全球地震活动性的定量研究(三)——全球地震带的划分和Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ带的地震活动

本文根据板块相互作用的原理,对全球地震带作了新的具体的划分:Ⅰ带为美洲西海岸地震带;Ⅱ带为太平洋西北边缘地震带;Ⅲ带为大洋岛弧地震带;Ⅳ带为亚欧地震带;Ⅴ带为全球海岭地震带。各带地震活动水平从强到弱的顺序是Ⅲ,Ⅱ,Ⅰ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ。求出本世纪各年Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ三带的地震活动性指数A(b),并对A(b)指数随时间的变化作了最大熵谱分析和周期图分析。结果显示Ⅱ,Ⅲ两带的周期成分与Ⅰ带有明显不同。Ⅰ带的变化较平稳,富于短周期成分,在1942年和1960年有两个峰期;Ⅱ带从1964年以来处于长趋势下降阶段,至八十年代已降至极小;Ⅲ带的五十年代事件效应显著,其变化趋势能较好地代表全球地震活动的变化总趋势。Ⅱ,Ⅲ两带有较强的长周期变化成分,可能与太平洋板块的面积较大有关。      

近震衰减特征的地区差异及近震震级的估算

本文研究了京津和川滇地区近距离地震S波最大振幅随距离衰减及地震波尾波随时间衰减的特征.指出两个地区介质结构存在着明显的差异.提出在作近震震级估算时各区应使用自己的起算函数R(△).另外讨论了近震震级估算的其他方面.      

DEPTH ESTIMATION OF MAGNETIC SOURCES BY MEANS OF FOURIER AMPLITUDE SPECTRA*

The Fourier transform of a square-shaped section of a magnetic survey, digitized in a square grid, forms a rectangular matrix of coefficients which can be condensed to a series of average amplitudes dependent only on their frequency and no longer on the direction of the respective partial waves. These average amplitudes together represent a spectrum which–when plotted in a semilogarithmic coordinate system (log amplitude versus frequency)–often shows straight segments which decrease with increasing frequency. By continuing the given field downwards these straight segments become horizontal at a certain depth, the so-called “white depth”. This white depth may be used as a first estimate for the depth of magnetic sources producing the respective part of the field. It is shown that the sources which correspond to such use of the white depth can be expected to be “randomly distributed with some positive autocorrelation”. As an example for such a depth estimation the interpretation of the aeromagnetic survey of NW-Germany by a relief in 8–16 km depth is given. The relief divides the subsurface in an upper nonmagnetic layer and a lower layer with magnetization M= 2 Am^?1.     

三度剩余磁力异常源全方位成像的理论和方法

首先在球坐标系中导出了三度磁性体的“拟引力位”V（p）、“拟引力场”F（p）、磁位U（p）、总磁场T（p）和任意方向磁场分量（p户）等球谐级数正演通式．然后,采用（p）,F（p）和V（p）等3个球谐级数正演通式,建立了复杂条件下三度剩余磁力异常源全方位成像方法．最后,给出了“成像”理论方法体系的应用实例．     

灰色系统预测在地电预报地震三要素中的应用

本文用灰色系统理论中的系统预测方法，分别建立震级Ｍ、震中距Ｒ、发震时间ｔ＿ｆ与地电异常幅度Ｕ、持续时间Ｔ的灰色预测模型ＣＭ（１，３）。由于引入了ＧＭ模型，就避免了人为确定统计函数形式，并且在震例较少的情况下也可以进行三要素预报，这样就可以建立起适合各个具体台站的预测关系，预测结果较目前统一的预报公式要好。该方法所需资料少，计算简单，给出的结果简明实用。     

球坐标系下多震相走时三参数同时反演成像

球坐标系下多震相走时三参数(速度、震源位置和反射界面)同时反演需要解决两个关键问题:(1)球坐标系下3D速度模型中多次透射、反射(折射)及转换波精确、快速的射线追踪;(2)同时反演时三种不同参数间的强耦合问题.为此,我们将直角坐标系下分区多步不规则最短路径算法推广至球坐标系中,进行区域或者全球尺度的多震相射线追踪.然后将其与适合多参数同时反演的子空间算法相结合,形成一种球坐标系下联合多震相走时三参数同时反演的方法技术.与双参数(速度和反射界面或速度和震源位置)同时反演的数值模拟对比分析显示:三参数与双参数的同时反演结果大体接近,并且它们对到时数据中可容许的随机噪声不太敏感.结果说明本文中的同时反演成像为一种提高成像分辨率,同时反演速度、震源位置和反射界面的有效方法.     

