径潮共同作用对径流型河口盐水上溯的影响

为进一步认识径流型河口枯季盐水上溯距离变化的影响因素及其作用机制,将实际河口简化并在不同径流量下分别用等潮差正弦潮和主要分潮驱动,进行盐水三维数值模拟试验。结果表明:随着径流和潮汐两大基本作用的相对强度不同,平衡态下盐水形态和位置自动调整并最终达到盐输运平衡,径流量小于3 000 m3/s且潮差小于2 m时,最大上溯距离随潮差的变化规律在不同径流量下存在明显差别;大小潮半月周期内盐水呈现非平衡态,非强混合时潮周期盐水上溯最大距离围绕平衡态随潮差呈顺时针绳套关系变化。径流导致的密度环流作用和潮汐的混合作用交织,两者相互影响并协同发展,两种作用相对强度的不同是导致径流型河口盐水上溯距离变化显著的主导因素。     

中国沿海地区海水入侵现状与分析

首先介绍了我国存在着严重海水入侵灾害的三大河三角洲——长江三角洲、珠江三角洲、老黄河三角洲(莱州湾地区)海水入侵现状。长江口和珠江口海水入侵主要受河流入海径流量和河口潮汐影响,莱州湾地区海水入侵的产生则主要是人类过量开采地下淡水所致。地下淡水和咸水之间存在着一个动态平衡的混合界面,淡水储存一旦减少,平衡状态被打破,该界面便会向陆移动。最终产生海水入侵。海水入侵的发生受着诸多因素制约,在中国沿海地区。地下淡水的储备与人类的用水需求之间存在着矛盾,人类过量开采地下淡水是产生海水入侵的主导因素。因而开源节流、人工回灌地下淡水、阻隔水流等措施在防治海水入侵方面是行之有效的。     

海水入侵的实验研究

在海岸含水层中,含较多盐分的海水向陆地方向入侵形成淡-咸水交界面,通常称为海水入侵界面。该界面的动态变化受气象、水文地质和人类活动等因素的影响,是海水入侵问题的主要研究内容。本文介绍了海水向含水层中入侵的室内实验研究,以着色海水和图像处理方法获得入侵界面的形态及其动态变化。实验方法先进,所得数据整体性强,精度高,而且观测方法对流场没有干扰,比传统的提取水样进行化验的方法更有效。实验中模拟了海洋潮汐条件,揭示了入侵界面在不同实验条件下的动态特征。应用数值模拟方法揭示了流场的特征。计算表明,流场分两个区———淡水区和咸水区,由入侵界面分开。淡水区的水流相对活跃,淡水由入侵界面以上区域渗出边界,在界面以上形成淡水通道。     

基于一个年龄概念的河口污染物输运数值模拟

根据Deleersnijder定义的一个平均年龄概念,运用耦合了物质输运模式的一个三维水动力-富营养化数值模型(HEM-3D),研究了位于美国北卡罗莱纳州Pamlico河口(PRE)的污染物输运时间在不同淡水流量影响下的分布情况。模型结果表明,在正常期,污染物被输运出PRE需要大约65d的时间。而在枯水期和洪水期,污染物分别需要230d和20d时间被输运出PRE。这表明物质输运过程明显受淡水流量的影响。污染物输运时间的空间变化显著受河口中盐度入侵的影响,咸水入侵在其可以达到的最大区域形成了一个盐度锋面,而这个锋面阻碍了污染物向外的输运。盐度层化对输运时间的垂向分布影响显著,输运时间垂向梯度随着盐度层化的增强而增大。     

山东莱州湾南岸典型剖面海(咸)水入侵过程的水文地球化学识别

山东莱州湾地区是我国海水入侵研究的典型地区之一,为了进一步促进对莱州湾海水入侵的认识,本次研究选择莱州湾南岸的典型剖面(昌邑-柳疃)为研究对象,系统采集了不同类型水样(河水、淡水、微咸水、咸水、卤水和海水),分析了不同水体的水化学、δ18O、δ2H、离子比及饱和度等特征。根据不同水体的水化学特征分析,判断出研究区在海(咸)水入侵过程中首先发生了混合作用,在此基础上,发生了阳离子交替吸附作用和不同程度的溶解沉淀作用。特征离子比值分析表明,咸水、微咸水是由地下淡水与卤水混合形成;剖面上咸水体的分布特征、δ18O-Cl-关系显示部分深层地下淡水也受到了卤水下移侵入影响。氢氧同位素的分布特征表明,研究区地下淡水明显来源于大气降水,第四纪古海水成因的卤水受到了蒸发及浓缩作用,"氧漂移"现象比较严重;矿物饱和度显示,研究区所有水体中盐岩均处于未饱和状态,石膏与白云石在部分地下淡水和微咸水中未达到饱和,在卤水与咸水体中处于饱和状态,方解石则在所有水体中都基本呈饱和状态。     

