青海热水-日月山断裂带古地震的初步研究

热水—日月山断裂带是青藏高原东北缘柴达木—祁连山活动地块内部一条重要的NNW向的右旋走滑活动断裂带.断裂活动形成了一系列山脊、冲沟和阶地等右旋断错微地貌及断层崖、断层陡坎等垂直断错微地貌.本文对发生在该断裂带上的古地震事件开展了研究,综合探槽剖面和断层陡坎年代,大致可以确定两次古地震事件,其年代分别为距今6280±120a,2220±360a,复发间隔约4000a左右.     

青藏高原北缘三危山断裂东北段的古地震事件

三危山断裂位于青藏高原北缘,为阿尔金断裂带的一条重要分支,研究其晚更新世以来的活动特征,可为全面地把握青藏高原北缘的地震活动规律提供基础资料。在对三危山断裂东北段(十工口子西-双塔)进行遥感资料解译、野外地质地貌调查和探槽开挖,并分析探槽内揭露的断层、地层和楔状堆积三者之间关系的基础上,结合相关堆积物的光释光断代研究,最终利用逐次限定法分析了古地震事件发生的年代。研究发现该断裂段上晚更新世以来发生了3次古地震事件:距今最远的一次事件E1发生在约5.3万年前,接近5.3万年;第二次事件E2发生于距今约4万年之前,5.3万年之后,更接近4万年;最近的一次事件E3发生于距今7.42—2.47ka。由于晚更新世以来探槽开挖地点地层沉积的不连续,或地层沉积之后发生的侵蚀作用,导致探槽内揭露出的古地震事件存在严重缺失。但可以确定的是,在晚更新世中晚期和全新世,三危山断裂东北段上确有破裂地表的古地震事件发生。     

福建莆田海岸距今2855年的大震及华南海岸带的古地震遗迹

莆田海岸距今2855±273年发生了7.6级地震,发震断层为北东55°—65°的右旋走滑断层,水平断距3.9米。这次地震与海岸一次大幅度沉降开始的时间一致。断层错动时上盘被北西向断层面阻挡,形成挤压构造和崩塌的巨砾倒石堆,断层中的擦痕和微错动也是明显的。 闽粤琼海岸带,特别是大震区有许多次近代大幅度升降等古地震遗迹。近850多年来海岸带有两个地震周期序列,近5000多年海岸升降周期为500年左右,表明地震周期序列也为500年左右。     

河西走廊黑河口断层上的古地震及年代研究

本文从活断层地貌,断层作用的相关沉积特征,断层面物质受地震作用以后的物理变化等方面讨论了黑河口断层晚第四纪以来发生的古地震期次。并用钙土壤、地貌陡坎演化等相对年代方法,结合一些实验室样品年代,确定古地震发生的年代。结果表明:黑河口断层晚第四纪以来发生过四次古地震事件,一次发生在距今约25000年,另三次发生在距今13000、10500和8500年左右,为不均等间隔。本文还为干旱、半干旱区相对年代方法提供了区域“经验”关系     

乌鲁木齐西山断层活动性鉴定与潜在最大地震震级评估

以2004～2007年开展的乌鲁木齐城市活断层探测与地震危险性评价项目之地震危险性评价专题所取得的新资料为基础,重点对乌鲁木齐西山断层活动性和潜在地震最大震级进行评价.西山断层在中更新世-晚更新世中期曾有强烈的活动,最新的活动错断了距今39～16 ka的地层,晚更新世末期以来活动性减弱,没有错断全新世地层,所以为晚更新世断层.该断层晚更新世的垂直滑动速率为0.05～0.06 mm/a.西山断层具有发生直下型地震的能力,估计其潜在最大地震震级为6.5级.     

金州断裂盖州北—鞍山段古地震破裂的新证据

1975年海城M_S7.3地震是中国第1次成功预报的7级以上破坏型地震,避免了大量人员和财产损失。但在地震后的调查中并没有发现较为连续的地表破裂带,只在零星地点发现了一些地表裂缝和喷砂冒水现象。该地震的等震线表现出较为明显的共轭特征,因此研究者对于海城地震的发震断层一直存在一定争议。文中对与海城河断裂共轭相交的金州断裂盖州北—鞍山段进行了遥感影像解译、微地貌测量和古地震探槽开挖等工作,发现金州断裂自大石桥市沿NE向至鞍山市南,在盆山过渡带的晚更新世和全新世地貌面上存在较为明显的沿NE向展布的断层陡坎。由于人类活动,断层陡坎展布不连续。断层陡坎的高度多为1～2m,最大可达3m;在海城市南葫芦峪村开挖的古地震探槽揭露出盖州北—鞍山段具有宽约20m的基岩破碎带,晚更新世晚期—全新世以来(距今(37.6±2.2) ka)至少发生过2次古地震事件。较新的一次地震发生于全新世(距今(11.7±0.8) ka以后,很可能为距今400～500a)。由于全新世地层太薄所限,无法识别出更多全新世古地震,但可以判断金州断裂盖州北—鞍山段为晚更新世晚期—全新世活动断裂。     

