板内强震的中地壳硬夹层孕震与流体促震假设

以国内外地壳流体及其与强震活动关系的最新研究结果为基础,进行了多方面的探索与论证,提出板内强震的中地壳硬夹层孕震与流体促震（BEH-PEF）的假设．该假设的要点是地壳中存在上下两大流体活动系统,其间发育有中地壳硬夹层,该层是地壳应力积累并孕育地震的层．当其中某些部位积累的应力达到屈服强度时,则进入微破裂-膨胀（扩容）阶段并形成震源体．被扩容的震源体在真空吸泵作用下,由下层流体系统把流体吸渗到其内,在震源体内引起剪切力增强与抗剪力减弱的两个过程同步发展,并最终因剪切力达到抗剪力导致震源体的破裂而发生地震．      

地壳流体对地震活动的影响与控制作用

地壳中普遍存在着流体,不仅在地壳动力过程中发挥重要作用,而且也极有可能在地震孕育与发生过程中起着不为人知的重要作用。这样的认识,越来越得到地质学家与地球物理学者们的认可。本文概括介绍了地壳流体对地震活动的空间分布、震源深度与强震活动周期的影响与控制作用,并提出了地壳硬夹层孕震与流体促震的假设。最后还介绍了通过流体控制地震活动并实现减轻地震灾害的思想。     

华北地区强震活动与月相的关系及其机制

华北地区及其地震带的强震活动与月相密切相关。华北地区和河北平原、河淮及南海地震带强震大都发生在朔前后。郯庐和汾渭地震带强震多发生在上弦前后,依据华北地区强震孕育的地壳上地幔构造,探讨了引潮力触发地震的可能机制--潮致流体上涌触发模式,该模式的要点是:①上地幔和地壳内存在流体是孕育强震的必要条件;②深部流体可能快速上涌;③引潮力可能是触发流体快速上涌的主要作用力;④深部流体通过如应力腐蚀或雷宾德尔效应之类的非线性机制激发地震。     

地壳中的流体及其在构造和地震活动中的作用概述

地壳中的流体及其作用问题，近年来正在成为地球科学研究的新热点与焦点。文章简要介绍了地壳中流体的基本概念与主要特征及其在全球构造、板块构造、区域构造与显微结构活动中的作用；着重介绍了流体在震源过程中的作用，地壳浅部热流体的循环与地壳活动，地壳深部高层层与强震分布，断裂带中的水岩相互作用与断裂阀模式及地震水力学等。     

辽宁省长程水氡资料动态特征及其与地震活动的关系探讨

对以地震预报为目的而开展的辽宁省盘锦、岫岩、汤池三个水氡点的长程观测资料做系统分析,总结了资料多年动态特征,并就其变化与地震活动关系进行研究;以及岫岩地震前后水氡异常变化与震源应力场关系进行了探讨。结果表明:水氡异常的幅度可能反映地震活跃期的强震活动水平;浅层地下流体观测可以反映地壳深部活动的力学过程。     

汶川地震典型流体趋势前兆异常的初步研究

强震的孕育和发生,主要决定于地壳介质结构和应力-应变的积累与变化.地下流体是地壳介质的有机组成部分,具有特殊的物理化学性质与动态变化特征.因而地下流体不仅能灵敏地反映地壳介质的应力-应变的变化,而且能调整与诱发地壳的应力-应变变化.因此,地下流体的动态变化是一种重要的地震前兆信息.强震的孕育过程具有阶段性,从中期、中短期进入短期阶段.     

地震前兆场物理模式与前兆时空分布机制研究（三） ——强震孕育时地震活动与地壳形变场异常及机制x,auto,auto,415px);}style> hf=httprztl.com >business week launch

从华北37次M6.0地震前的地震活动图象异常，以及1954～1992 年首都圈地壳形变图象研究中，提炼出强震前的异常特征；对强震前的地震活动图象异常与地壳形变异常进行对比分析．结果发现:① 强震前出现地震活动的增强与地壳形变速率的增大；② 震前数年环绕强震震中出现孕震空区与形变空区；③ 在图象动力学参数方面都表现出信息维的减小，表明地壳形变局部化随着时间而增加，是反映强震孕育阶段的重要现象和参量．最后，应用非均匀介质中非均匀坚固体孕震模式，对强震前地震活动图象与地壳形变图象异常物理机制给予了统一解释.      

