. This method has been successfully applied to two field situations with different flow velocities to indicate groundwater flow paths. Electronic Publication     

Solvent extraction followed by ultraviolet detection for investigation of tetramethylthiuram disulfide at soil-water interface

Tetramethylthiuram disulfide is a widely used pesticide and a soil treatment agent in the agricultural sector. Consequently, its detection in the environment and investigation of the distribution between the aqueous and soil phases would be of highly importance. In this study, the detection of tetramethylthiuram disulfide in CHCl₃ was successfully achieved through absorbance measurements at 280 nm, which resulted in linear calibration curves. This detection method was extended for the determination of the partition coefficient (K_D) of tetramethylthiuram disulfide between CHCl₃ and H₂O phases at ambient temperature. The partition coefficient was subsequently used to determine the apparent partition coefficient (K_D) of tetramethylthiuram disulfide between sieved soil of diamater < 2.0 mm used for agricultural practices and water where by the quantification of tetramethylthiuram disulfide in water after adsorption equilibrium with soil was achieved through a solvent extraction step of tetramethylthiuram disulfide-contaminated water into CHCl₃. The K_D determined for an initial tetramethylthiuram disulfide concentration ranging from 3.00 ppm to 10.00 ppm showed a decreasing trend, which leveled off at high concentrations, indicating the strong irreversible adsorption behavior of tetramethylthiuram disulfide on soil at low concentrations. The proposed detection method would have the potential to determine the extent of adsorption of tetramethylthiuram disulfide in soil or its levels in water when tetramethylthiuram disulfide is introduced to soil systems for agricultural practices.     

Application of adsorption potential theory to methane adsorption on organic-rich shales at above critical temperature

The characteristic curves for methane on organic-rich shales at above critical temperature were investigated. And the adsorption equation of methane on organic-rich shales at above critical temperature was deduced. The results show that the improved Amankwah’s method is applied to obtain the suitable pseudo-saturation pressure and then the optimal characteristic curve for methane on organic-rich shales can be determined based on the adsorption potential theory. The adsorption equation is constructed by combination of the D–A equation and characteristic curve, which could reliably predict the methane adsorption capacity on organic-rich shales at different temperatures and pressures. The methane adsorption capacity first increases to maximum and then decreases with increasing the depth. When the burial depth is lower than a depth corresponding to the maximum adsorption capacity, the adsorption capacity is determined by the hydrostatic pressure gradient combined with the geothermal gradient. The higher the hydrostatic pressure gradient is, the larger the maximum adsorption capacity is. However, when the burial depth exceeds the critical depth, the methane adsorption capacity is mainly affected by the geothermal gradient. The higher the geothermal gradient is, the faster the fall rate of the adsorption capacity is.