珠江河口区枯季咸潮入侵与盐度输运机理分析

以河口区物质平衡原理为基础,应用物质输运机理对珠江三角洲河口区盐度净输运进行分析,对比各动力因子对盐度净输运贡献的大小.结果表明:珠江三角洲各河口盐淡水混合以缓混合型为主,分层系数均在0.01～1.0之间:盐度净输运主要是由斯托克斯输运和平均流输运控制,潮抽吸作用也不容忽视,其中,斯托克斯输运是导致咸潮上溯的最主要动力因素;珠江三角洲各口门径潮流情况及动力条件各有不同,除黄金站和挂定角V6站外,盐度输运以向上游为主,咸潮上溯明显.     

深部咸水层二氧化碳封存的干化效应及选址启示

将二氧化碳注入到深部咸水层中,形成复杂的多组分、多相流系统。二氧化碳在压力梯度、浓度差作用下不断扩散,逐步带走盐溶液中的水分,导致各组分的相态变化,盐结晶析出,阻塞了咸水层孔隙通道,从而降低了二氧化碳的注入效率,研究该干化效应的影响因素并为工程选址提供依据具有重要意义。采用二维径向模型建立多相流体的流动方程,并结合相对渗透率和毛细压力方程探讨二氧化碳注入速率、咸水层含盐量、毛细压力的特征参数对干化效应的影响,干化效应可用固体饱和度值进行定量描述。结果表明：二氧化碳运移分3个区域：干涸区、气液相混合区及液相咸水区,干化效应主要发生在井周的干涸区。在毛细作用下固体饱和度随注入速率的减小而增大,随咸水层含盐量增大而增大,随毛细作用增大而增大。因此,提高二氧化碳的注入速率,向咸水层中注水稀释含盐量或选择粒径较大的均质咸水层减小毛细作用,均可降低盐结晶对孔隙通道的阻塞,提高注入效率。     

唐山曹妃甸浅层地下水水化学特征及咸化成因

为了查明曹妃甸浅层地下水水化学及咸化成因,采集研究区河水、地下淡水、微咸水、咸水、卤水、雨水和海水等不同类型水样,对其水化学组成、离子比、Piper三线图、吉布斯图、氢氧同位素组成及14C测年结果进行了分析。结果表明：(1)曹妃甸浅层地下水包括全新世沉积层潜水和晚更新世沉积层微承压水,且非原始封存在地层中而是形成于全新世中晚期。(2)地下潜水向海方向分布有淡水、微咸水、咸水水质类型,微承压水以咸水和卤水为主要水质类型;近冲洪积扇前缘水化学特征主要受岩石风化作用控制,围填海区及河口处水化学特征受海水混合作用控制,滨海平原区水化学特征主要受蒸发/结晶作用控制。(3)曹妃甸浅层地下水咸化过程主要是晚更新世以来海侵海退时期形成海洋蒸发盐经大气降水和河水多期溶滤所致,其盐分来源于海水蒸发盐,河口及围填海区地下潜水盐分主要来源于现代海水入侵。     

微咸水膜下滴灌灌溉制度试验研究

为了探讨科学合理的微咸水膜下滴灌灌溉制度,在新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州水利管理处国家重点灌溉试验站进行了不同灌溉定额、灌水频次的微咸水膜下滴灌大田试验。研究结果表明:①灌溉定额4500m3/hm2、灌水频次10次,灌溉定额3000m3/hm2、灌水频次7次,均有利于保持土壤水分。②当灌溉定额≤4500m3/hm2时,灌溉定额越大,土壤积盐越严重;在灌溉定额一定时,灌溉次数越多,土壤积盐越严重。③当灌溉定额≤4500m3/hm2时,灌溉定额越大,棉花产量越高,微咸水灌溉影响棉花产量的灌溉定额上限在4500m3/hm2左右;灌溉定额多时,灌水次数多棉花产量高,灌溉定额少时,灌水次数少棉花产量高。④灌溉水分生产率随着灌溉定额的增大而减小,在灌溉定额大时,采用少量多次灌溉,在灌溉定额小时,采用多量少次灌溉,均可提高灌溉水分生产率。⑤以节水、控盐和高产为优选标准,当地较为理想的微咸水膜下滴灌模式为灌溉定额3750m3/hm2、灌水次数20次、灌水间隔为7d。     