NOISE,TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT,AND LONG TIME STABILITY OF ELECTRODES FOR TELLURIC OBSERVATIONS*

Numerous electrodes, already used in geophysics or just perfected by us, have been compared by measuring the three main characteristics which interest the user: noise spectrum, temperature coefficient and polarization with its stability versus time. Among the most used unpolarizable electrodes, silver-silver chloride (Ag-AgCl) are the best ones. But a systematic research of all different possible metal-salt couples, have led us to use lead-lead chloride (Pb-PbCl₂) for the following reasons: noise as low as the one of Ag-AgCl at 1 Hz and even lower for the low frequencies (0.4 μV at 1 Hz and 1.2 μV at 0.01 Hz for peak to peak value and ΔF=F), temperature coefficient about ten times weaker (?40 μV/°C instead of ?450 μV/°C) and also better long time stability of the polarization (1 mV/month instead of 2 at 10 mV/month). We have been using these electrodes since 1977 as “tube” electrodes which are very easy to use. They allow us to record correctly the fast variations thanks to their low noise, the very slow variations, their low temperature coefficient and their stability, and this with telluric lines only about 100 m long.     

双相介质中的地震波运动学特征

以 Biot理论为基础 ,推导了双相介质中弹性波的本构关系、运动方程及解。结果表明 :在均匀双相介质中可获得第一 P波、第二 P波和 S波。第一 P波近似于弹性介质中的 P波 ,第二 P波称为慢波 ,其速度一般小于 S波 ,但在个别介质模型中大于 S波。选择了合理的参数 ,对均匀双相介质中的波速进行了数值模拟     

量规函数、台站方位、台基及不同测量方法对近震震级 MLsub> 的影响

本文研究了量规函数、台站方位、台基以及不同测量方法对测定震级 ML 的影响.结果表明:1)得到了一个新的量规函数 R3（△）,它比原有的 R1（△）和 R2（△）更适合于我国西南地区:2)由于地震波辐射的方向性,处在不同方位的台站震级差可达0.3——0.5级.用 P 波与S 波的某种组合可消除一些方向性影响;3)基岩台基的校正值不大.某些较大的台基校正值可能是仪器放大倍数没测准的影响;4)除用 S 波的水平分量求震级外,S 波的垂直分量以及 P 波的水平分量和垂直分量乘以适当的倍数后,都可用来求震级 ML.求得的结果与常规方法的结果之间几乎没有什么差别.      

匀变速扩展的圆盘形断层的远场辐射理论（二）

本文第一部分已讨论在以下两条假设下的匀变速扩展的圆盘形断层的远场辐射理论: 1.破裂是从中心开始的;2.均匀位错分布（n=0）。 本部分将讨论更一般的情形,第一部分中的结果可以从本部分的普遍公式中作为特殊情形过渡得到。     

地震仪器的瞬态响应ht

本文主要讨论观测仪器的质量问题, 着重讨论影响初动的有关仪器部件和它们的参数.提出用升起时间ts作为评价仪器记录初至波质量好坏的特性参数.给出升起时间ts和仪器频带之间的关系.对我国地震台站上常用地震仪器的升起时间作了比较.      

