隐伏正断层错动致地表破裂变形特征的研究

通过建立三维计算模型,对隐伏正断层在均匀错动、倾斜错动和翘倾错动方式下地表土体的应力路径、破裂和变形特征进行了研究。根据地表破裂临界值,分析了工程建设“避让带”的宽度和起始位置的变化特征。根据行业规范,提出工程建设“关注带”的确定方法,分析了“关注带”的宽度和起始位置的变化特征,得到以下主要结论:①在断层错动过程中,位于两侧的地表土体应力路径变化明显不同,下盘一侧和上盘一侧分别以三轴拉伸和三轴压缩为主;②地表强变形带与地表破裂带的分布并不一致,需要综合考虑等效塑性应变和总位移比2个指标来评价同震地表错动对建筑物的影响;③当隐伏断层错动的垂直位移达到3m时,工程建设“避让带”的宽度在10—90m范围内变化,受上覆土体厚度和断层倾角的影响最大,而工程建设“关注带”的宽度在150—400m范围内变化,受上覆土体的性质影响最大。     

Foundation–structure systems over a rupturing normal fault: Part II. Analysis of the Kocaeli case histories

Motivated by the observed (successful and unsuccessful) performance of numerous structures on top of, or immediately next to a normal fault that ruptured during the Kocaeli 1999 earthquake, this paper: (i) develops a two-step finite element methodology to study the propagation of a fault rupture through soil and its interplay with the foundation–structure system, denoted hereafter “Fault Rupture–Soil– Foundation–Structure Interaction” (FR–SFSI), (ii) provides validation of the developed methodology through successful Class “A” predictions of centrifuge model tests, and (iii) applies the centrifuge-validated methodology to study one-by-one the Kocaeli case histories of the first paper (Part I). It is shown that the presence of a structure on top of an outcropping fault may have a significant influence on the rupture path: with heavy structures founded on continuous and rigid foundations, the fault rupture diverts substantially and may avoid rupturing underneath the structure. The latter undergoes rigid body rotation, with its foundation sometimes loosing contact with the bearing soil, but in most cases retaining its structural integrity. In stark contrast, buildings on isolated footings and, perhaps surprisingly, piles exert a smaller diversion of the rupture which is thus likely to outcrop between the footings or pile caps; the latter may thus undergo devastating differential displacements. It is shown that structures in the vicinity of faults can be designed to survive significant dislocations. The “secret” of successful performance lies on the continuity, stiffness, and rigidity of the foundation.     

断层错动引起的上覆土体破裂演化规律研究

断层引起的地面永久大变形是工程特别是生命线工程地震破坏的重要原因之一, 而研究断层错动下上覆土体变形和破裂的发展演化规律, 则是预测地面永久变形状态和分析断层危害性的基础． 本文采用有限元方法对垂直断层错动引起的上覆土体破裂演化规律进行了研究, 建立了垂直断层作用下上覆土体模拟的有限元模型, 对断层错动作用下上覆土体的破裂发展过程进行了模拟分析, 并分析了加载速率、 土体特性及断层倾角等参数对上覆土体的破裂演化发展过程的影响． 结果表明: ① 断层倾角越陡, 地表出现破裂时需要增加的垂直位移越大; ② 由于惯性力的影响, 断层加载速率对地表破裂所需施加位移和土层破裂角产生一定的影响; ③ 断层类型对土层地表破裂角与膨胀角、 摩擦角之间的关系有很大影响． 该分析结果可为新建工程的抗震设计和已建工程结构的抗震加固等工作提供依据．      

Influence factors on the ground surface rupture zone induced by buried normal fault dislocation*

The seismic disaster presents a zonal distribution along the fault strike. In this paper, rupture zone of ground surface soil caused by the uniform dislocation, inclined dislocation and warped dislocation of buried normal fault are studied by constituting a three-dimensional finite element model in Automatic Dynamic Incremental Nonlinear Analysis (ADINA). According to the critical value of surface rupture, the variational features and influencing factors of width and starting position of the “avoiding zone” in engineering construction are analyzed by using 96 model calculations. The main results are as follows: (1) Since the rupture zone of the ground surface soil from the point of mechanics is different from the “avoidance zone” from the point of engineering safety, the equivalent plastic strain and the total displacement ratio should be considered to evaluate the effect of the seismic ground movement on buildings. (2) During fault dislocation, plastic failure firstly occurred on the ground surface soil of the footwall side, and then the larger deformation gradually moved to the side of the hanging wall of the fault with the increase of fault displacement. (3) When the vertical displacement of buried fault reaches 3 m, the width of “avoiding zone” in engineering construction varies within the range of 10–90 m, which is most affected by the thickness of overlying soil and the dip angle of the fault.     