钱塘江河口段盐水入侵的时空变化及预测模型

杭州城市供水85%取自钱塘江河口段,取水水质在枯水大潮期都不同程度地受到盐水入侵的威胁,分析钱塘江河口盐水入侵时空变化及研制二维数值预测模型对保障城市供水安全十分必要。根据钱塘江河口段实测水文氯度资料,分析了强潮作用下盐水入侵的时空变化特征;据此构建考虑斜压作用的二维水流、盐度输移的耦合数学模型,计算格式采用守恒性较好的有限体积法;在模型验证的基础上,数值分析了径流和潮汐对钱塘江河口段盐水入侵的影响,结果表明河口段的盐水入侵明显地受径流和潮汐的影响,据此可通过增大上游新安江水库的下泄流量抑制盐水入侵上溯以减小取水口氯度及超标时间,确保用水安全。     

基于底层盐水楔扰动的磨刀门咸潮上溯防控研究

基于MIKE3研究扰动底层盐水楔实现抑制咸潮上溯的最优化方案。结果表明,在河道底部喷水扰动盐水楔可以有效减弱底层盐水浓度,且存在最优喷水流量与最优喷水点。当喷水流量小于该值时,咸潮上溯距离随流量的增大而减小,当大于该值时,咸潮上溯距离随流量的增大反而会增大;最优喷水流量从小潮到大潮逐渐增加,且随着径流量的增大而减小,如径流量为500 m/s~3时,小、中、大潮期间的最优喷水流量分别为20 m/s~3、20 m/s~3和25 m/s~3,减少的咸潮上溯距离分别为3.82 km、3.40 km和1.18 km。随着径流量增大,取得最佳抑咸效果的最优喷水点位置逐渐向下游移动。针对珠江河口的特殊径潮环境,盐水楔扰动的抑咸效果在小潮和中潮期间较好,在大潮期间相对较差。     

Effect of a broad shallow sill on tidal circulation and salt transport in the entrance to a coastal plain estuary (Mira—Vila Nova de Milfontes, Portugal)

We describe the tidal circulation and salinity regime of a coastal plain estuary that connects to the ocean through a flood tide delta. The delta acts as a sill, and we examine the mechanisms through which the sill affects exchange of estuarine water with the ocean. Given enough buoyancy, the dynamics of tidal intrusion fronts across the sill and selective withdrawal (aspiration) in the deeper channel landward appear to control the exchange of seawater with estuarine water. Comparison of currents on the sill and stratification in the channel reveals aspiration depths smaller than channel depth during neap tide. During neap tide and strong vertical stratification, seawater plunges beneath the less dense estuarine water somewhere on the sill. Turbulence in the intruding bottom layer on the sill promotes entrainment of fluid from the surface layer, and the seawater along the sill bottom is diluted with estuarine water. During ebb flow, salt is effectively trapped landward of the sill in a stagnant zone between the aspiration depth and the bottom where it can be advected farther upstream by flood currents. During spring tide, the plunge point moves landward and off the sill, stratification is weakened in the deep channel, and aspiration during ebb extends to the bottom. This prevents the formation of stagnant water near the bottom, and the estuary is flooded with high salinity water far inland. The neapspring cycle of tidal intrusion fronts on flood coupled with aspiration during ebb interacts with the sill to play an important role in the transport and retention of salt within the estuary.     

Dynamic characteristics of saltwater intrusion in the Pearl River Estuary,China

River discharge, tide, wind, topography and other factors all have great impacts on the saltwater intrusion of Modaomen Waterway (MW), a major outlet of the Pearl River Estuary. A coupled 1D–3D numerical model was applied in this study to account for the dynamic characteristics of saltwater intrusion in the MW, and the impacts of tide and river discharge on the length of saltwater intrusion were uncovered. Results are as the followings: (1) River discharge from upstream induces an obvious dilution of salinity along the MW, whereas tide can exert a positive force that pushes salt water landward. The effects of river discharge and tide on the length of saltwater intrusion can be well described by a regression function; (2) the saltwater intrusion along the MW is generally aggravated by increases in tidal range from the South China Sea. The length of saltwater intrusion usually reaches a maximum 2 or 3 days before spring tide, and the hourly length of saltwater intrusion along the MW usually slows the tidal process for approximately 4 h, which can provide important information that the pumping operation along the MW to store freshwater in the backup storages needs to be at least 3 days ahead of the spring tide so as to avoid serious impact from saltwater intrusion; (3) the length of saltwater intrusion generally decreases with increasing river discharge. In 2005, 2009 and 2010, the average river discharge from upstream was 2680, 2630 and 3160 m³/s, respectively, with corresponding average lengths of saltwater intrusion of 32.7, 42.3 and 21.4 km. The inverse correlation between the water flow and the length of saltwater intrusion may provide some guidance for operations to maintain enough upstream flow to dilute the salinity and therefore satisfy the domestic water supply.     