导致古森林沉没于海的福建深沪湾古地震研究

福建深沪湾海底古森林是强古地震遗迹。研究结果表明 ,全新世早期该处海底古森林生长在由松散的晚更新世含砾砂粘土构成的低凹洼地内。距今 70 0 0a左右的强古地震导致古森林沉没于海并形成泻湖环境 ,约距今 2 0 0 0a的又一次强古地震使海底古森林沉没到更深的海底 ,推测这两次古地震的震级都超过 7级     

导致古森林沉没于海的福建深沪湾古地震研究

福建深沪湾海底古森林是强古地震遗迹.研究结果表明,全新世早期该处海底古森林生长在由松散的晚更新世含砾砂粘土构成的低凹洼地内.距今7 000a左右的强古地震导致古森林沉没于海并形成泻湖环境,约距今2 000a的又一次强古地震使海底古森林沉没到更深的海底,推测这两次古地震的震级都超过7级.     

正谊关断裂带的新活动与古地震研究

正谊关断裂横贯贺兰山北部山区,为一长期活动的区域性大断裂带。本文根据大比例尺航卫片解译,野外实际调查资料和~(14)C年代数据,讨论了该断裂带的平面展布、第四纪以来断裂的运动方式,活动强度、最新活动时代及古地震等问题。该断裂带的正谊关断层段新活动强烈,第四纪以来呈明显的左旋走滑活动。断错地貌显示,其最大一组水平错距为1800—2000米,最小一组错距为10—20米。在毛呼都格音沟及葡萄泉子沟发现两处古地震遗迹,估计该两次古地震事件发生在距今约6000年左右。     

青藏高原北缘三危山断裂晚更新世活动特征

三危山断裂位于青藏高原北缘,属于阿尔金断裂带向NW扩展的分支断裂,其最新的构造活动反映了青藏高原北部地区的构造演化及地震活动特征。文中通过遥感影像解译、野外实地调查和地质填图,对该断裂晚第四纪构造活动特征进行了研究。结果表明,三危山断裂发育于三危山西北麓,长约175km,断裂以左旋走滑为主,兼有逆断层性质,局部表现出正断层特征。其构造活动的地貌表现形式主要有:基岩陡坎、断层沟槽以及山包、冲沟左旋等。古地震探槽开挖揭示三危山断裂主要断错晚更新世地层,在距今(40.3±5.2)~(42.1±3.9)ka有过1次古地震活动,为1条晚更新世活动断裂。     

阿尔金北缘断裂带东北段第四纪构造活动与地震

本文概述了阿尔金北缘断裂带东北段(甘肃境内)的地质背景和新构造运动,讨论了断层特性、断层几何学、形变图象及一些特殊走滑运动地貌等问题。根据第四纪后期不同时代的地貌单元被水平左旋错移的幅度,结合C~(14)年代测定,求出5个不同时代至今的平均滑动速率,并分析了断层活动的一些时空特点。文章还探讨了古地震现象,现代地震活动与断裂的关系及地震危险性,较详细地研究了新发现的芦草沟古地震形变带。     

用地貌学方法研究贺兰山山前断层全新世活动状况

本文根据穿过断层的45条冲沟中的裂点和阶地测量资料,论述贺兰山山前断层全新世以来的活动状况。我们认为全新世以来该断层至少有8次活动。最后一次断层活动错断了距今400年的长城,并在冲沟中形成一个裂点,该裂点现今已距断层陡坎约5米远。假定这次断层活动和1739年平罗大地震有关,求出裂点的溯源侵蚀平均速度为2.0—2.5厘米/年.根据两裂点间的距离和裂点的溯源侵蚀平均速度,并考虑到我国近5000年的气候有逐渐变干的趋势,求出断层活动的周期(表3)。从断层陡坎附近的各级阶地面之间的高差,求出断层各次活动的幅度(表4)。     