非单一电离层扰动场的台阵探测分析

真实的ＴＩＤ一类大尺度电离层扰动是非平稳和色散的，而且是统计非单一的．本文首先给出了描述这种真实扰动场的数学模型，进而导出了联系台阵探测可测量与扰动场传播参量的观测方程，在此基础上提出了求解观测方程的时频分析方法．这一台阵探测数据分析的新方法，既能分离出非单一电离层扰动场中各种准单一扰动成分，又能获得准单一扰动成分传播参量随时间的演变和随频率的色散．分析实例表明，本文方法分辨率好，精度高，结果可靠，是适用于ＴＩＤ一类大尺度电离层扰动台阵探测数据分析的有效方法．     

Event-based estimation of water budget components using a network of multi-sensor capacitance probes

Abstract

A new approach was developed for estimating vertical soil water fluxes using soil water content time series data. Instead of a traditional fixed time interval, this approach utilizes the time interval between two sequential minima of the soil water storage time series to identify groundwater recharge events and calculate components of the soil water budget. We calculated water budget components: surface-water excess (Sw), infiltration less evapotranspiration (I – ET) and groundwater recharge (R) from May 2001 to January 2003 at eight locations at the USDA Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA. High uncertainty was observed for all budget components. This uncertainty was attributed to spatial and temporal variation in Sw, I – ET and R, and was caused by nonuniform rainfall distributions during recharge events, variability in the profile water content, and spatial variability in soil hydraulic properties. The proposed event-based approach allows estimating water budget components when profile water content monitoring data are available.

Citation Guber, A., Gish, T., Pachepsky, Y., McKee, L., Nicholson, T. & Cady, R. (2011) Event-based estimation of water budget components using a network of multi-sensor capacitance probes. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(7), 1227–1241.     

QUASI-ANALYTIC CONVOLUTION SOLUTION OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD*

The objective of this study is to generate the separation-distance-domain (r-domain) transformation of the theoretically calculated wave number domain (m-domain) electromagnetic induction field component B_z(m, ω) of a stratified medium and to search for interpretive information which has been absent in the previously achieved numerical solutions of the problem. The r-domain kernel R?(r, ω) function defining the induction field appears to adequately reflect the layering and electrical properties of the medium if it is expressed as a function of the frequency if the source-receiver separation r is small with respect to the thickness of the first layer. However, exact values of the conductivity cannot be distinguished from those of the neighboring values unless a resistive basement layer is present. This feature is the result of the truncation in series representation of the kernel function R?(m, ω). However, this truncation is regarded as significant in the case of a conductive first layer. In m-domain static-zone studies, a conductive first layer slightly influences its r-domain correspondent. Although the computational cost of obtaining the kernel B(r, ω) by evaluation of the convolution in a cylindrical coordinate system is high, this semi-analytic solution is still superior to those based on the asymptotic assumptions.     

转换波方位各向异性裂缝检测技术研究及应用

HTI裂缝各向异性介质中,转换波随方位角的变化比较复杂,目前还没有解析公式可以表达其变化特征,只能通过物理实验或数值模拟来分析其应用的可能性.数值模拟结果表明,转换波在裂缝各向异性介质中传播时,其R分量和T分量的振幅属性都具有明显的方位各向异性特征,R分量振幅方位各向异性拟合椭圆的长轴方向指示裂缝方位,这与纵波方位各向异性特征相似;根据P波AVAZ方位各向异性分析原理,对转换波R分量振幅方位各向异性曲线进行方位椭圆拟合,寻找椭圆的长轴方向,即裂缝主方位,再由P波AVAZ技术中振幅响应与炮检方向和裂缝走向之间的夹角关系式得到裂缝的发育密度,从而构建转换波方位各向异性AVAZ裂缝检测技术.该技术已用于川西新场气田某区块的裂缝储层预测,取得了较好的应用效果.     

一维地震预报评分问题

本文对当前应用较多的各种基于22列联表的一维地震预报评分进行了较全面地评述,文中论及: 1.从统计相关性着眼,Wallen评分V=QS是最合理的预报评分. 2.顾氏评分S、许氏评分R及O评分Q虽便于使用,但各有不足. 3.由V可引入一系列评分,S与Q的调和均值、Hedike评分SH皆在此系列中.定理5-3列出了常见评分的顺序. 4.从重合程度着眼给出了评分W,并由之引出另一个标准化评分列————W系列(标准化后的有效指数h。在其中居于最严的位置).      