剪切破裂源及其近场影响

本文利用有限差分法对垂直走滑断层和垂直倾滑断层两种剪切破裂源在不同埋深和不同破裂尺度(指垂直于地面方向上断层尺度)情况下的近场理论地震图进行了讨论,并得到了地表不同震中距处的加速度付氏谱。通过对上述两种源所产生的近场效应的对比分析,本文得到了以下初步结果: (1) 在埋深相同,断层面宽度相同的情况下,垂直走滑断层源对近场地表的影响比垂直倾滑断层源大。(2) 在垂直倾滑断层源的埋深、破裂尺度相同的情况下,在地表同一震中距处产生的水平位移要比垂直位移大。(3) 两种破裂源在地表同一震中距处产生的位移的最大振幅随破裂尺度的增大而增大,且近似为线性关系;在极震区内不同震中距处产生的位移的最大振幅随震中距的增大而减小,且随震中距的变化率在减小;在地表不同震中距处产生的加速度的付氏谱的主峰周期随震中距的增大而变长,随破裂的增大,付氏谱中主峰周期也加长,且长周期成份愈多;随着破裂源埋深的增加,地表不同震中距处产生的位移的最大振幅变小,即等震线变疏。(4) 走滑断层源产生的加速度付氏谱的主峰周期比倾滑断层源长。     

Source parameter and rupture process of the MW6.3 early strong aftershock immediately following the 2016 MW7.8 Kaikoura earthquake (New Zealand)

The 2016 M_W7.8 Kaikoura (New Zealand) earthquake was the most complex event ever instrumentally recorded and geologically investigated, as it ruptured on more than 12 fault segments of various geometries. To study the mainshock rupture characteristics, geodetic methods like InSAR and GPS play an essential role in providing satisfactory spatial resolution. However, early strong aftershocks may cause extra ground deformation which bias the mainshock rupture inversion result. In this paper, we will focus on studying the M_W 6.3 aftershock, which is the only M6+ thrust slip aftershock that occurred only 30 minutes after the Kaikoura mainshock. We will relocate the hypocenter of this event using the hypo2000 method, make the finite fault model (FFM) inversion for the detailed rupture processes and calculate the synthetic surface displacement to compare with the observed GPS data and figure out its influence on the mainshock study. Although we are not able to resolve the real ruptured fault of this event because of limited observation data, we infer that it is a west-ward dipping event of oblique slip mechanism, consistent with the subfault geometries of the Kaikoura mainshock. According to the inverted FFM, this event can generate 10–20 cm ground surface displacement and affect the ground displacement observation at nearby GPS stations.     

Soil bentonite wall protects foundation from thrust faulting: analyses and experiment

When seismic thrust faults emerge on the ground surface,they are particularly damaging to buildings,bridges and lifelines that lie on the rupture path.To protect a structure founded on a rigid raft,a thick diaphragm-type soil bentonite wall(SBW) is installed in front of and near the foundation,at sufficient depth to intercept the propagating fault rupture.Extensive numerical analyses,verified against reduced–scale(1 g) split box physical model tests,reveal that such a wall,thanks to its high deformability and low shear resistance,"absorbs" the compressive thrust of the fault and forces the rupture to deviate upwards along its length.As a consequence,the foundation is left essentially intact.The effectiveness of SBW is demonstrated to depend on the exact location of the emerging fault and the magnitude of the fault offset.When the latter is large,the unprotected foundation experiences intolerable rigid-body rotation even if the foundation structural distress is not substantial.     