小江西支断裂的滑动速率与强震重复周期

本文通过对各种断错地质地貌现象及被错体年龄的分析,估算出小江西支断裂在第四纪、晚更新世及全新世以来的滑动速率分别为6.7毫米/年、7.0毫米/年及6.4毫水/年。在此基础上,结合历史地震及古地震活动讨论了强震的重复周期和断裂的活动特征,结果表明小江西支断裂的活动以重复错动发生强烈地震为主要特征,强震在断裂带上同一地段的平均重复周期为900年左右,沿整个断裂带的重复周期大于330年     

PALEOSEIMOLOGY AND LATE QUATERNARY SLIP RATE OF THE YOUSHASHAN FAULT AT SOUTHWESTERN MARGIN OF QAIDAM BASIN

The Youshashan Fault lies in the south flank of Yingxiongling anticline, southwestern margin of Qaidam Basin. The Yingxiongling anticline is one of the most active neotectonics, situated at the front of folds expanding southward in the Qaidam Basin. Research on the paleoseimology and Late Quaternary slip rate of this fault is important for hazard assessment and understanding tectonic deformation in this area. We excavated a 27-m-long trench across the Youshashan fault where a pressure bridge formed on the Holocene alluvial fans, measured a profile of the fold scarp created by the fault west of the Youshashan mountain, and collected several samples of finer sands for luminescence dating. Analysis of these data shows that(1) The Youshashan Fault is a Holocene active feature. The fold scarp in the basin indicates that this fault has been active along a same surface trace since at least mid-late Pleistocene. At least two paleoseismic events are revealed by trenching, both occurred in Holocene. The latest event Ⅱ in the trench happened after 500a. The current information fails to confidently support that it is the 1977 Mangya M6.4 earthquake, but cannot excludes the possibility of it is related to this earthquake. The other event Ⅰ occurred about between 1 000a to 4 000a. Erosion after the event Ⅰ prevents us to constrain the event age and to identify more events further. (2)The vertical slip rate of the Youshashan fault is about(0.38±0.06)mm/a since mid-late Pleistocene. Comparing with relative speeds of GPS sites across the Yingxiongling anticline suggests that the Youshashan fault is an important structure which is accommodating crustal shortening in this region.     

THE SLIP RATE AND PALEOEARTHQUAKES OF THE YUMEN FAULT IN THE NORTHERN QILIAN MOUNTAINS SINCE THE LATE PLEISTOCENE

The Yumen Fault lies on the west segment of the north Qilian Fault belt and adjacent to the Altyn-Tagh Fault,in the north margin of the Tibet Plateau.The tectonic location of the Yumen fault is special,and the fault is the evidence of recent activity of the northward growth of Tibetan plateau.In recent twenty years,many researches show the activity of the Yumen Fault became stronger from the early Pleistocene to the Holocene.Because the Yumen Fault is a new active fault and fold belt in the Qilian orogenic belt in the north margin of the Tibet Plateau,it is important to ascertain its slip rate and the recurrence interval of paleoearthquakes since the Late Pleistocene.Using the satellite image interpretation of the Beida river terrace,the GPS measurement of alluvial fans in front of the Yumen Fault and the trench excavation on the fault scarps,two conclusions are obtained in this paper.(1) The vertical slip rate of the Yumen Fault is about 0.41~0.48mm/a in the Holocene and about 0.24~0.30mm/a in the last stage of the late Pleistocene.(2) Since the Holocene epoch,four paleoearthquakes,which happened respectively in 6.12~10.53ka,3.6~5.38ka,1.64~1.93ka and 0.63~1.64ka,ruptured the surface scarps of the Yumen Fault.Overall,the recurrence interval of the paleoseismic events shortens gradually and the activity of the Yumen Fault becomes stronger since the Holocene.Anther characteristic is that every paleoearthquake probably ruptured multiple fault scarps at the same time.     

