浙江省出入太湖河道水量水质及污染物通量变化(2007-2019年)

自2007年太湖无锡水危机事件后,太湖流域内各项水污染防治工作进入快车道,近年来浙江省持续开展水环境治理,针对不同污染源进行分类施策、精准治理,整体水环境质量得到了显著改善.本文根据2007-2019年浙江省环太湖水文巡测资料及主要出入太湖河道水质监测成果,全面分析了出入湖河道的水量、水质及污染物通量的时空变化趋势.结果表明,2007-2019年浙江省年均入湖水量为27.39亿m³,年均出湖水量为26.42亿m³,环湖河道进出水量在2007-2014年以出湖为主,2015-2019年以入湖为主,2015-2019年入湖水量增加受该时段地区降水量较丰的影响.2007-2019年浙江省环湖河道COD_Mn、NH₃-N和TP浓度呈明显下降趋势,TN浓度有所下降,除TN仍处于Ⅴ~劣Ⅴ类水外,其余指标已处于Ⅱ~Ⅲ类水标准,当前环湖河道的COD_Mn和NH₃-N指标已达到《太湖流域水环境综合治理总体方案（2013年修编）》提出的目标值,但TN和TP浓度仍存在较大差距.浙江省环湖河道年平均COD_Mn、NH₃-N、TP和TN入湖通量分别为1.12万、0.18万、0.03万和0.90万t,出湖通量分别为1.13万、0.10万、0.03万和0.62万t,环湖河道除COD_Mn以净出湖通量为主外,其余指标均以净入湖通量为主,存在一定入湖滞留,其中水量是影响入湖通量的关键因子.     

江苏省入太湖污染量分析(1998-2007年)

近年来,太湖水体受到了严重污染,水环境质量逐年下降,太湖水环境的状况直接影响了地区的经济和社会发展,保护太湖已列为国家重点治理项目。本文根据1998-2007年环太湖水文巡测资料及主要入湖河道水质监测成果,分析入湖水量、入湖河道水质、入湖污染物量及其变化趋势,为太湖地区水环境综合整治提供技术支撑和决策依据。     

“引江济太”对2016年后太湖总磷反弹的直接影响分析

针对“引江济太”工程将总磷浓度偏高的长江水引入太湖后对2016年后太湖总磷反弹的影响,本文实测并收集整理了2016年前后“引江济太”调水入湖水量、磷通量及全太湖入湖水量、磷通量与太湖磷存量等数据,对2016年前后“引江济太”调水入湖水量、磷通量、磷形态与其他入湖河道水量、磷通量、磷形态以及全太湖的水质、受水区贡湖的水质进行了分析.结果表明：2016年前后,“引江济太”年均入湖磷通量为97.56 t,年均入湖水量为8.16亿m³,从调水量、入湖磷通量、调水后短期磷响应及各湖区磷增量来看,“引江济太”与2016年后太湖总磷反弹相关性不强.“引江济太”调水累计入湖磷通量为877.97 t,占太湖总入湖磷通量的4.58%,累计入湖水量占太湖累计入湖水量的7.36%,单位水量携带的磷通量仅为其他来水的一半左右,占比相对有限.与太湖主要入湖河流相比,“引江济太”调水属于优质来水,湖泊的入湖河流总磷浓度一般都高于湖泊本身的总磷浓度,“引江济太”调水总磷浓度偏高属于正常范围.目前“引江济太”工程在保证供水安全、缓解水华危机的同时对处于严重富营养化状态的太湖具有一定的改善效果,但未来引水量增加的情况下,必须继续关注引水带来的磷通量与太湖磷循环系统的关系,确保“引江济太”对太湖继续产生良性的影响.     

2009年环太湖入出湖河流水量及污染负荷通量

通过对2009年环太湖水文巡测及同步水质监测数据整理,得到2009年环太湖河流入出湖水量以及污染负荷,并将之与前期文献资料数据进行对比.结果表明,2009年环太湖河道入出湖水量分别为88.40×108 m3、93.27×108m3.入湖水量超过5×108m3的依次为陈东港、大浦港、梁溪河、太滆运河、望虞河.出湖水量最大...     

