抗浮锚杆应力-应变状态的线弹性理论分析

假定抗浮锚杆各部分贡献的位移与锚杆轴力均呈线弹性关系,运用力学原理分析锚杆轴力与锚侧摩阻力、锚-土变形之间的相互关系,推导出锚杆的摩阻力、轴力及各部分变形与锚杆各参数的相互关系。实例验证结果表明：基于线弹性模型基础上建立的摩阻力、轴力和位移公式能够较好地描述垂向抗浮锚杆在弹性变形阶段的内力和变形形态;获得了抗浮锚杆摩阻力和剪切位移沿锚固长度的分布规律;证实了锚土界面处变形为土层抗浮锚杆变形的主要部分。     

湖北宜昌石板溪金矿区断层空间结构及其控矿规律研究

断层空间结构包括变形结构和几何结构两部分。本文在解析石板溪金矿区主要断层变形结构和几何结构的基础上，探讨了其空间结构模式和控矿规律。     

基于微结构失稳假说及广义吸力理论的黄土体变模型

针对原状非饱和及饱和黄土的体积变形问题,提出了一个复合体计算模型。该模型将黄土看作由各自均匀分布于土中的原状部分和扰动部分组成的,这两部分土体的体积比率,可由黄土结构的微观几何模型、孔隙率密度曲线及考虑广义吸力的微结构失稳条件计算得出。假设原状部分仅发生弹性变形,扰动部分符合重塑土的变形规律。复合体的应变增量包括原状部分的弹性、重塑土的塑性及结构崩塌3部分;其中：结构崩塌变形特指微结构失稳时原状土体的孔隙率突然变为重塑土的孔隙率;重塑土的体积应变形采用广义吸力理论计算。采用不同的初始饱和度的黄土结构强度计算出非饱和土微观结构刚度与饱和度的函数,从而获得非饱和土黄土微观结构失稳的判别条件。分别计算了低含水天然非饱和及饱和黄土的压缩曲线,并与试验结果对比说明了模型的合理性。     

天然地基建(构)筑物沉降量的Gan-Chen模式计算法

天然地基的沉降计算方法有近 10种之多 ,均以弹性理论为基础 ,求取天然地基垂向最终沉降量。由于土体本属弹塑性体 ,其变形量由垂向变形分量和侧向变形分量两部分组成。因此 ,现行天然地基沉降计算方法都难以与实际相符 ,计算值与实测值可相差 2～ 16倍。Gan Chen模式从弹塑性土体所处三向应力环境出发 ,把握土体应变规律 ,建立天然地基沉降量由垂向变形分量和侧向变形分量两部分组成的计算方法 ,计算结果与实测值相吻合 ,为天然地基沉降计算提供一种简易、可靠的新方法。     

诸广山中部鹿井铀矿田构造解析与找矿远景探讨

诸广山中部是华南主要产铀地区之一,以鹿井矿田为研究对象,开展构造变形特征和构造控矿规律的研究,旨在揭示矿体产出规律,为找矿预测提供依据。本文基于野外详细观测和显微构造变形分析,揭示NE向断裂是鹿井地区主要控矿和含矿断裂,属浅层次构造变形,具有多期构造-热液活动特征:经历了早期(晚侏罗世—早白垩世)的压性、中期(早白垩世—古近纪)的张-张扭性和晚期(新近纪)的右行压扭性变形过程。铀矿(化)体主要发育在NE向断裂破碎带中,结合铀成矿时代,主成矿期断裂力学性质表现为张性、张扭性,后期NE向断裂右行压扭变形派生出近EW向、NW向和NS(NNE)向的剪裂隙,一方面对先成铀矿体具有改造作用,另一方面富集部分铀矿体。根据构造组合特征及其控矿规律,认为NE向断裂破碎带中,沿走向存在不连续的脉状、透镜状富铀矿体,而在其他方位的断裂带中可能存在部分铀矿体。     

辽宁鞍山地区元古宙岩群构造变形及其对铁矿床分布的控制规律

本文运用构造解析的方法,结合地层学、岩石学及地球化学等方面的研究,搞清了鞍山地区元古宙岩群的构造变形规律,建立了构造变形序列,探讨了该区韧性变形带的分类性质、形成机制、形成时代以及韧性变形带与构造序列的关系,在此基础上总结出了本区地质构造的演化规律,以及构造变形对铁矿床的控制规律。     

