火山岩实验矿物的结晶形态及其生长动力学机制

本文对我国福建，江西，河南等地某些典型玄武岩和部分安山岩以及意大利维苏威火山的白榴响岩质玄岩进行了熔融，结晶，淬火实验研究，总结了斜长石，白榴石，橄榄石，斜方辉石，单斜辉石和磁铁矿等实验矿物的形态特征，探讨了微晶矿物，骸晶矿物和维晶矿物的生长学机制，阐述了矿物晶体形态与结晶温度，生长速度及熔浆ＳｉＯ２含量的关系。     

高温实验研究火成岩成因的意义

通过对球粒陨石晚壳的分层及玻璃质的研究,探讨了类地行星的层圈构造划分及地球早期玄武岩与月岩形成的机理。论述了高温实验结果对火山岩、侵入岩、陨石及含水暗色矿物等有关成因研究的意义。根据酸性火山岩干熔与湿熔实验中矿物熔融顺序的不同,分析了花岗闻风而动 浆侵入酸度演经及浅色麻粒岩的 ,讨论了岩石熔点与酸度、结构的关系。根据玄武岩加花岗岩的熔融实验结果,排队了玄武岩浆同化花岗岩形成 白榴玄武岩的可能,并提出了高铝玄武岩浆与碱性苦橄岩浆分离结晶形成拉斑玄武系列岩石及出现跨越趋势的可能。通过不同酸度、不同温度熔体粘度的计算．阐述了同一温度下熔浆酸度愈大粘度增大率愈大的特点及其与火山相、喷发及火山类型的关系。通过轻度钠化、变质、风化的玄武岩熔融结晶实验与新鲜玄武岩的对比,指出具原岩显微结构的岩石．其化学成分仍可作为火山岩分类命名、系列划分的依据。通过玄武岩熔融结晶实验,研究了熔浆过冷度、成桉密度、晶体生长速度与矿物结晶程度的关系,并指出了白榴苦橄岩熔体在降温过程中,晶出矿物的共生组合、演化顺序及其意义。根据含水暗色矿物的升温研究,阐明了它们氧化、脱水与热光性的变化过程及其暗化、分解、熔融的变化阶段,阐述了它们在地质温度计、划分岩浆岩相等方面的作用,并由玄武岩的熔融结晶实验结果,研究了富钙单斜辉石在压力效应、淬火效应中Ti 与Al2含量的不同,还指出可能有“等温效应 的存在。     

金川岩体母岩浆成分及其分离结晶过程的熔浆热力学模拟

金川铜镍硫化物矿床是仅次于加拿大Sudbury和俄罗斯Noril’sk-Talnakh 的世界第三大在采镍矿床。金川岩体主要由含二辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、斜长二辉橄榄岩和橄榄辉石岩组成,岩相学观察表明主要造岩矿物的结晶顺序为：橄榄石→斜方辉石→单斜辉石→斜长石。为了进一步探讨金川岩体母岩浆成分及其分离结晶过程,本文在前人工作基础上根据主要造岩矿物结晶顺序及其电子探针成分,借助熔浆热力学软件“MELTS”的计算,获得金川岩体更为准确的母岩浆成分为：48.2% SiO2,1.00% TiO2,11.3 % Al2O3,12.9% FeO,1.30% Fe2O3,12.6% MgO,10.1% CaO,1.51% Na2O,0.72% K2O,0.04% NiO。MELTS模拟计算表明金川岩体母岩浆的分离结晶经历了两个阶段,在深度约为10.9~12.5km的深部岩浆房经历了约5%的橄榄石以及约4%的斜方辉石分离结晶,并伴随硫化物熔离。在重力作用的影响下,橄榄石、斜方辉石和硫化物向下沉降,形成由下至上的分层：橄榄石-斜方辉石-硫化物-硅酸盐熔浆层,橄榄石-斜方辉石-硅酸盐熔浆层和硅酸盐熔浆层。硅酸盐熔浆首先挤出形成贫硫化物的岩体或喷出地表,之后橄榄石-斜方辉石-硅酸盐熔浆被挤入到7.6~9.2km的浅部岩浆房,经重力分异形成金川I号岩体的上部岩相带和II号岩体顶部的含辉橄榄岩。橄榄石-斜方辉石-硫化物-硅酸盐熔浆层最后被挤入金川岩体,并再次结晶出橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜长石,形成金川岩体的主要岩相和硫化物矿体。这些计算结果不仅与野外和室内岩相学观察吻合,也与硫化物熔离过程的最新研究结果相一致。     