特大洪水对浅水湖泊磷的影响:以2016年太湖为例

2016年太湖发生特大洪水,水位达到历史第二,入湖水量比平均年多60.8亿m³.而从2016年开始太湖磷指标改变了2010年以来平缓下降的趋势出现回升,也就是出现所谓“磷反弹”的问题.为了研究磷反弹和特大洪水之间的关系,本研究从2016年入湖水量、水质、磷通量、水中磷存量以及磷在太湖中的迁移过程出发,对大洪水前后太湖磷的变化进行分析.结果表明：洪水期间入湖河道带来大量的磷是引起磷反弹的主要原因.由于洪水的影响,2016年磷净入湖通量比往年平均水平多出579.2 t,约达到1683.0 t.其中,两次洪水贡献极大,约占全年水平的50%（6-7月和10月的洪水分别带入580.5和268.2 t磷）.磷反弹的另一个原因在于太湖存在较高的磷滞留率,磷在入湖后很难经由出湖河道排出.从入湖后磷的归趋上看,洪水过程中高磷浓度水块尽管存在由太湖西北部向东、南部迁移的过程,但途中水体磷浓度出现显著降低（即滞留现象）,导致高磷浓度水块未能到达出湖排泄区（太浦港、望虞河等）.全年净入湖磷通量中仅有小部分（205.3 t）直接引起水体磷浓度上升,而其余的大部分则滞留于底泥之中,明显高于往年水平.2016年滞留在太湖内的磷很可能破坏了往年底泥-上覆水的磷平衡,对后续水质的变化产生间接的影响.     

江苏新沂河河漫滩表面流人工湿地对污染河水的净化试验

通过对环太湖水文巡测资料水量统计方法比较入手,计算分析2000-2002年环太湖河流进出湖水量、水质、污染负荷量变化．结合太湖水质变化分析,得出自2000年后环太湖进出湖河流的水质污染恶化趋势总体得到初步遏制,湖州、苏州地区环太湖河流水质保持稳定并呈一定改善趋势,但无锡、常州地区的环太湖河流水质浓度仍呈升高趋势,尤其是常州地区入湖河流的TP、CODMn浓度升高较快．与此相对应,太湖水质在总体保持基本稳定中有所好转,水质总体恶化趋势已经得到初步控制,但位于西北部的竺山湖各项水质指标进一步恶化,明显劣于梅梁湖水质,应当引起当地有关部门重视,加大治理力度．环太湖河流的入湖和出湖污染负荷量总体呈现增加趋势,但从净入湖污染负荷量分析,CODMn呈波动性减少趋势,TP和TN呈增加趋势．     

2010-2017年太湖总磷浓度变化趋势分析及成因探讨

近年来,太湖流域各省市政府加大治理力度,流域水体水质取得明显好转,氨氮浓度和总氮浓度呈大幅度下降趋势,然而太湖水体总磷浓度呈上升趋势.为探讨太湖总磷浓度升高的原因,采用太湖流域管理局2010年以来的水质水量实测数据、遥感监测数据等,分别从太湖入湖河流污染负荷量、水生植被和蓝藻与总磷浓度的关系3个方面进行相关性分析.结果表明,入湖河流总磷浓度高于太湖水体总磷浓度,且磷不易出湖,逐年总磷净入湖量持续累积与太湖总磷浓度有明显的正相关性,入湖污染负荷量大是太湖总磷浓度居高不下的根本原因;水生植被可吸收湖泊沉积物中的营养盐,并抑制底泥再悬浮从而降低内源性营养盐的释放,东太湖水生植被的大量减少,一方面减少了沉水植物对磷元素的吸收,另一方面增加了风浪对底泥的扰动再悬浮,造成磷元素释放,是造成湖水总磷浓度升高的重要因素;近年来太湖蓝藻密度呈上升趋势,受其影响,总磷浓度也有上升,蓝藻水华加快湖体磷循环,藻类密度增加也是太湖总磷浓度升高的影响因素之一.     

直湖港、武进港关闸对太湖竺山湖水环境影响

建立了太湖风生流水量水质数学模型,并结合该地区的水文特征和实测数据,对流场和浓度场进行了模拟和对比.以竺山湖为研究区域,定量分析了直湖港、武进港关闸情况下不同风向以及不同污染物排放量对竺山湖水环境的影响,并计算了各种治理措施的改善效果.结果表明:采用太湖水量水质数学模型得到的太湖流场、浓度场计算值与实测值均相差不大,水量是污染物对竺山湖水环境影响的主要因素,而风向作用不明显;从雅浦港引水需约16d使竺山湖水质逐渐得到改善并最终稳定,同理从太滆运河引水需约25d.     

