地震现场灾情信息反馈途径和集成软件

在破坏性地震作用下,可导致人员伤亡、建筑物及基础设施破坏、财产损失、社会与经济秩序的混乱及生产系统停止运行等,现场灾情信息是地震现场应急指挥决策的重要依据,迅速、全面对这些信息进行采集与集成是非常重要的。分析了当前地震应急指挥技术系统建设中在该方面存在的一些问题,阐述了地震现场灾情信息分类,同时就其收集反馈途径和集成技术实现进行了研究,并以青岛市地震应急指挥决策软件系统为例,说明了该方法的实用性。     

Using Tracers to Quantify Drilling Water Influence and Obtain Representative Groundwater Samples

This paper describes a practical field method of using applied tracers to determine how much purging is required to collect representative groundwater samples after the introduction of drilling water during borehole advancement. In general, the approach involves adding a tracer of known concentration to the drilling water and then measuring the tracer in the purge water until the tracer concentration declines to a defined target level. If necessary, the dilution effects of residual drilling water can be quantified, and the measured contaminant concentration can be corrected based on the measured tracer concentration. A project example is presented to demonstrate that this method is straightforward and reliable and that applied tracers can be used to quantify the influence of residual drilling water on formation water quality while also ensuring that purge times and volumes are not unnecessarily large.     

气体水合物密闭采样原位饱和度评估技术研究

海底天然气水合物采集样品的饱和度确定通常是通过密闭保压采样技术来实现,但采样器的温度压力控制非常困难.本文用热力学模型来模拟密闭体系下温度压力变化过程中甲烷在各相态中饱和度的变化过程,并在海洋水合物热力学系统基础上,完成了一项分析水合物原位饱和度的技术,其只要求采集器密闭,不需要进行严格的温度和压力控制,降低了对采样器的要求.实例分析显示,完全可以利用密闭样品在地表下气体和液体成分的测量,包括盐度的测量来估计出甲烷水合物原位饱和度.     

地震事件波形及震相文件抽取软件

手工收集地震数据费时费力,容易出错。利用 VB 软件开发环境,结合 Windows Socket 网络编程技术,研制地震事件波形及震相文件抽取软件,可以降低人为出错概率,减小工作量,提高测震数据的利用率。     

Pore-scale imaging and modelling

Pore-scale imaging and modelling – digital core analysis – is becoming a routine service in the oil and gas industry, and has potential applications in contaminant transport and carbon dioxide storage. This paper briefly describes the underlying technology, namely imaging of the pore space of rocks from the nanometre scale upwards, coupled with a suite of different numerical techniques for simulating single and multiphase flow and transport through these images. Three example applications are then described, illustrating the range of scientific problems that can be tackled: dispersion in different rock samples that predicts the anomalous transport behaviour characteristic of highly heterogeneous carbonates; imaging of super-critical carbon dioxide in sandstone to demonstrate the possibility of capillary trapping in geological carbon storage; and the computation of relative permeability for mixed-wet carbonates and implications for oilfield waterflood recovery. The paper concludes by discussing limitations and challenges, including finding representative samples, imaging and simulating flow and transport in pore spaces over many orders of magnitude in size, the determination of wettability, and upscaling to the field scale. We conclude that pore-scale modelling is likely to become more widely applied in the oil industry including assessment of unconventional oil and gas resources. It has the potential to transform our understanding of multiphase flow processes, facilitating more efficient oil and gas recovery, effective contaminant removal and safe carbon dioxide storage.     

无人机技术在新疆塔县地震的应用及实现

目前,地震灾情信息的获取主要依靠地震现场调查,费时费力,为第一时间快速了解灾区灾情,以便尽快做出救灾决策,指挥调度救援力量,引进新的技术手段辅助获取灾情信息十分必要。进行了无人机技术在新疆塔什库尔干县地震的应用研究,利用无人机技术,获取了地震极灾区库孜滚村高分辨率影像数据,结合震前GF-1遥感影像数据及地震现场震害调查数据,获取极灾区灾情信息。结果表明:无人机遥感技术可快速采集极灾区遥感影像,有利于对灾情做出正确判断和评估。根据无人机遥感影像结合震前遥感影像和地震现场调查数据,进行区域建筑物结构类型和损毁程度遥感解译,可快速获取灾情,无人机技术在地震应急方面应用效果显著,为灾情评估、救援和灾后重建工作提供了科学决策依据。     

Towards adopting open and data-driven science practices in bed form dynamics research,and some steps to this end