新疆巴楚瓦吉里塔格金伯利岩矿物中岩浆包裹体研究

笔者在代表金伯利质熔浆结晶演化产物的橄榄石巨斑、金云母斑晶和磷灰石粗晶中首次发现了岩浆包裹体。捕晶角闪石、单斜辉石及橄榄石中岩浆包裹体研究证实,其源于基性-超基性杂岩。依据充填物相态和成分,将本区岩浆包裹体划分为两类:A,硅酸盐熔融包裹体;B,流体熔融包裹体,前者又细分出一个亚类(A′),即晶体-玻璃包裹体。经岩浆包裹体均一化温度值的测定和压力估算,原始金伯利质熔浆晶出巨斑橄榄石的温度略高于1116℃,压力约4.5GPa。     

新疆巴楚瓦吉里塔格金伯利岩矿物中岩浆包裹体研究

笔者在代表金伯利质熔浆结晶演化产物的橄榄石巨斑、金云母斑晶和磷灰石精晶中首次发现了岩浆包裹体。捕晶角闪石、单斜辉石及橄榄石中岩浆包裹体研宄证实,其源于基性-超基性杂岩。依据充填物相态和成分,将本区岩浆包裹体划分为两类:A,硅酸盐熔融包裹体;B,流体熔融包裹体,前者又细分出一个亚炎(A′),即晶体-玻璃包裹体。经岩浆包裹体均一化温度值的测定和压力估算,原始金伯利质熔浆晶出巨斑橄榄石的温度略高于1116℃,压力约4.5GPa。     

东天山觉罗塔格构造带雅满苏组火山岩的矿物学研究

东天山觉罗塔格构造带雅满苏组的构造背景一直存有较大争议。斑晶成分和结构的研究可以对岩浆系列、构造背景和岩浆演化的物理化学条件作出制约。本文报道了雅满苏组火山岩中斜长石和辉石斑晶的研究成果。辉石属于普通辉石-顽透辉石系列,部分样品的辉石颗粒与寄主岩达到了岩浆平衡。辉石判别图解表明寄主岩浆属于亚碱性系列,形成于俯冲带环境,与微量元素判别结果相一致。根据辉石-熔体温压计,得到辉石结晶时的温度在1150℃左右,压力相当于5~10 km的地壳深度。雅满苏组火山岩中主体的斜长石属于拉长石,JX-24-1斜长石为中长石,成分和结构特征都表明该颗粒为捕虏晶。辉石和斜长石捕虏晶共同揭示了雅满苏组火山岩在地壳浅部发生了结晶分异和围岩混染的岩浆过程。     

中国东部几个地区新生代玄武岩中单斜辉石—熔体平衡温压—兼论幔源包体的成因

以中国东部宽甸、汉诺坝和明溪含有幔源包体的新生代玄武岩中的单斜辉石斑（巨）晶为研究对象,采用最新的单斜辉石－熔体平衡温压计对单斜辉石斑（巨）晶－熔体进行了平衡温压计算。结果表明,碱性玄武岩中的单斜辉石斑晶结晶温度和压力高于共生的亚碱性玄武岩中的单斜辉石斑晶,单斜辉石巨晶的结晶温度和压力高于单斜辉石斑晶。这说明碱性玄武岩的形成深度大于亚碱性玄武岩,单斜辉石巨晶是更高压力下的结晶产物,单斜辉石斑晶在岩浆上升的不同深度均有晶出。回归分析表明,尽管携带幔源包体的玄武岩浆上升速度较快,但并不是绝热上升。单斜辉石斑（巨）晶的结晶温压条件与同一地点幔源包体平衡温压条件的对比表明,单斜辉石巨晶和碱性玄武岩中的部分单斜辉石斑（巨）晶的结晶温压大于幔源包体的平衡温压,表明了包体寄主岩浆的来源深度大于包体的深度。因此,幔源包体是寄主岩浆上升途中捕虏的上地幔碎块,而非寄主岩浆形成源区的残留体。     