LATE QUATERNARY FAULTED LANDFORMS AND FAULT ACTIVITY OF THE HUASHAN PIEDMONT FAULT

Based on the 1︰50000 active fault geological mapping, combining with high-precision remote imaging, field geological investigation and dating technique, the paper investigates the stratum, topography and faulted landforms of the Huashan Piedmont Fault. Research shows that the Huashan Piedmont Fault can be divided into Lantian to Huaxian section (the west section), Huaxian to Huayin section (the middle section) and Huayin to Lingbao section (the east section) according to the respective different fault activity. The fault in Lantian to Huaxian section is mainly contacted by loess and bedrock. Bedrock fault plane has already become unsmooth and mirror surfaces or striations can not be seen due to the erosion of running water and wind. 10~20m high fault scarps can be seen ahead of mountain in the north section near Mayu gully and Qiaoyu gully, and we can see Malan loess faulted profiles in some gully walls. In this section terraces are mainly composed of T₁ and T₂ which formed in the early stage of Holocene and late Pleistocene respectively. Field investigation shows that T₁ is continuous and T₂ is dislocated across the fault. These indicate that in this section the fault has been active in the late Pleistocene and its activity becomes weaker or no longer active after that. In the section between Huaxian and Huayin, neotectonics is very obvious, fault triangular facets are clearly visible and fault scarps are in linear distribution. Terrace T₁, T₂ and T₃ develop well on both sides of most gullies. Dating data shows that T₁ forms in 2~3ka BP, T₂ forms in 6~7ka BP, and T₃ forms in 60~70ka BP. All terraces are faulted in this section, combing with average ages and scarp heights of terraces, we calculate the average vertical slip rates during the period of T₃ to T₂, T₂ to T₁ and since the formation of T₁, which are 0.4mm/a, 1.1mm/a and 1.6mm/a, and among them, 1.1mm/a can roughly represent as the average vertical slip rate since the middle stage of Holocene. Fault has been active several times since the late period of late Pleistocene according to fault profiles, in addition, Tanyu west trench also reveals the dislocation of the culture layer of(0.31~0.27)a BP. 1~2m high scarps of floodplains which formed in(400~600)a BP can be seen at Shidiyu gully and Gouyu gully. In contrast with historical earthquake data, we consider that the faulted culture layer exposed by Tanyu west trench and the scarps of floodplains are the remains of Huanxian M_S8½ earthquake. The fault in Huayin to Lingbao section is also mainly contacted by loess and mountain bedrock. Malan loess faulted profiles can be seen at many river outlets of mountains. Terrace geomorphic feature is similar with that in the west section, T₁ is covered by thin incompact Holocene sand loam, and T₂ is covered by Malan loess. OSL dating shows that T₂ formed in the early to middle stage of late Pleistocene. Field investigation shows that T₁ is continuous and T₂ is dislocated across the fault. These also indicate that in this section fault was active in the late Pleistocene and its activity becomes weaker or no longer active since Holocene. According to this study combined with former researches, we incline to the view that the seismogenic structure of Huanxian M_S8½ earthquake is the Huashan Piedmont Fault and the Northern Margin Fault of Weinan Loess, as for whether there are other faults or not awaits further study.     

小江断裂带中段盆地的发育阶段及其与区域构造运动的关系

小江断裂带中段新生代发育的系列盆地，根据其发育阶段可分为始新世—渐新世、上新世—早更新世、中更新世—晚更新世和晚更新世—全新世４个阶段，并根据发育持续性可分为继承性、阶段性、复活性、新生性４种类型。由大比例尺填图所获资料及前人成果，介绍了各阶段盆地的分布特征和成因机制，讨论了盆地发育与区域构造运动、断裂活动的关系     

太白维山山前断裂活动特征的初步研究

本文立足于大量的野外第一手资料，综合解剖了太白维山山前断裂的几何结构，并就其运动学特征进行了初步探讨。认为：太白维山山前断裂第四纪以来的活动表现为正断型，其几何结构和运动特征都有着相同的分段性。我们将其划分为三段，西段结构简单，晚更新世以来无明显活动；中段结构复杂，一直强烈活动；东段活动强度较低。晚更新世晚期以来断裂（中段）的平均滑动速率０．４ｍｍ／ａ，全新世以来达到０．６７ｍｍ／ａ，而且这种速率     

云南红河断裂带北段断裂位错与地震重复发生的时间间隔

本文用地质方法确定了全新世以来红河断裂(北段)位错速率:狭谷段(定西岭)水平位错速率8毫米/年,垂直位错速率1.8毫米/年;宽谷段(大理)水平位错速率5毫米/年,垂直位错速率9毫米/年。据断裂位错参数计算,本区6.8级左右地震重复发生的时间间隔是178±29年;它与6—7级历史地震重复时间间隔150±50年在时间尺度上相当,这对地震中长期预报有参考价值     

再探中国大陆第四纪地壳运动时程

以柴达木盆地新构造运动发生的期次、黄河兰州谷地出现的突出构造事件、阿尔金断裂带第四纪所经历的大运动阶段、攀西裂谷区新构造运动分期、北京地区南段新构造运动波动、全国一些地区断裂活动时序等为例证,再次证明了第四纪以来中国大陆地壳活动具有明显的时段性,４次强烈的构造活动分别发生在上新世末至早更新世初、早更新世中晚期、中更新世中晚期和全新世。其中,以中更新世中晚期地壳活动强度最大、波及范围最广