从怀来4井水化学异常变化分析流体在孕震过程中的作用

20世纪60年代，流体在地震孕育与发生过程中的作用就已受到研究者关注。如Evans(1966)发现美国洛基山兵工厂周围地震活动与深井注入废液有关。在我国的地壳流体活动与诱发地震关系的研究方面，也取得了很多成果。针对上地壳流体与地震活动的关系，前人在辽东半岛、东南沿海、红河断裂带、京津地区进行了系统研究。结果表明，地壳热流体活动区的地震活动多，但多为中小地震；而地壳热流体活动弱的地区地震活动数量相对少，但以大震活动为主。近年来，地下流体在孕震过程与构造活动中的作用的研究已有了一些进展。     

重力作用下的地壳物质流与大陆强震重复周期

重力作用下的地壳物质流是壳内重要的构造活动现象,它对大陆地区强震起着控制作用。大陆强震重复周期与地壳物质流速相关,在地壳物质流速较快的地区,强震重复周期较短,反之则较长。计算出地壳物质流速不同地区的强震重复周期值。在地壳物质流速低于一定数值的地区内,只能在地壳岩石中产生流变结构,而不致于发生强震。上述看法可供评价有关地区地震危险性时参考。     

地震前兆场物理模式与前兆时空分布机制研究（三）──强震孕育时地震活动与地壳形变场异常及机制

从华北３７次Ｍ≥６．０地震前的地震活动图象异常，以及１９５４～１９９２年首都圈地壳形变图象研究中，提炼出强震前的异常特征；对强震前的地震活动图象异常与地壳形变异常进行对比分析．结果发现：①强震前出现地震活动的增强与地壳形变速率的增大；②震前数年环绕强震震中出现孕震空区与形变空区；③在图象动力学参数方面都表现出信息维的减小，表明地壳形变局部化随着时间而增加，是反映强震孕育阶段的重要现象和参量．最后，应用非均匀介质中非均匀坚固体孕震模式，对强震前地震活动图象与地壳形变图象异常物理机制给予了统一解释．     

南北地震带地壳结构多参数成像及强震触发机制研究

通过反演由大量的纵、横波地震数据组成的综合数据集,获得了南北地震带地壳的多参数三维精细结构,探讨和分析了南北地震带的高地震活动性和强震频发的原因.成像结果表明,尽管1976年松潘一平武地震(M7.2)与2008年汶川地震(M8.0)以及2013年芦山地震(M7.0)均发生在高速、低泊松比异常区域,并且在其震源的下方均有一低速、高泊松比异常区域.我们认为,上述三个地震的触发与流体侵入导致的地壳形变之间有密切的联系.1955年炉霍地震(M7.4)和1973年康定地震(M7.1)均发生在鲜水河断裂带上,其震源中心区域表现为低速、高泊松比异常,可以解释为下地壳中的流体沿断层面上涌.在震源区的周边区域兼有高速、高泊松比异常,低速、高泊松比异常以及高速、低泊松比异常,可能分别与含流体的岩石、沿断裂带发育的变质岩以及坚硬的克拉通块体对应.流体的侵入不仅能够改变断层面上的应力情况,还能降低岩石骨架的岩石力学强度,进而触发地震.1970年云南通海大地震(M7.1)发生在哀牢山一红河断裂带附近的曲江断裂上,其震源处于高速度、低泊松比异常与低速度、高泊松比异常之间的边界区域,被认为是流体挤压后的应变能积累,最终导致脆性破裂,以至于发生地震.根据本次研究获得的多参数结构图像,结合前人的研究成果,我们认为南北地震带地壳强烈形变与流体侵入是造成该区域地震活动性较高及强震频发的两个主要因素.     

THE COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH OF RECENT GRAVITY AND CRUSTAL DEFORMATION IN NORTHEASTERN EDGE OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU

In this study, we systematically analyzed the relationship between regional gravity changes, 3D crustal deformation, regional tectonic environment and strong earthquakes based on the relative gravity measurements(2011-2014), GPS data and the background vertical deformation from the leveling measurements conducted from 1970 to 2011. Subsequently, we further characterized the temporal-spatial patterns and discussed the mechanism of regional gravity changes and the crustal deformation. The results can be summarized as follows:1)The regional gravity changes, the GPS-derived horizontal deformation and the vertical deformational obtained from leveling data showed a close spatial relationship:The gravity increased along with the direction of horizontal movement, and the gravity decreased with the crustal uplift and vice versa, which reflects the inherited characteristics of neotectonic activities. 2)The crustal deformation was closely related to the active faults. The contour lines of gravity changes and vertical deformation were generally along with the Qilian-Haiyuan Fault(the strike is NWW), and the crustal horizontal deformation showed left-lateral strike slip motion near the Qilian-Haiyuan Fault. 3)The strong earthquakes usually occur in the active faults where intensive gravity change and vertical and/or horizontal deformation occurred. The extrusion deformation, surface compression rate and gravity changes were obvious near the epicenter of 2016 Menyuan earthquake. The 2013 Minxian-Zhangxian M_S6.6 earthquake occurred in the direction-turning area of intense gravity gradient zone and the transitional area of surface compression and vertical deformation. The first author of this paper has made a medium-term forecast before the Minxian and Menyuan earthquakes, especially the location of the earthquake. Based on the above understandings, we emphasized that:there are still possibilities of strong or huge earthquakes within medium-long term in the areas of crustal deformation anomalies in the study region.     

