振冲碎石桩复合地基抗剪机制的模型试验研究

为了研究某工程振冲碎石桩砂质粉土复合地基剪切变形机制和强度特性,采用大型叠环剪切仪开展了两组不同桩体置换率下的碎石桩复合地基模型试验。对剪应力与剪应变、不同应力状态下复合地基变形及开挖断面进行了系统分析,研究结果表明:砂质粉土复合地基呈弹塑性体的特征,应力水平线S=0.5可大致作为弹塑性体的分界线;在复合地基大变形剪切过程中,桩土具有很好的变形协调性,且随着桩体置换率的提升复合地基剪切变形是被抑制的;目前少数明确提出复合地基抗剪强度计算公式的国家规范都建议桩土应力比n取1,即仅考虑面积置换率因素,这导致不同置换率下复合地基的抗剪强度计算结果相差较小,按规范22.7%置换率相较40.3%置换率φ值仅小1.32°,而试验结果22.7%置换率相较40.3%置换率φ值小3.65°,这表明碎石桩对复合地基抗剪能力的加固机制不仅限于置换率因素,也应考虑其对复合地基整体排水效果的改变等因素。     

粉煤灰桩加固软基特性的室内试验研究

通过粉煤灰桩的室内模型试验,分析了粉煤灰桩的变形破坏特性,桩土应力的变化规律及其加固软土地基的作用机理,随着荷载的增加,桩间土应力逐渐增大,桩体应力增长较快,达到峰值时桩体屈服,复合地基开始发生破坏,桩体应力下降;桩土应力比随着荷载和时间的变化而变化,并与桩土模量比,桩的长径比有关,在桩基设计时应把桩土应力比作为一个变值来考虑,粉煤灰桩强度较高且透水性好,加固软基时其挤密作用,置换作用和时间效应都     

钻孔夯扩挤密复合桩地基试验研究

复合桩地基的承载力是由桩和桩间土共同分担,旨在充分发挥和利用地基土的承载力潜力,通过串珠状桩体来实现对桩间土的加固和挤密,用多种试验检验方法对复合地基进行全面分析探讨,阐明了钻孔夯扩挤密复合桩地基可以有效地解决天然地基承载力不能满足高层建筑物设计要求的问题.     

软基路堤拓宽静压PHC管桩挤土效应现场试验

PHC（prestressed high-strength concrete）管桩近年来被广泛应用。PHC管桩为挤土沉桩模式,沉桩过程引起的挤土效应对周围环境产生不利影响并对其可打性和承载特性有重要影响。结合广－清（广州至清远）高速公路扩建工程,通过现场监测超静孔隙水压力和土体水平位移,进行PHC管桩挤土效应研究。水平位移利用固定式测斜仪测量,孔隙水压力使用振弦式孔压计测量,并使用自动系统进行数据采集。研究发现,沉桩过程中引起的超静孔隙水压力变化随深度增加近似呈线性增长,水平方向随距离的增加而减小;挤土效应产生的土体水平位移随距离的增大而减小,随深度增加而减小;挤土效应滞后现象明显,可导致成桩后的桩体倾斜;拓宽地基场地上管桩施工对老路地基影响小,场地条件对沉桩挤土效应影响大,老路路堤对垂直于路基方向的水平位移有约束作用。     

基于统一强度理论的灰土桩复合地基挤密影响区半径计算

灰土桩复合地基因桩体鼓胀变形使得桩间土体挤密,可以确定其挤密影响区范围,对评价地基加固效果有着十分重要的意义。采用统一强度理论,结合桩土变形协调条件,推导出复合地基沉降量与挤密影响区半径的关系式,并讨论不同b值、不同桩径d、不同深度条件下挤密影响区半径的变化趋势及影响特性。研究表明,挤密影响区半径随着地基深度的增加而减小,灰土桩最佳挤密深度范围为桩顶至1/3桩长深度之间;挤密影响区半径在1.51d～1.68d（d为桩径）之间,增大d可以有效扩大挤密影响区半径;应考虑中间主应力效应对岩土材料强度发挥的积极作用。     