山西大同新生代火山岩熔融相平衡的实验研究

通过低压熔融相平衡实验，研究山西大同火山群玄武岩在结晶分离作用过程中液相成分的演化规律，探讨了矿物和溶浆之间元素的分配。在１００ｋＰａ，ｆｏ２＝ＮＮＯ，Ｔ＝１１００°～１３００℃条件下，矿物结晶顺序为Ｏ１→Ｐ１→Ｃｐｘ。橄榄石为液相线矿物。橄榄石－熔体Ｆｅ２－－Ｍｇ２－交换反应的分配系数是一个与温度无关的常数、残余液相线成分取决于晶出矿物相的化学成分及含量。Ｏ１＋ＣｐＸ＋Ｐ１饱和液相成分的Ｏ１－Ｄｉ－Ｓｉｌ和Ｏ１－Ｄｉ－Ｎｅ三元系相图清楚地反映了熔岩低压结晶作用的趋势，低压下熔浆的主要元素变化很大程度上依赖于母岩浆ＳｉＯ２饱和程度。     

安徽铜陵地区中生代幔源岩浆底侵作用——来自矿物巨晶和岩石包体的证据

安徽铜陵地区中生代的岩浆岩岩体中产有多种矿物巨晶和岩石包体。笔者对产于曹山辉石冈长玢岩和鸡冠石花岗闪长岩中的辉石和角闪石巨晶及其堆积岩或堆积晶进行了详细的岩相学和矿物化学研究，并在此基础上估算了矿物平衡结晶的温压条件，讨论了安徽铜陵地区中生代幔源岩浆底侵作用问题。研究表明，铜陵地区大约在140Ma以前发生了碱性橄榄玄武质岩浆的底侵作用，辉石巨晶和角闪石巨晶及其堆积晶是由底侵的碱性橄榄玄武质岩浆在28～33km深处的深位岩浆房中与下地壳发生同化混染作用形成的中基性岩浆经结晶分异作用形成的，而辉石堆积岩是由中基性岩浆在19～21km深处的浅位岩浆房中与中地壳的浅变质岩系发生同化混染作用形成的中性岩浆经结晶分异作用形成的。     

Na_2O或Na_2SiF_6影响硅酸盐熔浆粘度值的实验研究

本文通过不同的熔融温度下Na_2O或Na_2Si F_6影响硅酸盐熔浆粘度值的实验研究,分析了火山岩熔浆分异的机制,提出了富铁高钠质硅酸盐熔浆分异为富铁熔浆甚至硫铁矿“流”的可能性。这一论点合理地解释了云南大红山矿区Ⅱ富铁矿体的成因。     

岩浆岩中的熔体包裹体

熔体包裹体是岩浆岩矿物生长过程中捕获的天然岩浆珠滴 ,它们有效地保存了大量有关其主矿物形成时周围岩浆介质的物理化学信息 ,所以它们是其主矿物结晶演化史的忠实记录员 ,它们能够提供岩浆系统成分和演化的重要信息。文中对熔体包裹体研究的若干基本原理进行了讨论 ,它们涉及 :(1)熔体包裹体的一般特征 ;(2 )熔体包裹体封闭过程中和封闭后的演化 ;(3)熔体包裹体的均一化研究 ;(4 )熔体包裹体化学成分和挥发组分研究。熔体包裹体研究可以对岩浆岩石学中的一些重要问题进行更为深入的探索 :(1)重建天然岩浆结晶演化的热历史 ;(2 )提供有关岩浆沿下降液相线的成分数据 ;(3)查明天然岩浆结晶演化过程中化学成分的变迁规律 ;(4 )解决岩浆岩石学中的一些疑难问题 ,如岩浆不混溶作用、岩浆混合作用、岩浆混染作用、岩浆中硫的性状、地幔部分熔融和地幔交代作用等方面的问题。将熔体包裹体数据和常规的岩石学、地球化学和实验岩石学信息综合一体 ,可以提高我们模拟岩浆作用过程的能力。熔体包裹体研究已经成为现代岩浆岩石学的一个独立的分支 ,其前景十分广阔。     