望虞河引长江水入太湖水体的总磷、总氮分析

太湖流域实施的调水引流,提高了流域水资源和水环境承载能力,发挥了水利工程在改善水环境方面的综合效益,支撑了流域经济社会的可持续发展.本文在分析近年来望虞河引江水量与入湖水量及入湖水体流经太湖湖湾水体水质变化情势的基础上,分析比较了2007年以来的调水引流期间,望虞河入太湖水体总磷、总氮浓度值与太湖贡湖湾、梅梁湾、湖西及江苏省其它主要入太湖河道的总磷、总氮浓度值,并通过监测结果分析了入太湖水体总磷、可溶性总磷的衰减趋势,从而得出,长江是优质水源,调引长江水为增加太湖水环境容量、改善太湖及区域水环境状况起到了积极作用.     

水文巡测方法与水量平衡计算洱海水资源量对比分析

根据洱海流域1998、2004-2006年入湖、出湖水量监测成果,通过实测流量、降水量、蒸发量对入湖、出湖水量进行对比计算,结果发现,应用水文巡测方法与水量平衡方法计算出的2004-2006年洱海水资源量绝对误差最大值为0.2427×108m3,相对误差为4.8%,5%,说明两种方均可行.分析水量平衡方法的误差来源是枯期受湖面蒸发和农业提水灌溉的影响,提高洱海水资源量计算精度所需解决的问题是提高湖面蒸发量观测精度和还原水量计算精度.分析水文巡测方法的误差来源主要是巡测的监测断面距入湖口有一定距离,主要以面积比拟与降水修正进行计算,以及点据数量较少.针对两种方法的优缺点,提出四种措施:加强环洱海水量监测能力建设;加强洱海水面蒸发观测手段和方法;加强环湖生产生活用水的监督性监测;加强入湖河流水质水量并重监测与分析,以期更好地为洱海水环境、水资源保护和出入湖水量预测分析提供更准确的科学技术支撑.     

Tree water deficit and dynamic source water partitioning

The stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen (δ²H and δ¹⁸O, respectively) have been widely used to investigate tree water source partitioning. These tracers have shed new light on patterns of tree water use in time and space. However, there are several limiting factors to this methodology (e.g., the difficult assessment of isotope fractionation in trees, and the labor-intensity associated with the collection of significant sample sizes) and the use of isotopes alone has not been enough to provide a mechanistic understanding of source water partitioning. Here, we combine isotope data in xylem and soil water with measurements of tree's physiological information including tree water deficit (TWD), fine root distribution, and soil matric potential, to investigate the mechanism driving tree water source partitioning. We used a 2 m³ lysimeter with willow trees (Salix viminalis) planted within, to conduct a high spatial–temporal resolution experiment. TWD provided an integrated response of plant water status to water supply and demand. The combined isotopic and TWD measurement showed that short-term variation (within days) in source water partitioning is determined mainly by plant hydraulic response to changes in soil matric potential. We observed changes in the relationship between soil matric potential and TWD that are matched by shifts in source water partitioning. Our results show that tree water use is a dynamic process on the time scale of days. These findings demonstrate tree's plasticity to water supply over days can be identified with high-resolution measurements of plant water status. Our results further support that root distribution alone is not an indicator of water uptake dynamics. Overall, we show that combining physiological measurements with traditional isotope tracing can reveal mechanistic insights into plant responses to changing environmental conditions.     