中国西部地区地壳结构特征与强震活动相关性研究

中国西部地区是地震活动十分强烈的地区,天山、阿尔泰、帕米尔和西昆仑都是著名的地震构造带,在这些地震构造带和周边地区发生了多次震级大于5级的强震.本文通过分析西部地区的重力场特征,根据重力数据结合地震剖面、应用Parker-Oldenburg方法反演得到了研究区莫霍面深度,通过对比地震层析成像的反演结果,分析了研究区的地壳结构特征.计算结果表明,研究区地壳结构不均匀特征明显,在造山带地区一般是莫霍面坳陷区,盆地则是莫霍面隆起区,主要造山带地壳速度结构表现为高速区,盆地和主要凹陷区为低速区.根据计算结果和以往强震震中位置分析了地壳构造与强震活动的相关性,西部地区的地震活动与地壳结构的横向不均匀密切相关,强震主要发生在地壳速度变化带附近和地壳速度结构差异较大的地区,在构造应力作用下,这些地壳介质非均匀地区易发生强震,这是中国西部造山带和盆-山边界附近频发强震的构造原因之一.     

Influence of fluids and magma on earthquakes: seismological evidence

In this paper, we present seismological evidence for the influence of fluids and magma on the generation of large earthquakes in the crust and the subducting oceanic slabs under the Japan Islands. The relationship between seismic tomography and large crustal earthquakes (M=5.7-8.0) in Japan during a period of 116 years from 1885 to 2000 is investigated and it is found that most of the large crustal earthquakes occurred in or around the areas of low seismic velocity. The low-velocity zones represent weak sections of the seismogenic crust. The crustal weakening is closely related to the subduction process in this region. Along the volcanic front and in back-arc areas, the crustal weakening is caused by active volcanoes and arc magma resulting from the convective circulation process in the mantle wedge and dehydration reactions in the subducting slab. In the forearc region of southwest Japan, fluids are suggested in the 1995 Kobe earthquake source zone, which have contributed to the rupture nucleation. The fluids originate from the dehydration of the subducting Philippine Sea slab. The recent 2001 Geiyo earthquake (M=6.8) occurred at 50 km depth within the subducting Philippine Sea slab, and it was also related to the slab dehydration process. A detailed 3D velocity structure is determined for the northeast Japan forearc region using data from 598 earthquakes that occurred under the Pacific Ocean with hypocenters well located with SP depth phases. The results show that strong lateral heterogeneities exist along the slab boundary, which represent asperities and results of slab dehydration and affect the degree and extent of the interplate seismic coupling. These results indicate that large earthquakes do not strike anywhere, but only anomalous areas which can be detected with geophysical methods. The generation of a large earthquake is not a pure mechanical process, but is closely related to physical and chemical properties of materials in the crust and upper mantle, such as magma, fluids, etc.     

Role of crustal fluids in triggering the West Bohemia/Vogtland earthquake swarms: Just what we know (a review)