基坑开挖对近邻地铁车站和隧道的影响

对基坑开挖期间近邻地铁车站和隧道变形等进行分析,总结基坑开挖期间近邻地铁车站、隧道变形的发展规律。以量化的形式定义表征隧道不均匀变形程度的不均匀变形参数 ,并对地铁车站引发的隧道近站部分不均匀变形分布及其大小预测进行研究。研究表明,基坑开挖期间地铁车站表现为上浮而近站隧道表现为沉降;基坑开挖期间地铁车站和近站隧道之间的位移差显著,对隧道结构的损伤严重;基坑开挖对近站隧道的影响范围约为基坑开挖深度的4倍;地铁站引发的近站隧道不均匀变形主要分布在距地铁站1倍基坑挖深的范围内,得到的 分布预测公式可对隧道近站部分不均匀变形的大小和分布进行预测。所得结论及某工程参数A、B的取值可供类似工程参考。     

散粒体矿山巷道围岩的变形规律研究

粉砂状矿体是一种典型的散粒体介质,在这种介质中开挖巷道和在运行过程中的巷道维护都存在很大的困难。掌握巷道围岩的变形规律是寻求合理的巷道施工原则和支护方案的前提条件。以金山店铁矿的中段穿脉巷道及其围岩（仅指粉砂状矿体部分）为研究对象,采用多种监测手段对巷道及其围岩的受力和变形进行了较长时间的观测,通过对监测资料的详细分析,得出了粉砂状矿体作为巷道围岩而具有的独特的变形规律。     

黑龙江哈尔滨地铁盾构法施工地面变形规律分析

为研究哈尔滨地铁盾构法施工地层变形规律。通过现场勘察,监测及整理该工程的地质资料、施工工艺、地层变形监测数据,对地层变形规律进行研究。在此基础上分析总结了哈尔滨地区地铁盾构施工地层变形的规律,地表及地下不同深度的地层各个方向的变形值各不相同,随着与隧道中心线距离的增大而减小,地表处沉降值最小,为类似工程提供了借签。     

上下台阶开挖下城门形隧洞纵向变形规律分析

隧洞纵向变形规律曲线能有效地反映洞壁围岩变形随掌子面推进的演化过程,然而,原有适用于圆形隧洞全断面开挖的纵向变形规律公式是否适用于城门形隧洞分部开挖,尚需进行进一步的验证。本文借助于FLAC3D软件对城门形隧洞上下台阶分部开挖下的纵向变形规律进行了研究,并对不同初始地应力条件、不同围岩类型下该规律的变化进行了深入分析,提出了确定该规律的经验公式,并与紫坪铺工程导流隧洞现场监测数据进行了对比,研究发现:上下台阶开挖下的纵向变形规律曲线与全断面开挖具有相似的形状,但是掌子面处的位移比ur(0)/ur∞存在较大差异;当侧压力系数大于1.0时,变化水平应力对边墙测点的纵向变形规律曲线影响较小;采用平面应变模型并结合本文提出的经验公式可对城门形隧洞上下台阶开挖下的纵向变形规律曲线进行预测。工程实例验证表明,采用经验公式计算所得曲线与监测数据比较吻合。利用本文经验公式能简便、较准确地预测围岩变形规律,结合监测数据进而可对隧洞总变形进行初步预测。 更多还原     

Research on Relationship between Elastic and Plastic Deformation of Material

Based on a lot of experiment results, it is put forward that the elastic part and plastic part of deformation of general metal material, and isotropic homogeneous, and continuous rock material follow a law—the relative law of elastic and plastic deformation. The law results from testing study and is partly proved theoretically.     