In recent years, open and data-driven science has fostered very important scientific breakthroughs. This study describes the challenges and opportunities for the scientific community devoted to bed form dynamics research in adopting such scientific paradigms through, for example, engineered data sharing, formal recognition of scientists who collect the data, and collaborative development of free accessible software. It highlights that once these actions are completed, the potential application of deep learning techniques could substantially improve bed form models and the scientific understanding of bed form dynamics. Likewise, it discusses the potential of Bedforms-ATM, a free available software, to standardize some bed form data analysis techniques. We propose that the technical challenges be tackled by following scholarly accepted/proposed standards (e.g. FAIR Guiding Principles, Geoscience Papers of the Future), using the body of knowledge being built on the matter by some institutions (e.g. Federation of Earth Science Information Partners), and through technical discussions at scientific meetings such as MARID. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Getting your money's worth: Testing the value of data for hydrological model calibration

Despite the big data era, observational data continue to be a limiting factor in the environmental sciences. To collect the most informative field data, studies on the value of data are essential. This article describes a model-based approach to assess the value of data. While we discuss the approach for hydrological model calibration, the approach is applicable across the environmental sciences. The overall goal is to provide guidance on optimal data collection strategies, that is, what to measure, where, and when.     

代县和繁峙2次塌陷地震的机理成因浅析

金属矿山的深部开采易引发冒落型矿震。本文对繁峙和代县两相邻铁矿区相继发生的2次塌陷地震,从其发展到发生的过程特点、形态特征和成因机理等方面进行了分析和总结,认为这两次塌陷的孕育发生与区域构造应力、降雨和人为开采等因素密切相关。2次塌陷前前兆特征现象明显,据此可充分利用测震台网记录到的塌陷数据,通过甄别,收集更多的震例,研究总结其规律,并将研究成果应用于日常监测中,以便能对较大矿震事件做到尽早预报预警,更好地服务社会,服务应急等相关部门。     

合肥遥测台网地震速报系统

论述了适用于遥测地震台网大震速报的一套计算机处理系统,系统设计以《全国遥测台网观测技术规范》和《近震分析》理论为依据,实现了数据输入,震相选择,数据处理,地震定位,震级计算,结果输出及贮存等多项功能,达到了快速确定地震三要素,提高速报速度和精度之目的,是一个较完善的,实用的速报系统。     

ON THE COMPLETENESS OF DATA SETS WITH MULTIELECTRODE SYSTEMS FOR ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SURVEY

This paper describes how, using a surface linear array of equally spaced electrodes, potential data can be obtained for use in electrical resistivity imaging. The aim is to collect a complete data set which contains all linearly independent measurements of apparent resistivity on such an array using two-, three- or four-electrode configurations. From this primary data set, it is shown that any other value for apparent resistivity on the array can be synthesized through a process of superposition. Numerical tests show that such transformations are exact within the machine error for calculated data but that their use with real field data may lead to noise amplification.     

CT扫描技术在岩心三维重建中的应用

岩石是具有复杂空间几何分布和不同孔隙尺寸的多孔介质,复杂的孔隙结构不仅影响着岩石的物理性质,同时也为石油天然气等能源的开采带来困难。本文介绍一种基于三维数字岩心的新方法CDPRM,CDPRM利用CT扫描高精度、高分辨率等优点构建类似真实岩心的三维模型,利用3-matic软件将数字岩心转化为数据模型STL文件,导入3D打印机打印岩样并用于实验,同时用HYPERMESH软件对三维孔隙模型进行网格划分并导入有限元软件进行数值模拟。以砂岩为例,对CDPRM的数值模拟应用进行了初步探索。最后对CDPRM的发展做了展望,认为3D打印制作材料混合使用和其他技术（如:光弹性技术）相结合应用将是主要研究方向。      

孕震过程中几个典型形变场的实验研究

采用激光实时干涉计量技术,观测刻有不同“构造”的试样在加压过程中的形变,研究不同破裂孕育区所表现的不同应变异常场特征。其实验结果与大同6．1级地震前后的应变场分布和运用雷达差分干涉技术测量的西藏玛尼地震、张北-尚义地震后的形变结果对比发现：（1）在一个大地震前后,孕震区出现特征形变场并可以由实验验证;（2）激光实时干涉计量技术与雷达差分干涉技术相似,激光全息技术可以在各种模拟条件下研究多种形式的形变异常场特征。建议用雷达差分干涉技术测量和研究孕震过程中的形变场特别是临近大震发生前的形变场特征,并进行相应的实验和观测研究。     

An Analysis of Low-Flow Ground Water Sampling Methodology

Low-flow ground water sampling methodology can minimize well disturbance and aggravated colloid transport into samples obtained from monitoring wells. However, in low hydraulic conductivity formations, low-flow sampling methodology can cause excessive drawdown that can result in screen desaturation and high ground water velocities in the vicinity of the well, causing unwanted colloid and soil transport into ground water samples taken from the well. Ground water velocities may increase several fold above that of the natural setting. To examine the drawdown behavior of a monitoring well, mathematical relationships can be developed that allow prediction of the steady-state drawdown for constant low-flow pumping rates based on well geometry and aquifer properties. The equations also estimate the time necessary to reach drawdown equilibrium. These same equations can be used to estimate the relative contribution of water entering a sampling device from either the well standpipe or the aquifer. Such equations can be useful in planning a low-flow sampling program and may suggest when to collect a water sample. In low hydraulic conductivity formations, the equations suggest that drawdown may not stabilize for well depths, violating the minimal drawdown requirement of the low-flow technique. In such cases, it may be more appropriate to collect a slug or passive sample from the well screen, under the assumption that the water in the well screen is in equilibrium with the surrounding aquifer.     