We summarise the results of seismological studies related to triggering mechanisms, driving forces and source processes of the West Bohemia/Vogtland earthquake swarms with the aim to disclose the role of crustal fluids in the preparation, triggering and governing of the swarms. We present basic characteristics distinguishing earthquake swarms from tectonic mainshock-aftershock sequences and introduce existing earthquakes swarm models. From the statistical characteristics and time-space distribution of the foci we infer that self-organization is a peculiarity of West Bohemia/Vogtland swarms. We discuss possible causes of the foci migration in these swarms from the viewpoint of co-seismic and/or post-seismic stress changes and diffusion of the pressurized fluids, and we summarize hitherto published models of triggering the 2000-swarm. Attention is paid to the source mechanisms, particularly to their non-shear components. We consider possible causes of different source mechanisms of the 1997-and 2000-swarms and infer that pure shear processes controlled solely by the regional tectonic stress prevail in them, and that additional tensile forces may appear only at unfavourably oriented faults. On data from the fluid injection experiment at the HDR site Soultz (Alsace), we also show that earthquakes triggered by fluids can represent purely shear processes. Thus we conclude that increased pore pressure of crustal fluids in the region plays a key role in bringing the faults from the subcritical to critical state. The swarm activities are mainly driven by stress changes due to co-seismic and post-seismic slips, which considerably depend on the frictional conditions at the fault; crustal fluids keep the fault in a critical state. An open question still remains the cause of the repeatedly observed almost simultaneous occurrence of seismic activity in different focal zones in a wider area of West Bohemia/Vogtland. The analysis of the space-time relations of seismicity in the area between 1991 and 2007 revealed that during a significant part of this time span the seismicity was switching among distant focal zones. This indicates a common triggering force which might be the effect of an increase of crustal-fluid pore-pressure affecting a wider epicentral region.     

1992年美国加州兰德斯地震——地壳结构不均匀性对地震发生的影响

为了理解地震的发生和地壳结构不均匀性的关系，利用南加州地震台网的固定台和临时台所记录的2863个兰德斯余震和区域地震，共计107401个P波和19624个S波高质量的到时数据，采用地震层析成像方法得到了兰德斯地震区P波和S波的精细的三维速度结构和泊松比分布．结果显示，地震的发生和分布与地壳结构的横向不均匀性有密切的关系．总体上看，兰德斯地震区余震成丛分布，并被低速块体截断，其中4级以上地震大多分布于P波高、低速异常过渡区域或偏向高速块体一侧，这可能是因为高速区多属地壳脆性介质，易于造成应力集中，导致地震；反之，低速度区则可能代表破碎程度较高、富含流体或温度较高区域，因而更倾向于产生无震变形．基于兰德斯地震区强震震源位置、地震区P波、S波速度异常与泊松比分布推断，兰德斯地震区可能有流体存在．地壳流体易使地壳岩石弱化，从而引发大地震．     

鲜水河断裂带深部情况及其与地震的关系

本文根据重力、航磁、地壳视厚度、地震活动性及震源深度等资料,对鲜水河断裂带形成的深部状况及其与地震发生的关系进行了初步分析和讨论。结果表明: 1.该断裂带在上地幔顶部的壳幔界面上並未得到清晰和直观的反映,因此推测它可能未切穿岩石圈,而属一条壳内区域大断裂。2.该断裂是在前海西期构造隆起背景上发育起来的。3.从地壳剖面上看,古生代变质岩系底板以下到磁性居里等温面之间的带状空间,是该断裂带的孕震和发震的层位。4.磁性居里等温面的隆起或高点部位,因岩浆或高温流体的侵入,往往是孕震断层的根部,根部增温,上部锁住,故有利于应力的集中,最易产生错动,而成为强震孕育、发生的重要场所。     

地壳运动全变率指标（NDR）系与地震事件

地壳运动全变率指标（ＮＤＲ）系由地表横向变形弯曲度Ｓ，垂向切变反差度τ和地壳运动总强度Ｍｔ组成，是一组定量表示地震危险性的动态地质标志。对华北地区１９６６～１９９６年５次地震（Ｍ＞６）震前地壳运动进行ＮＤＲ系计算，发现ＮＤＲ系异常特征与地震事件间存在密切关系。该法对地震预报、工程地震、评估地壳活动性及地球动力学研究等方面，具有广泛的应用前景     

中国大陆与周边板块边界强震活动的互动关系探讨

分析中国大陆与周边板块边界、尤其是西部地震“大三角”地区强震活动的关系认为,中国大陆与周边板块边界带的强震活动之间存在互动关系,而不完全是后者对前者的触发作用。进而根据中国大陆地震构造环境、大尺度地壳运动变形动态与强震活动状况,研究和探讨了这种“互动关系”可能的构造动力机理和我国大陆未来地震活动的发展趋势。     

华北地区地壳P波和S波速度结构的双差层析成像

基于华北地区(37°N—42°N,113.5°E—118.5°E)133个固定地震台站收集到的P波和S波震相数据,利用双差层析成像法反演了该地区地壳三维速度结构并对所用地震进行了重定位.结果显示:地震走时残差均方根的平均值由重定位前的0.265 s下降至0.008 s;重定位后的震源主要分布于6—16 km深度范围内;...