基于梯度塑性本构理论的岩样侧向变形分析(Ⅰ):基本理论及本构参数对侧向变形的影响

研究了岩样在单轴压缩条件下轴向应力．侧向或环向变形的全程曲线特征。基于考虑峰值剪切强度后微小结构之间相互影响和作用的梯度塑性理论，得到了由于剪切局部化而引起的侧向塑性变形。利用虎克定律描述了试件的弹性变形，得到了轴向应力．侧向变形全程曲线的解析解。在软化阶段，试件中部侧向变形及对靠近试件上端或下端部位的侧向变形并不相同。与轴向应力．应变曲线可能出现的回跳现象类似。试件中部轴向应力．侧向应变曲线也可能出现回跳现象。在应变软化阶段，与应力．侧向应变曲线相比，应力．环向应变曲线不容易发生回跳现象。若在试件内部出现多条剪切带，则应该以等效剪切带宽度替代本文中的剪切带宽度。随着剪切带倾角、内部长度参数的降低、剪切模量的增加及弹性模量的降低，轴向应力．侧向应变曲线越陡；甚至能出现弹性回跳。     

基于广义热力学的超固结土本构模型

基于广义热力学基本理论,通过考虑塑性剪切变形产生的能量一部分以塑性自由能的形式储存,并且该部分自由能与超固结度相关,结合修正剑桥模型的热力学函数形式建立了适用于超固结土的自由能函数和耗散函数。该耗散函数与当前应力状态无关,相关联流动法则仍然适用。由建立的耗散函数和自由能函数,推导了弹塑性本构关系的屈服函数、流动法则、硬化定律。通过4种不同超固结土的试验结果和计算结果进行比较,验证了模型的合理性。     

Seismic plastic deformation in the free-field

An analytical solution for the free-field seismic elastoplastic deformation of granular dry soil is developed. This solution is possible since the stress field solution from pseudostatic analysis is known at any acceleration level. A plastic potential function with two plastic material parameters is suggested to model the soil. This model can describe both the volume dilation and contraction of soil under shearing. Closed-form deformation solutions are derived for two special cases and the results from a numerical evaluation of the solution are compared with those measured from shaking table tests. From the deformation solution the shape of the horizontal plastic displacement distribution with depth is identical to that for the elastic deformation since both depend only on the distribution of the elastic shear modulus. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Finite deformation analysis of geomaterials

The mathematical structure and numerical analysis of classical small deformation elasto–plasticity is generally well established. However, development of large deformation elastic–plastic numerical formulation for dilatant, pressure sensitive material models is still a research area. In this paper we present development of the finite element formulation and implementation for large deformation, elastic–plastic analysis of geomaterials. Our developments are based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into elastic and plastic parts. A consistent linearization of the right deformation tensor together with the Newton method at the constitutive and global levels leads toward an efficient and robust numerical algorithm. The presented numerical formulation is capable of accurately modelling dilatant, pressure sensitive isotropic and anisotropic geomaterials subjected to large deformations. In particular, the formulation is capable of simulating the behaviour of geomaterials in which eigentriads of stress and strain do not coincide during the loading process. The algorithm is tested in conjunction with the novel hyperelasto–plastic model termed the B material model, which is a single surface (single yield surface, affine single ultimate surface and affine single potential surface) model for dilatant, pressure sensitive, hardening and softening geomaterials. It is specifically developed to model large deformation hyperelasto–plastic problems in geomechanics. We present an application of this formulation to numerical analysis of low confinement tests on cohesionless granular soil specimens recently performed in a SPACEHAB module aboard the Space Shuttle during the STS‐89 mission. We compare numerical modelling with test results and show the significance of added confinement by the thin hyperelastic latex membrane undergoing large stretching. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A micro-mechanics-based elastic–plastic model for porous rocks: applications to sandstone and chalk

A micro-mechanics-based elastic–plastic model is proposed to describe mechanical behaviors of porous rock-like materials. The porous rock is considered as a composite material composed of a solid matrix and spherical pores. The effective elastic properties are determined from the classical Mori–Tanaka linear homogenization scheme. The solid matrix verifies a pressure-dependent Mises–Schleicher-type yield criterion. Based on the analytical macroscopic yield criterion previously determined with a nonlinear homogenization procedure (Shen et al. in Eur J Mech A/Solids 49:531–538, 2015), a complete elastic–plastic model is formulated with the determination of a specific plastic hardening law and plastic potential. The micro-mechanics-based elastic–plastic model is then implemented for a material point in view of simulations of homogeneous laboratory tests. The proposed model is applied to describe mechanical behaviors of two representative porous rocks, sandstone and chalk. Comparisons between numerical results and experimental data are presented for triaxial compression tests with different confining pressures, and they show that the micro-mechanical model is able to capture main features of mechanical behaviors of porous rock-like rocks.     