Tidal intrusion fronts

A tidal intrusion front forms as a dense seawater inflow plunges (subducts) beneath ambient estuarine water during flood tide. The associated foam lines and color changes have been observed on many smaller estuaries with constricted mouths. Internal hydraulic theory and laboratory experiments are reviewed and expressions are obtained for the position of plunging and the amount of associated mixing. The existence of a tidal intrusion front and its structure are discussed in terms of densimetric Froude numbers. These fronts are particularly important in smaller estuaries in which the intrusion process may dominate wind and tidal mixing and thus determine the overall stratification of the estuary. Three classes of three-dimensional plunging flow are identified and discussed. In particular, it is suggested that the peculiar, cursive V-shape plunge line is characteristic of strongly plunging flow.     

磨刀门水道咸潮上溯动力特性分析

为研究磨刀门水道咸潮上溯的动力特性,基于非结构网格海洋模型（Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model,FVCOM）,构建了覆盖珠江河口及其上游网河区的高分辨率三维斜压数值模型,采用实测资料对其进行率定和验证,并开展了咸潮上溯的数值模拟计算。根据计算结果和实测资料,对磨刀门水道大、中、小潮期间的盐淡水分层与混合特征、盐分物质的分层输移机制进行分析,探讨其咸潮上溯强度时空分布差异的原因。结果表明:小潮期,底层累积盐通量明显大于表层,净输移方向为陆向;大潮期,表层累积盐通量明显大于底层,净输移方向为海向;而平衡点一般出现于中潮期,这就是磨刀门水道咸潮上溯最强和最弱时刻分别出现于小潮和大潮后的中潮期的原因所在。     

The Effects of Wind,Runoff and Tides on Salinity in a Strongly Tidal Sub-estuary

Measurements over an annual cycle of longitudinal and vertical salinity distributions in a small sub-estuary, the Tavy Estuary, UK, are used to illustrate the dependence of salt intrusion and stratification on environmental variables. The interpretations are aided by vertical profiling and near-bed data recorded in the main channel and on the mudflats. Generally, high water (HW) salt intrusion at the bed is close to the tidal limit and is dominated by runoff and winds, with decreasing salt intrusion associated with increasing runoff and increasing up-estuary winds (or vice versa). Tidal effects are not statistically significant because of two compensating processes: the long tidal excursion, which is comparable with the sub-estuary length for all but the smallest neap tides, and the enhanced, near-bed, buoyancy-driven salt transport that occurs at small neap tides close to the limit of saline intrusion. The effect of wind on HW surface salt intrusion in the main channel is not statistically significant, partly because it is obscured by the opposing local and estuary-wide effects of an up-estuary or down-estuary wind stress. These processes are investigated using a simple tidal model that incorporates lateral, channel–mudflat bathymetry and reproduces, approximately, observed channel and mudflat velocities. Surface salinity at HW increases with tidal range because of enhanced spring-tide vertical mixing—a process that also reduces salinity stratification. Stratification increases with runoff because of increased buoyancy inputs and decreases with up-estuary winds because of reduced near-bed salt intrusion. Stratification and plume formation are interpreted in terms of the bulk and estuarine Richardson Numbers, and processes at the confluence of the sub-estuary and main estuary are described.     

内陆单斜构造内咸水入侵淡水含水层三维数值模拟：——以山西柳林？…

本文建立了内陆单斜构造内咸水入侵淡水含水层的三维可混溶溶质运移模型。同时,为了尽可能提高模拟精度,还建立了区域二维水流模型和水质模型,为三维模型提供边界条件。模型应用于描述柳林电厂水源地咸－淡水界面运移特征,模拟效果良好,还据此预报了咸水入侵的可能性并探讨了淡水流的强弱对咸－淡水界面运移的影响。