隐伏正断层错动引发上覆土体破裂过程的三维数值模拟

通过建立三维数值模型,对隐伏正断层在均匀错动和倾斜错动方式下土体的破裂过程进行研究。利用应力罗德参数和等效塑性应变分别对断层错动过程中上覆土体的应力状态和破坏形式进行分析,并提出土体破裂的判别方法。通过对数值模拟结果的分析得到以下结论:① 在断层错动过程中,下盘一侧受断层错动影响的上覆土体的应力状态经压剪→纯剪→拉剪逐渐变化,而上盘一侧上覆土体的应力状态变化较为复杂,经压剪→纯剪→拉剪→纯剪→压剪重复变化;② 在断层均匀错动过程中,断层下盘一侧土体的破裂率先出现在地表拉剪区内,随错动量的增大,破裂带向两侧、向深部扩展;同时,下盘一侧土体的底部产生破坏,并斜向上扩展,逐渐与顶部破裂相连;③ 在断层倾斜错动过程中,地表破裂出现的位置和上覆土体的厚度有关。对于厚度较大的土体,正断层倾斜错动能够在地表形成与断层走向有一定夹角、且与断层长度相比长度很短的地表破裂或地裂缝,而数值模拟可对正断层错动导致的地表破裂的模式加以补充,为研究地裂缝的形成机理和分布形式提供依据。      

Numerical analyses of fault–foundation interaction

Field evidence from recent earthquakes has shown that structures can be designed to survive major surface dislocations. This paper: (i) Describes three different finite element (FE) methods of analysis, that were developed to simulate dip slip fault rupture propagation through soil and its interaction with foundation–structure systems; (ii) Validates the developed FE methodologies against centrifuge model tests that were conducted at the University of Dundee, Scotland; and (iii) Utilises one of these analysis methods to conduct a short parametric study on the interaction of idealised 2- and 5-story residential structures lying on slab foundations subjected to normal fault rupture. The comparison between numerical and centrifuge model test results shows that reliable predictions can be achieved with reasonably sophisticated constitutive soil models that take account of soil softening after failure. A prerequisite is an adequately refined FE mesh, combined with interface elements with tension cut-off between the soil and the structure. The results of the parametric study reveal that the increase of the surcharge load q of the structure leads to larger fault rupture diversion and “smoothing” of the settlement profile, allowing reduction of its stressing. Soil compliance is shown to be beneficial to the stressing of a structure. For a given soil depth H and imposed dislocation h, the rotation Δθ of the structure is shown to be a function of: (a) its location relative to the fault rupture; (b) the surcharge load q; and (c) soil compliance.     

Characteristics of Late Quaternary Activity of the Gadê Segment in the Madoi-Gadê Fault Zone

Madoi-Gadê fault is an active fault in the Bayan Har block.According to field investigation,there is an earthquake surface rupture fairly well preserved on the Gadê segment of the Madoi-Gadê fault zone.The length of the rupture is approximately 50km,with a general strike of NW.The maximum horizontal sinistral displacement is about 7.6m and the maximum vertical displacement is about 4m.A large number of earthquake traces are to be found along the rupture zone,and the phenomena on the surface rupture are also...     

Centrifuge modelling of normal fault–foundation interaction

Earthquake fault ruptures may emerge at the ground surface causing large differential movements. When fault ruptures emerge at or adjacent to the position of existing foundations, significant damage can be caused. However, the study of recent faulting events revealed that in some circumstances the fault-rupture emergence is deflected by the presence of buildings leaving the buildings intact. A centrifuge modelling study has been conducted to investigate how normal faults interact with strip foundations which run parallel to the strike direction. The study confirms that fault rupture may be deviated by the presence of the foundation so that the foundation is protected from the most serious differential movements. However, whilst the fault propagates to the soil surface the foundation has to withstand initial movements before the final fault rupture emergence mechanism is activated. The centrifuge results suggest that it is the bearing pressure of the foundation which causes the deviation of the fault rather than the kinematic restraint of the foundation. The interaction between the earthquake fault and the shallow foundation depends on the foundation bearing pressure, foundation width, soil depth and position of the fault relative to the foundation and these aspects should be considered in design. Results from the tests are used to validate a series of finite element analyses as reported in an accompanying paper.     