弹塑性耦合应变定义与本构方程

岩石屈服之后,弹性参数随塑性变形而变化,即岩石具有弹塑性耦合特征。在弹塑性耦合框架和现有应变分类、定义、本构方程研究的基础上,主要做了以下工作：结合岩石压缩试验,从损伤和塑性变形角度分析了弹性参数随塑性演化的现象;重点研究了加载增量步的应变特征,将与加载应力增量对应的应变增量分解为符合广义Hooke定律的弹性应变增量 、不符合广义Hooke定律的弹性应变增量 和塑性应变增量 ;通过采用加载增量步之后的弹性参数将 与 构造弹性关系,分别在应变空间和应力空间中建立了适用于加载、中性变载和卸载条件的本构方程;对表征物质微观结构变化的内变量进行了讨论。所提出的应变分类和定义方法概念清晰,适合于应变强化阶段和应变软化阶段,且所建立的弹塑性耦合本构方程能够反映不同加载条件对弹性参数变化速率的影响,符合岩石的弹塑性耦合力学特性。     

A Transversely Isotropic Damage Model for Boom Clay

Boom clay can be considered as a transversely isotropic geomaterial. However, due to lack of experimental evidence and data base, it is still difficult to describe the transversely isotropic plastic behavior of this argillaceous rock. In this paper, we present first, by means of an experimental approach, the main features of the mechanical properties of Boom clay. Then, combining the transversely isotropic elastic model and the modified Mohr–Coulomb criterion, a suitable constitutive model is introduced so as to fully describe the mechanical behavior of the studied material, in which, an elastic damage law which takes into consideration, the transversely isotropic effect, a plastic hardening law and a plastic damage law were introduced to describe the nonlinear elastic, hardening and softening behavior of Boom clay. As a preliminary step, the evolution law of both elastic moduli and Poisson’s ratio during the elastic stage was obtained by direct analysis of the test data. The synchronism of the elastic damage in both transversal and axial directions was proved by this method. Some of the parameters of the model in the elastic stage were also determined by direct analysis method and further verified by back analysis. Other unknown parameters in the model were determined by back analysis.     

Micromechanical viscoelasto‐plastic models and finite element implementation for rate‐independent and rate‐dependent permanent deformation of stone‐based materials

This paper presents parallel and serial viscoelasto‐plastic models to simulate the rate‐independent and the rate‐dependent permanent deformation of stone‐based materials, respectively. The generalized Maxwell viscoelastic and Chaboche's plastic models were employed to formulate the proposed parallel and serial viscoelasto‐plastic constitutive laws. The finite element (FE) implementation of the parallel model used a displacement‐based incremental formulation for the viscoelastic part and an elastic predictor—plastic corrector scheme for the elastoplastic component. The FE framework of the serial viscoelasto‐plastic model employed a viscoelastic predictor—plastic corrector algorithm. The stone‐based materials are consisted of irregular aggregates, matrix and air voids. This study used asphalt mixtures as an example. A digital sample was generated with imaging analysis from an optically scanned surface image of an asphalt mixture specimen. The modeling scheme employed continuum elements to mesh the effective matrix, and rigid bodies for aggregates. The ABAQUS user material subroutines defined with the proposed viscoelasto‐plastic matrix models were employed. The micromechanical FE simulations were conducted on the digital mixture sample with the viscoelasto‐plastic matrix models. The simulation results showed that the serial viscoelasto‐plastic matrix model generated more permanent deformation than the parallel one by using the identical material parameters and displacement loadings. The effect of loading rates on the material viscoelastic and viscoelasto‐plastic mixture behaviors was investigated. Permanent deformations under cyclic loadings were determined with FE simulations. The comparison studies showed that the simulation results correctly predicted the rate‐independent and rate‐dependent viscoelasto‐plastic constitutive properties of the proposed matrix models. Overall, these studies indicated that the developed micromechanical FE models have the abilities to predict the global viscoelasto‐plastic behaviors of the stone‐based materials. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.