INTERPRETATION OF AEROMAGNETIC DATA FROM THE NORWEGIAN SECTOR OF THE NORTH SEA*

Total magnetic intensity contour maps for the study region (between 2°E to 10°E and 56°N to 60°N) were digitized and converted to a regular grid of 285 × 285 points. The study area measures approximately 444 km × 444 km and the grid spacing is thus 1. 56 km. The International Geomagnetic Reference Field for 1975 was gridded for the above-used net, and from the two data sets a further grid of the ?T field was generated. A large number of profiles were constructed which were suitable for depth determinations. The regular grid ?T data is also convenient for the computation of the second vertical derivative. Using the method of vertical prisms of Vacquier et al. (1963), a large suite of curvature-depth indices was measured to complement the depths obtained from the intensity slopes and from boreholes which reach the crystalline basement. The depth to the magnetic basement has been contoured, and the resulting map is shown to be in good agreement with what is known about the deeper geology of the study area. The work reported here is part of a research project supported by Amoco Norway, BP Petroleum Development Ltd, Elf Aquitaine, Esso Exploration and Production, Norwegian Gulf, Norsk Hydro, Mobil Exploration Norway, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Royal Norwegian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (NTNF), Norske Shell, and Statoil.     

涡旋诱发重联模型（Ⅰ）——动力学特性

本文首先从理论上系统地研究了涡旋诱发重联的基本动力学特性.包括:涡旋诱发重联的物理机制;Kelvin-Helmholtz（K-H）不稳定性和撕裂模不稳定性耦合过程;磁流体涡管的基本特性;不同尺度涡旋间的相互作用,动能和磁能间的转化及准稳态时流线、磁力线、等涡度线和等电流密度线的相似性等.用二维MHD数值模拟方法研究了上述一些特性,并与理论分析结论进行了比较.结果表明,模拟结果证实了理论推论.涡旋诱发重联是产生局部磁场重联的重要机制之一,该模型在磁顶区的应用将另文发表.     

Solar Forcing of Climate

Solar activity is evident both in the equatorial activity centres and in the polar magnetic field variations. The total solar irradiance variation is due to the former component. During the extraordinarily long minimum of activity between sunspot cycles 23 and 24, the variations related to the equatorial field components reached their minimum values in the first half of 2008, while those related to the polar field variations had their extreme values rather at the end of 2009 and the first half of 2010. The explanation of this delay is another challenge for dynamo theories. The role of the open solar flux has so far been grossly underestimated in discussions of Sun-climate relations. The gradual increase in the average terrestrial ground temperature since 1610 is related both to the equatorial and polar field variations. The main component (0.077?K/century) is due to the variation of the total solar irradiance. The second component (0.040?K/century) waits for an explanation. The smoothed residual increase, presumably antropogenic, obtained after subtraction of the known components from the total increase was 0.31?K in 1999.     

Receiver function method in reflection seismology

The receiver function method was originally developed to analyse earthquake data recorded by multicomponent (3C) sensors and consists in deconvolving the horizontal component by the vertical component. The deconvolution process removes travel path effects from the source to the base of the target as well as the earthquake source signature. In addition, it provides the possibility of separating the emergent P and PS waves based on adaptive subtraction between recorded components if plane waves of constant ray parameters are considered. The resulting receiver function signal is the local PS wave's impulse response generated at impedance contrasts below the 3C receiver.We propose to adapt this technique to the wide‐angle multi‐component reflection acquisition geometry. We focus on the simplest case of land data reflection acquisition. Our adapted version of the receiver function approach consists in a multi‐step procedure that first removes the P wavefield recorded on the horizontal component and next removes the source signature. The separation step is performed in the τ?p domain while the source designature can be achieved in either the τ?p or the t?x domain. Our technique does not require any a priori knowledge of the subsurface. The resulting receiver function is a pure PS‐wave reflectivity response, which can be used for amplitude versus slowness or offset analysis. Stack of the receiver function leads to a high‐quality S wave image.