Analysis of Nitrate-Nitrogen Movement Near High-Capacity Irrigation Wells

AGalerkin finite-element model coupled with a particle tracking routine was developed to analyze the flow and transport dynamics near a high-capacity irrigation well. The model was used to compute the head distribution around the pumping well, to determine the area of influence, and to define ground water flowlines during short-term pumping periods typical of those used to collect water quality samples from high-capacity wells. In addition to hypothetical example results, the model was used to qualitatively analyze data obtained from pump-and-sample experiments conducted in an unconfined alluvial aquifer within the Platte River valley of south-central Nebraska where nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) contamination is prevalent.
Simulation results of both the hypothetical and field cases suggest that short-term pumping events, impact a limited volume of aquifer. The area of influence and flowlines are affected by aquifer anisotropy, pumping rate, and well construction characteristics). Ground water above or below the screened intervals does not enter a partially penetrating well in anisotropic aquifers. In aquifers where NO₃-N concentration varies vertically and horizontally, waler quality samples from an irrigation, or other high-capacity, well provide only limited information about ground water contamination. A numerical model is thus recommended for calculating the area of influence and determining flowlines around high-capacity wells so that information derived from water quality samples collected at the wellhead can be better interpreted.     

地震科技期刊改革与发展的构想

科技期刊是反映一个国家科技学术创新水平的窗口，是科技信息的使者。其作为忠实记录、连续积累和储备科技信息的重要载体及时传播、交流着70％以上的科技信息，地震科技期刊亦是如此。从地震科技期刊如何走向世界的视角，对地震科技期刊的现状、加入世贸组织后面临的挑战、生存、发展的对策，以及如何加快国际化进程等方面提出了看法、建议和构想，指出，只有将地震科技期刊做大、做美、做强，才能增强国际竞争力，才能形成自己的拳头产品，才能向国际地震品牌期刊行列讲军。     

Research needed to determine chronic effects of oil on the marine environment

The participants in a workshop considering research needed to determine chronic effects of oil on the marine environment agree that much more research is needed and that high priorities, both in time and money, should be given to an ecosystem approach involving multidisciplinary studies. Initially, careful selection of study sites should be made by a marine scientist task force. A combination of laboratory, field, and experimental ecosystem observations is essential. Biological, chemical, physical, and geological oceanographers must work together to collect, catalogue, and analyse samples and interpret results.     

高要断裂的特征及其活动性

高要断裂是一条呈北东向延伸的由多条断裂组成的大断裂,具有多期活动特征,根据不同的活动特征又可将该断裂分为３段。经野外地震地质调查,并在断层面和钻孔的角砾岩岩芯中共取了５个样品作热释光测年,测定断层活动年龄距今均大于１４万ａ,证明断层最后一期活动为中更新世断层年代,可视为非活动断层。     

全国大震速报系统的升级与应用

通过对现在的大震速报电话传输系统的问题分析,提出了相应的解决方法。结合当今的流行文件传输方式FTP技术,对台站速报数据的传输进行了改进,充分考虑到台站实际情况的复杂性、多样性,提供多种数据转换接口,并且所有这些工作都封装在程序包中进行,无须人为干涉,提高了速报速度,同时考虑到地震无法定位时需手工输入等情况,设计了手工输入模块,努力使速报数据能准确快速获得传输。最后对整个系统运行的效能进行了客观公正的分析,认为该系统是国家数字化地震台网中心利用各台卫星实时传输的地震信号进行处理后速报方法的有效补充。     

Sampling for Purgeable Organic Compounds Using Positive-Displacement Piston and Centrifugal Submersible Pumps: A Comparative Study

Positive-displacement piston pumps that minimize sample agitation have no apparent advantage over centrifugal submersible pumps when used to collect ground water samples for analysis of low concentrations of purge-able organic compounds. Analytical uncertainties inherent in laboratory environments appear to influence analytical results of low-concentration purgeable organic compound samples more than either pump type or sampling team. Centrifugal submersible pumps are at least equally efficient as positive-displacement piston pumps in the recovery of carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and chloroform after sampling and analytical influences are made constant.