基于水质-水位二元响应关系推求过水型湖泊适宜生态水位研究

适宜的生态水位能够反映湖区生态系统的多种需求,是湖泊长期稳定健康运转的基本保障. 目前湖泊适宜生态水位的推求大多侧重恢复天然水位情势. 然而过水型湖泊承担着防洪、供水、航运等多种功能,频繁的人类活动导致湖泊水位情势异常复杂. 同时随着社会经济的快速发展,水质恶化对过水型湖泊生态系统造成了较大的负面影响,仅恢复天然水位情势难以反映过水型湖泊的生态需求. 因此,在IHA-RVA法的基础上,本文针对过水型湖泊吞吐性强的特点,利用水质-水位二元响应关系系统地提出了一套逐月修正过水型湖泊适宜生态水位阈值,并确定适宜水位变动率的方法. 以洪泽湖为应用实例,结果表明：1)根据湖泊水文情势和入湖污染物变化情况,湖泊调度周期可以划分为平水期(1—4月)、泄水期(5—6月)、蓄水前期(7—9月)和蓄水后期(10—12月);2)各时期内,洪泽湖水位和水质呈现较强的相关性,其中平水期、泄水期和蓄水后期水质均随着水位上升而下降,平均Pearson系数达-0.77,仅在蓄水前期水质随水位上升而改善;3)现阶段洪泽湖的自净能力和污染物滞留比例竞争关系激烈,逐月适宜生态水位阈值为：12.92~12.99、12.79~12.99、12.84~12.99、12.86~12.99、12.71~12.89、12.39~12.63、11.97~12.93、12.50~13.07、12.65~13.26、12.90~13.04、12.90~13.04、12.90~13.04 m,除蓄水前期外,基于水位水质关系修正的适宜生态水位范围较IHA-RVA法计算的天然水位范围缩小了73.4 %. 总体而言,基于本文方法设计的湖泊适宜生态水位不仅可以满足生态系统对于水体大小的需求,一定程度上也可以体现湖泊生态系统对于水质的要求,为洪泽湖等过水型湖泊的生态调度、水资源管理提供科学依据.     

Tracing water resources flows by complementary use of hydrological and water accounting models

Historically, there has been a dispute over water allocation between users and policymakers in Iran's Zayandeh-Roud Basin (ZRB). In this study, we used the “System of Environmental-Economic Accounting for Water” (SEEAW) framework in combination with the hydrologic model “Soil and Water Assessment Tool” (SWAT) to achieve the water balance in ZRB. We used SEEAW to combine a wide range of water-related statistics across stakeholders and SWAT to evaluate the unknown agricultural water use. The SWAT model is calibrated based on the stream flows and crop yields in the basin. The model assess the renewable water of the basin into two components, about 363 and 70 mm as green and blue water, respectively. Also results from the physical water supply and water use tables demonstrates that the agricultural sector uses 78% of the total renewable freshwater, followed by the residential, 16%, and the industrial sector, 6%. The flows of water from source to services in ZRB are traced based on the water supply and water use tables. The flow diagram shows that 8 MCM of industrial reused water was transferred to the agricultural sector, and 137 MCM and 18 MCM of water from the wastewater treatment plants to the agricultural and industrial sectors, respectively. Furthermore, the results show that the index of the basin dependence on groundwater resources is high (61%), the value of water stress is high (0.88) and the dependence of the basin on transboundary water resources is 30%. Therefore, this method is highly beneficial for achieving a conceptual water balance in disputed basins without enough agricultural water uses data.     

Charting the emergence of ‘global water initiatives’ in world water governance

Over the last century, the aperture of water governance has widened beyond local and regional schemes to include a growing number of dynamic organizations and events with a “global” scope. Until recently, little had been written about the historical development of global water governance, institutional connectivity within the field, or key organizational successes and failures as perceived by water experts. This paper provides water scientists, managers, policymakers, and those with an interest in international water issues with an overview of global initiatives. It charts the emergence of a set of institutions and events, referred to as “global water initiatives,” or GWIs, using a survey of water experts and other research. Institutional diversity among GWIs is described by defining four distinct types of initiatives and specific differences in scope and programmatic orientation. This overview also entails the historical paradigms of water management, evaluation of the results of the growth and proliferation of numerous new GWIs in recent decades, and some recommendations for supporting and sustaining GWI efforts in order to foster and improve multilevel water management in the future.     

多源水联合调度重构滇池流域健康水循环模式

河湖生态用水被挤占并严重短缺是滇池水污染严重和恶化趋势难以遏制的根本原因之一.在对滇池流域"自然人工"二元水循环结构剖析的基础上,结合滇池治理"六大工程"实施现状及存在问题,以水资源的高效配置和循环利用为核心,提出了重构滇池流域健康水循环的总体框架.在水资源模拟系统MIKE BASIN平台上,通过水力联系将环湖截污、外流域调水与节水、入湖河道整治、农业农村面源治理、生态修复、生态清淤等整合为一个有机整体,以恢复流域自然水系循环为目标,将外流域引调水与本区水库水、滇池水、地下水、城市再生水等多源水资源进行水量和水质统一配置,得到滇池流域水资源总体配置方案.结果表明:在牛栏江向滇池年均补水5.72亿m3的前提下,昆明城市尾水可以全部直接外排至下游作为工业用水,削减滇池入湖污染负荷,从而加速滇池生态环境修复的进程.     