某吹沙填海场地PHC管桩施工的难点及处理措施研究

PHC管桩施工速度快,质量易于保证,经济性好,所以越来越多的建筑地基采用高强度预应力混凝土管桩处理。但是PHC管桩施工遇到硬层沉桩困难,因总锤击数过高,易造成桩体疲劳破坏,难以保证成桩质量和施工速度,且如果场地地下水丰富,水位高,高于桩顶,在沉桩过程中采用开口型桩靴,沉桩时土和地下水会进入管桩芯内,且随沉桩深度增大而升高,当PHC预应力管桩桩芯内的土或地下水较高时,沉桩时易因"水锤效应"使桩体爆裂,易造成质量隐患,危及建筑物安全。以在某"吹沙填海"场地进行PHC管桩工程实例研究解决此类问题的措施。     

置换碎石桩联合强夯在北部湾填海复杂型软弱地基处理中的应用

从广西北部湾大量填海（塘）造陆工业基地所遇到的复杂型软弱与夹层地基处理工程实例中,结合建（构）筑物具体特点,扩展应用置换（挤密加固,纵横排水）碎石桩联合强夯的地基处理方法,在解决大面积地基不均匀沉降,软弱夹层纵横排水与挤密固结、综合夯实提高总体地基持力层承载力方面取得了“安全、经济、高效”的良好效果,并具有推广前景和意义。     

PHC管桩挤土效应试验研究

PHC管桩通常为挤土沉桩模式,因而沉桩过程中的挤土效应研究对设计、施工具有重要意义。通过对PHC管桩打桩前后原位地基土变化情况的测试、打桩的监测以及孔隙水压力增长与消散的监测等试验研究,分析了PHC管桩沉桩挤土效应,为工程设计及施工提供可借鉴的依据。     

《地基处理技术》

该书详细介绍了当前国内外常用的和最新的地基处理技术。全书分4篇，共20章，包括换填垫层法、排水固结法、强夯法和强夯置换法、灰土挤密桩法和土挤密桩法、砂桩法、碎石桩法、石灰桩法、水泥土搅拌法、夯实水泥土桩法、高压喷射注浆法、水泥粉煤灰碎石桩法、加筋技术、灌浆法、特殊土地基处理     

开孔管桩复合地基排水固结解析解

现有复合地基的竖向增强体往往无法兼具排水能力与竖向刚度。基于该工程现状,提出一种桩身开孔、能够达到排水效果的新型预制管桩,并针对其开展地基固结分析。假设孔洞流体满足管流条件以及管桩内往孔压连续,并考虑褥垫层的协调作用,推导出排水桩等应变固结解析解。基于该解析解,首先对砂井、碎石桩、不排水桩以及排水桩在相同外径尺寸情况下的排水固结能力进行了对比,结果显示开孔排水桩具有最好的排水固结能力。接着分析了桩身模量、褥垫层模量以及井径比的影响。最后分析了桩身性质（桩身开孔和桩体弹性模量）的影响,计算结果表明,排水能力和模量是影响固结性能的两个主要因素,且排水能力最为重要。但在排水能力相同的情况下,桩身模量越大,则固结越快。     

基于PKI的电子商务安全技术与协议分析

随着互联网技术和电子商务的飞速发展,电子商务的安全问题日益引起关注。确保电子商务交易安全的可靠性、保密性、完整性、不可否认性及身份认证,已成为信息安全与电子商务领域中的研究热点。PKI技术作为安全的基础设施,可以为电子商务应用提供一系列的安全保证。在对电子商务安全问题进行了分析的基础上,对基于PKI的电子商务安全技术以及PKI安全体系进行了探讨,说明了PKI在电子商务安全中的作用及应用特点,并重点分析了基于PKI的安全协议的组成及作用。     

Theoritical and Experimental Studies on the Phase Equilibria and Phase Diagrams on the Salt-Water Systems

正1 Introduction Salt lakes are widely distributed in the world,and salt lakes in China are mainly located in the area of the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet),and the Autonomous Regions of Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia.There are more than 700salt lakes,each with an area larger than 1 km2,in the     