Magmatic processes that generated the rhyolite of Glass Mountain, Medicine Lake volcano, N. California

Glass Mountain consists of a 1 km³, compositionally zoned rhyolite to dacite glass flow containing magmatic inclusions and xenoliths of underlying shallow crust. Mixing of magmas produced by fractional crystallization of andesite and crustal melting generated the rhyolite of Glass Mountain. Melting experiments were carried out on basaltic andesite and andesite magmatic inclusions at 100, 150 and 200 MPa, H₂O-saturated with oxygen fugacity controlled at the nickel-nickel oxide buffer to provide evidence of the role of fractional crystallization in the origin of the rhyolite of Glass Mountain. Isotopic evidence indicates that the crustal component assimilated at Glass Mountain constitutes at least 55 to 60% of the mass of erupted rhyolite. A large volume of mafic andesite (2 to 2.5 km³) periodically replenished the magma reservoir(s) beneath Glass Mountain, underwent extensive fractional crystallization and provided the heat necessary to melt the crust. The crystalline residues of fractionation as well as residual liquids expelled from the cumulate residues are preserved as magmatic inclusions and indicate that this fractionation process occurred at two distinct depths. The presence and composition of amphibole in magmatic inclusions preserve evidence for crystallization of the andesite at pressures of at least 200 MPa (6 km depth) under near H₂O-saturated conditions. Mineralogical evidence preserved in olivine-plagioclase and olivine-plagioclase-high-Ca clinopyroxene-bearing magmatic inclusions indicates that crystallization under near H₂O-saturated conditions also occurred at pressures of 100 MPa (3 km depth) or less. Petrologic, isotopic and geochemical evidence indicate that the andesite underwent fractional crystallization to form the differentiated melts but had no chemical interaction with the melted crustal component. Heat released by the fractionation process was responsible for heating and melting the crust. Received: 26 March 1996 / Accepted: 14 November 1996     

尖峰岭似伟晶岩内黄玉中的熔流包裹体

详细叙述了熔流包裹体以及与之密切共生的熔融包裹体和流体包裹在分布关系、组成相态及其比例、流体成分、硅酸盐溶体分子网络聚合结构以及各种包裹体在加热－淬火－冷冻过程中的热变化行为和均一化温度及其途径等各方面的特殊和异同点。认为这种熔流包裹体是在岩浆演化末期从岩浆（熔融体）与水（流体）的不混溶体系中以任意比例同时将其捕获所至,因而,它具有重要的理论意义和实际意义。     

华北克拉通阜平杂岩的深熔和混合岩化作用

华北克拉通的阜平杂岩长英质岩石中常产出显著的浅色体、岩脉和花岗岩侵入体,并形成广泛的混合岩化作用。通过矿物自形晶的形成、黑云母向角闪石的转换和大量钠长石净边的出现以及其它与熔体活动有关结构的分析,浅色脉体和混合岩化作用的发生与外来熔体的注入有关。在长英质片麻岩中可出现明显的熔体注入,在一些不易片理化的岩石如石英岩中亦可形成浸染状熔体渗入。熔体汇集可形成浅色体、岩脉,直至花岗岩侵入体。而深熔作用本身形成熔体的作用在本区几乎可以忽略不计。在遭受渗透式混合岩化作用的过程中,岩石成分发生了改变,形成开放系统。随着渗透熔体的结晶,可形成一些岩浆锆石,在副片麻岩中则很容易被当作碎屑锆石。     