隐伏逆断层破裂扩展特征的实验研究及其地震地质意义

通过模拟实验研究了逆断层活动过程中上覆沉积层的破裂扩展特征,采用投影条纹测试方法分析了沉积层表面离面(即垂直)位移场的演化过程。结果表明,在沉积层厚度和断层倾角一定的条件下,基岩中的逆断层逐渐向上扩展,并在沉积层表面围绕基岩断层上断点的投影线形成一个离面位移梯度带(即形变带),基岩断层的位移越大,沉积层中的形变带越宽、变形越强烈;但当断层扩展至沉积层表面后,形变带宽度将保持稳定,只是变形随断层位移增加而更集中。对于同样的基岩断层位移和断层倾角,沉积层厚度越大,受基岩断层控制的形变带越宽,即基岩断层的影响范围越大;当沉积层厚度超过某一临界值时,沉积层中会发育因隆起引起的表面拉张破裂。在沉积层厚度和基岩断层位移量一定的情况下,基岩断层倾角的增加将会使表面形变带的宽度减小,但会使变形破坏程度更强烈。实验结果意味着,临界断层位移、临界沉积层厚度以及断层倾角对于确定隐伏逆断层发震产生的地表变形和破坏特征具有重要意义。文中的研究结果有助于进一步认识汶川MS8.0地震的地表变形特征     

2008年汶川8.0级地震地表垂直和水平位移场模拟计算分析

本文采用Okada及Steketee的断裂位错模型,从理论上计算了龙门山中央主断裂和前山断裂在汶川地震中逆冲和走滑错动形成的地表位移场,包括地表垂直和水平位移场的基本特征。并将计算结果与地震科考成果进行了比较,发现计算结果与现场地表变形考察结果在变化趋势上表现出一致性。同时通过计算揭示了断裂错动过程中离断裂一定范围内的地表位移场变化情况,计算结果表明断裂错动形成的地表垂直存在较大的空间不均匀性,且主要集中于断裂的端部即映秀、北川和青川附近,并且位移场在这些地方变化都较强烈。水平位移场主要集中于北川以北的地区,水平位移场的空间变化比较均匀。     

2008年汶川地震断层北川段的几何学与运动学特征及地震地质灾害效应

2008年5月12日M_S8.0 汶川大地震的主要发震断层是龙门山断裂带的映秀—北川断裂.本研究通过地震后的实地调查和地震前后高空间分辨率航空与卫星影像的解译,对映秀—北川断裂带北川段（擂鼓镇—曲山镇）同震地表破裂带的几何学与运动学特征及相关地震地质灾害进行了详细分析.研究结果表明5·12汶川大地震沿映秀—北川断裂带产生的地表破裂带正穿过北川县城—曲山镇中心,并在曲山镇周围诱发了一系列大型滑坡和岩崩等地质灾害,致使北川县城遭到毁灭性破坏.野外考察表明北川段最大逆冲量和右旋走滑量都达8~10 m,这也是映秀—北川地表地震破裂带中位移量最大的地段.同时,值得注意的是曲山镇一带正是地震断层几何学和运动学特征改变的转换地带：曲山镇及其南西部断层倾向北西,呈现以逆冲为主兼右旋走滑的特征;在曲山镇北东断层倾向南东,表现为右旋走滑分量与垂直分量相当,走滑活动特征更明显.研究结果还表明,逆冲-走滑型（或斜向逆冲型）同震地表破裂带的几何学和运动学特征直接影响地震地质灾害及其破坏程度,地震地质灾害的分布表现出明显的不对称性：断层NW盘（上盘）远远强于SE盘（下盘）.地震断层的几何学特征与断层运动的应力及坡向的自由面之间相互作用,加强了滑坡、岩崩等地质灾害的破坏力.因此,汶川大地震为我们研究逆冲-走滑型同震地表破裂的几何学、运动学特征及其地震地质灾害效应提供了契机.     

2022年青海门源6.9级地震引起的地表同震位移场研究

中国青海省门源县于2022年1月8日发生6.9级地震。依据该地震震源断层信息设置4种不同的位错分布模式,基于Okada提出的地表位移解析解分别计算4种模式下地表同震位移场,结合现场观测数据,探讨发震断层的滑动形式及其对周边地表产生的影响。结果表明,此次地震发震断裂初步判断主要为冷龙岭断裂西侧延伸至托莱山断裂,以左旋走滑断层为主,断层面上最大位错量达到4 m左右;震中西南侧向NE方向运动,东南侧向SE方向运动,西北侧和东北侧分别向NW以及SW方向运动;震中附近小范围区域产生了超过1.5 m的地表水平位移,破裂带上存在竖向地表位移超过0.5 m的区域;现场监测到局部产生最大约2.1～2.3 m的水平位错,以及部分区段垂直位错量最大达到0.7 m;以震中位置为中心,断层引起的地表位移影响范围达到约30 km×36 km,此范围内产生的地表位移大于0.1m。研究为此次地震的震后恢复工作以及此区域后续的工程设防等提供参考。     