中、美两国铀矿钻探工作量的对比分析

钻探进尺、数量、终孔深度、单位进尺的费用等参数是铀矿勘探中的重要实物工作量和可量化指标。以＂红皮书＂和美国能源信息署等公布的数据为依据,对比分析了中、美两国近两年铀矿钻探统计参数,以及与铀矿勘查之间的关系。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

Non-linear diffusion: Bison on the hoof and on the rail in the United States

This paper puts forth a non-linear, post-structural conception of geographical diffusion by utilizing the example of American bison. In doing so, this approach stands in contrast to canonical theories of diffusion (notably neoclassical economics and political economy), which portray diffusion as a steady progression of development. In reviewing the history of bison diffusion during the 20th century, the impact of several factors is evident. These include environmental, cultural, economic, governmental, health and material factors. Each of these variables has taken several distinct forms, thereby enlarging the number of actors involved in the species’ redistribution. The impact of each variable has waxed and waned over the years. Consequently, a series of heterogeneous networks has formed, which have simultaneously undercut the importance of certain variables and formed the basis for new channels of bison diffusion. The non-linear nature of diffusion emerges from the different temporalities of these networks. In an alternating fashion, this process of network-building has guided bison onto public, private, and tribal lands.     

General regularities in the distribution of seismic events on the Earth and on the Moon

Doklady Earth Sciences -     

潮汐摩擦对月球轨道与地球自转影响的研究综述

潮汐摩擦导致月球轨道和地球自转产生长期变化,精密确定这些参数对了解地月系统的演化至关重要.阐述了求解这些参数的理论方法,回顾并对比了利用天文观测、近地卫星、数值潮汐模型和月球激光测距等资料的分析结果,发现近地卫星和月球激光测距数据比天文观测资料精度高,但可提供数据跨度较短.随观测资料的积累,可提供更可靠的月球轨道和地球自转的长期变化信息,提高对地月空间环境变化的认知.     

Physical and biological controls on the formation of carbonate and siliciclastic bedforms on the north-east Brazilian shelf

The continental shelf of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, is an open shelf area located 5°S and 35°W. It is influenced by strong oceanic and wind-driven currents, fair weather, 1·5-m-high waves and a mesotidal regime. This work focuses on the character and the controls on the development of suites of carbonate and siliciclastic bedforms, based on Landsat TM image analysis and extensive ground-truth (diving) investigations. Large-scale bedforms consist of: (i) bioclastic (mainly coralline algae and Halimeda) sand ribbons (5–10 km long, 50–600 m wide) parallel to the shoreline; and (ii) very large transverse siliciclastic dunes (3·4 km long on average, 840 m spacing and 3–8 m high), with troughs that grade rapidly into carbonate sands and gravels. Wave ripples are superposed on all large-scale bedforms, and indicate an onshore shelf sediment transport normal to the main sediment transport direction. The occurrence of these large-scale bedforms is primarily determined by the north-westerly flowing residual oceanic and tidal currents, resulting mainly in coast-parallel transport. Models of shelf bedform formation predict sand ribbons to occur in higher energy settings rather than in large dunes. However, in the study area, sand ribbons occur in an area of coarse, low-density and easily transportable bioclastic sands and gravels compared with the very large transverse dunes in an offshore area that is composed of denser medium-grained siliciclastic sands. It suggests that the availability of different sediment types is likely to exert an influence on the nature of the bedforms generated. The offshore sand supply is time limited and originates from sea floor erosion of sandstones of former sea-level lowstands. The trough areas of both sand ribbons and very large transverse dunes comprise coarse calcareous algal gravels that support benthic communities of variable maturity. Diverse mature communities result in sediment stabilization through branching algal growth and binding that is thought to modify the morphology of dunes and sand ribbons. The occurrence and the nature of the bedforms is controlled by their hydrodynamic setting, by grain composition that reflects the geological history of the area and by the carbonate-producing benthic marine communities that inhabit the trough areas.