马16井开采对马17井水动态观测的影响

为了验证平原地区深井水动态观测受环境条件影响的情况,我们选择了河北省河间地区马17地震观测井和马16地热开发井进行对比观测,试图探讨马16井开采对马17井水动态观测的影响。结果表明马17井的动水位年变化是气压干扰所致,与马16井采水无明显关系。马16井冬季开采热水对马17井动水位观测无明显影响。     

1987—2022年新安江水库（千岛湖）水面面积时空变化及其与水位、蓄水量的响应关系

水面面积、水位、蓄水量是水库水资源管理的重要基础数据,遥感是湖库水体提取、水位和蓄水量估算的重要技术手段。由于不同水体提取方法的适用性差异、测高卫星数据的有限时间覆盖度和开源数据集的时空分辨率不足等原因,湖库水面面积、水位、蓄水量的长时序、高频率时空变化监测仍存在一定挑战。本研究以新安江水库为研究区,结合多源遥感、气象、水文和土地利用等数据,基于Google Earth Engine云平台,运用水体指数法,分析1987—2022年新安江水库水面面积时空变化特征,构建水位—水面面积、水位—蓄水量和水面面积—蓄水量响应关系,探究水面面积时空变化成因。结果表明:(1)Landsat 5、Landsat 8和哨兵2号数据的最佳水体提取指数分别为AWEI_sh和GNDWI,F1-score分别为91.93%、91.03%和93.14%。相比于开放数据集GSWED(32.61%)、JRC GSW(76.17%)和ReaLSAT(69.76%),基于最优水体指数的水体提取结果具有最高的F1-score(91.26%);(2)时间上,1987—2022年新安江水库水面面积呈显著上升...     

水样的处理方法对水氡观测影响的探讨

同一口井的水氡观测,对水样采取不同的处理方法,观测值出现不同的结果.为研究其变化机理,对水样采取急剧降温的处理,与日常恒温处理的观测值进行对比分析,得出水样的不同处理方法对水氡观测有直接的影响及其影响的机理.     

数字地震深井水温水位观测系统的研发与应用

菏泽市地震局研制开发的数字地震深井水温水位观测系统,观测数据连续可靠,趋势变化平稳,微动态显示清晰,基本无干扰现象,设备安装方便简捷。     

Quantification of peatland water storage capacity using the water table fluctuation method

Peat specific yield (S_Y) is an important parameter involved in many peatland hydrological functions such as flood attenuation, baseflow contribution to rivers, and maintaining groundwater levels in surficial aquifers. However, general knowledge on peatland water storage capacity is still very limited, due in part to the technical difficulties related to in situ measurements. The objectives of this study were to quantify vertical S_Y variations of water tables in peatlands using the water table fluctuation (WTF) method and to better understand the factors controlling peatland water storage capacity. The method was tested in five ombrotrophic peatlands located in the St. Lawrence Lowlands (southern Québec, Canada). In each peatland, water table wells were installed at three locations (up‐gradient, mid‐gradient, and down‐gradient). Near each well, a 1‐m long peat core (8 cm × 8 cm) was sampled, and subsamples were used to determine S_Y with standard gravitational drainage method. A larger peat sample (25 cm × 60 cm × 40 cm) was also collected in one peatland to estimate S_Y using a laboratory drainage method. In all sites, the mean water table depth ranged from 9 to 49 cm below the peat surface, with annual fluctuations varying between 15 and 29 cm for all locations. The WTF method produced similar results to the gravitational drainage experiments, with values ranging between 0.13 and 0.99 for the WTF method and between 0.01 and 0.95 for the gravitational drainage experiments. S_Y was found to rapidly decrease with depth within 20 cm, independently of the within‐site location and the mean annual water table depth. Dominant factors explaining S_Y variations were identified using analysis of variance. The most important factor was peatland site, followed by peat depth and seasonality. Variations in storage capacity considering site and seasonality followed regional effective growing degree days and evapotranspiration patterns. This work provides new data on spatial variations of peatland water storage capacity using an easily implemented method that requires only water table measurements and precipitation data.