Dynamic response of partially sealed circular tunnel in viscoelastic saturated soil

Based on Biot's wave equation, dynamic response of a circular tunnel with partially sealed liner in viscoelastic saturated soil is investigated. By introducing two scalar potential functions, the analytical solutions of stresses, displacements and pore pressure induced by axisymmetric gradually applied step load are derived in Laplace transform domain. Numerical results are obtained by inverting Laplace transform presented by Durbin and used to analyze the influences of partial permeable property of boundary and viscoelastic damping coefficient of soil on dynamic response of the tunnel. It is shown that the attenuation of radial displacement appeared with the increase of viscoelastic damping coefficient of soil, and relative rigidity of liner and soil, and the influence of partial sealing property of boundary on stresses, displacements and pore pressure is remarkable. The available solutions of permeable and impermeable boundary conditions are only two extreme cases of this paper.     

覆盖土层场地地震断裂反应分析方法

基于有限元和拟静力的根本原理，提出了一种基于断层位错的覆盖土层场地地震断裂反应弹塑性有限元分析方法，计算中考虑了土层厚度、断层种类和倾角、软弱夹层以及土的非线性等因素，通过编制的程序计算了地表断裂位移，模拟了土层的破裂过程。     

地震不稳定性的一个简单模型

基于断层面强度的非均匀性,将断层面的宏观破裂过程看作是断面局部微元的破裂累积过程,假设断层局部微元强度遵循Weibull概率分布,从统计力学角度推导出了宏观的断层载荷.变形的全过程本构关系.采用一维地震力学模型,以远场位移a为控制变量,用稳定性理论研究了地震不稳定性问题.研究表明,系统刚度比(围岩刚度与断层刚度之比)β是影响地震发生的重要参数,只有当β<1时才会出现地震失稳,且应力突跳发生在平衡路径曲线的位移转向点,并给出了地震过程的3个重要参数(地震后断层半错距、地震应力降和释放的弹性能)的表达式.当β≥1时,不会发生地震,仅是缓慢的断层滑动,属于无震滑动.     

Self-induced Deformation on the Fault Plane During an Earthquake Part I: Continuous Normal Displacements

— The problem of the coseismic deformation induced by an earthquake on its own fault plane is investigated here. The analysis concentrates on the on-fault displacement field accompanying the occurrence of an earthquake in response to a prescribed uniform shear slip and it is carried out on the basis of the classical analytical model by Okada (1992) for a rectangular fault buried in an elastic homogeneous half-space delimited by a planar free surface. The analysis is subdivided into two separate papers: the first dealing with normal and the second with tangential on-fault displacements. In this first paper, concerning the study of the normal displacement component, the contributions of the source and of the correction introduced by the free surface are investigated separately and their dependence on the fault characteristics is thoroughly discussed. Particular attention is also devoted to the effects of the normal displacement on the fault surface geometry. It will be shown that the main effect is that of deforming the fault itself, with deformation consisting chiefly in a rotation of the plane and in a bending of the fault edges. The rotation angle is negligibly small (on the order of 1–10 &mgr;rad) for a single earthquake, although repeated seismic events occurring on the same fault might result in rotations of several degrees over geological time scales.     

对汶川地震小鱼洞地表破裂带的调查分析

2008年5月12日的汶川8.0级地震使龙门山断裂带形成了3条同震地表破裂带,这表明有多条活动断层同时参与地震破裂,其过程复杂,现象丰富。本文对小鱼洞地表破裂带及其与另2条地表破裂带的交汇区域进行了野外调查,并对小鱼洞地表破裂带的活动性质和展布特征进行了分析。小鱼洞地表破裂带位于彭州市小鱼洞镇附近,是汶川8.0级地震形成的一条走向NW的逆冲并具有左旋走滑分量的同震地表变形带。调查结果显示,小鱼洞地表破裂带表现出明显的分段性特征：小鱼洞镇一带的中段,逆冲量和走滑量最大;小鱼洞镇向东南方向延伸的南段,逆冲量和走滑量逐渐变小;小鱼洞镇向西北方向进入山区的北段,则表现为以逆冲为主的活动性质。