花岗质熔体中SnO2含量与结晶温度和时间的关系

锡石在花岗质熔体中的溶解度，是阐明花岗岩全岩型锡矿成因的关键。文章设计了以结晶温度和结晶时间为参数的两组熔化-结晶实验。试图模拟锡石在岩浆结晶分异过程中的动态变化，并在花岗岩-HF-H2O体系的高温高压实验结果基础上，讨论花岗岩质熔体中SnO2含量与结晶温度和时间的关系。实验结果表明：（1）在岩浆条件下可以形成锡石；（2）随着结晶温度的降低和时间的加长，熔体中SnO2含量先升高后降低，表明其经历了由不饱和到过饱和，进而结晶出锡石的动态过程。     

Application of the Linkam TS1400XY heating stage to melt inclusion studies

Melt inclusions (MI) trapped in igneous phenocrysts provide one of the best tools available for characterizing magmatic processes. Some MI experience post-entrapment modifications, including crystallization of material on the walls, formation of a vapor bubble containing volatiles originally dissolved in the melt, or partial to complete crystallization of the melt. In these cases, laboratory heating may be necessary to return the MI to its original homogeneous melt state, followed by rapid quenching of the melt to produce a homogeneous glass phase, before microanalyses can be undertaken. Here we describe a series of heating experiments that have been performed on crystallized MI hosted in olivine, clinopyroxene and quartz phenocrysts, using the Linkam TS1400XY microscope heating stage. During the experiments, we have recorded the melting behaviors of the MI up to a maximum temperature of 1360°C. In most of the experiments, the MI were homogenized completely (without crystals or bubbles) and remained homogeneous during quenching to room temperature. The resulting single phase MI contained a homogeneous glass phase. These tests demonstrate the applicability of the Linkam TS1400XY microscope heating stage to homogenize and quench MI to produce homogeneous glasses that can be analyzed with various techniques such as Electron Microprobe (EMP), Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), Laser ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA ICP-MS), Raman spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, etc. During heating experiments, the optical quality varied greatly between samples and was a function of not only the temperature of observation, but also on the amount of matrix glass attached to the phenocryst, the presence of other MI in the sample which are connected to the outside of the crystal, and the existence of mineral inclusions in the host.     

Fluid and magmatic processes in the formation of the Ary-Bulak ongonite massif (eastern Transbaikalia)

The paper discusses the formation conditions of the Ary-Bulak ongonite massif (eastern Transbaikalia). Studies of melt and fluid inclusions have shown that, along with crystalline phases and a silicate melt, ongonitic magma contained aqueous–saline fluids of different types, fluoride melts compositionally similar to fluorite, sellaite, cryolite, chiolite, and more complex aluminum fluorides as well as silicate melts with abnormal Cs and As contents. An ongonite melt crystallized with the participation of P–Q fluids as vapor solutions, presumably NaF-containing and slightly admixed with chlorides. We studied the properties and composition of brine inclusions from Ca- and F-rich rocks on the margin of the massif. Depending on the thermophysical properties of the host rocks and ongonite melt, the duration of its crystallization has been estimated for a magma chamber of the size and shape of the Ary-Bulak massif. Magma chamber cooling has been modeled, and the density, viscosity, and Rayleigh number of the ongonite melt have been estimated from the composition of silicate glasses in melt inclusions. These data strongly suggest intense convection in the residual magma chamber lasting for centuries. We have calculated possible fluid overpressure during the crystallization and degassing of the ongonite melt in a closed magma chamber.Calcium- and fluorine-rich aphyric and porphyritic rocks on the southwestern margin of the massif might have formed by the following mechanism. Local decompression in the magma chamber quenched an oxygen-containing calcium fluoride melt accumulated at the crystallization front, and then these rocks altered during the interaction with fluids. When penetrating the marginal zone, a P–Q magmatic fluid which coexisted with the melt in the residual chamber cooled and changed its composition and properties. This caused the fluid to boil and segregate into immiscible phases: a vapor solution and a brine extremely rich in Cl, F, K, Cs, Mn, Fe, and Al. The fluoride and silicate liquids were immiscible; the silicate melts had abnormal Cs and As contents; changes in the composition and properties of the magmatic fluids caused them to boil and produce brines. All this is evidence for complex fluid–magma interaction and heterogeneous ongonitic magma during the crystallization of the Ary-Bulak rocks. These processes were favored by the low viscosity and high mobility of the F- and water-rich ongonite melt, intense melt convection in the residual chamber, and rising fluid pressure during its degassing.     

Deep differentiation of alkali ultramafic magmas: Formation of carbonatite melts

The study of melt microinclusions in olivine megacrysts from meimechites and alkali picrites of the Maimecha–Kotui alkali ultramafic and carbonatite province (Polar Siberia) revealed that the melt compositions corrected for loss of olivine due to post-entrapment crystallization of olivine on inclusion walls (differentiates of primary meimechite magma) match well to the composition of nephelinites and olivine melilitites belonging to carbonatite magmatic series. Modeling of fractional crystallization of meimechite magmas results in the high-alkali melt compositions corresponding to the silicate–carbonate liquid immiscibility field. The appearance of volatile-rich melts at the base of magma-generating plume systems at early stages of partial melting can be explained by extraction of incompatible elements including volatiles, by near-solidus melts at low degrees of partial melting, and meimechites are an example of such magmas. Subsequent accumulation of CO₂ in the residual melt results in generation of carbonate magma.     

华南富锂氟含稀有金属花岗岩的成冈分析

雪球结构的产出特征、钠长石电子探针分析及其它间接证据都说明,雪球结构是在岩浆结晶过程中形成的。雪球结构形成与否主要与岩浆熔体中Ｎａ２Ｏ／Ｋ２Ｏ比值和Ｆ、Ｈ２Ｏ含量有关。较大的Ｎａ２Ｏ／Ｋ２Ｏ比值（〉１）例钠长石首先从熔体中晶出;较高的Ｆ含量使岩浆固相线温度大大降低,有利于岩浆分异演化并形成接近端员组分的钠长石和钾长石同的Ｈ２Ｏ含量有利于石英以较快的速度生长并逐渐包裹钠长石形成雪球结构。自形的α－石英斑晶、接近各自端员组分的甲和工石和钠长石等说明该类花岗岩形成温度较低,众多的地质、地球化学依据都证明了,华南富锂氟含稀有金属花岗岩是从过铝富氟富钠的残余熔体中直接结晶而成的。     

Textural and chemical evolution of a fractionated granitic system: the Podlesí stock, Czech Republic

The Podlesí granite stock (Czech Republic) is a fractionated, peraluminous, F-, Li- and P-rich, and Sn, W, Nb, Ta-bearing rare-metal granite system. Its magmatic evolution involved processes typical of intrusions related to porphyry type deposits (explosive breccia, comb layers), rare-metal granites (stockscheider), and rare metal pegmatites (extreme F–P–Li enrichment, Nb–Ta–Sn minerals, layering). Geological, textural and mineralogical data suggest that the Podlesí granites evolved from fractionated granitic melt progressively enriched in H₂O, F, P, Li, etc. Quartz, K-feldspar, Fe–Li mica and topaz bear evidence of multistage crystallization that alternated with episodes of resorption. Changes in chemical composition between individual crystal zones and/or populations provide evidence of chemical evolution of the melt. Variations in rock textures mirror changes in the pressure and temperature conditions of crystallization. Equilibrium crystallization was interrupted several times by opening of the system and the consequent adiabatic decrease of pressure and temperature resulted in episodes of nonequilibrium crystallization. The Podlesí granites demonstrate that adiabatic fluctuation of pressure (“swinging eutectic”) and boundary-layer crystallization of undercooled melt can explain magmatic layering and unidirectional solidification textures (USTs) in highly fractionated granites.