甘肃黄土高原土壤水分气候特征

利用甘肃黄土高原42个气象站1961—2000年3～7月降水量和11个农业气象观测站逐年3～11月上旬的土壤重量含水率资料，分析了甘肃黄土高原土壤水分的地域和时间分布特征。结果表明：①甘肃黄土高原土壤水分从西南向东北减少，中部有一条从北向南的干舌，干旱中心在陇中北部，受六盘山的影响较大；②甘肃黄土高原分为7个气候区：陇中、陇东土壤严重缺水区，陇中、陇东土壤季节性缺水区，土壤水分适宜区，土壤水分湿润区和甘南高原土壤水分湿润区；③陇中北部和陇东北部土壤严重缺水区浅层土壤严重缺水主要出现在春季和春末夏初，深层土壤也常年处于缺水状态。季节土壤缺水区浅层主要缺水在5、6月份，深层土壤水分陇东高于陇中，适宜区和湿润区无明显土壤缺水时段。     

洛川黄土地区区域地下水资源及计算方法探讨

洛川黄土地区是我国典型的黄土塬之一——洛川塬的所在地。黄土塬区历来是黄土高原中的主要农业基地。在较干旱缺水的洛川黄土地区对地下水的需求尤为突出。 该区属半干旱大陆性气候,多年平均降水量553.7毫米,年降水量50％以上集中于7—9月,以暴雨为     

陇西黄土高原石质山区地下水勘查与开发利用探讨

陇西黄土高原位于甘肃省中部,是我国最干旱缺水的地区之一。近年来,在黄土高原区周边及高原内相对隆起的石质山区先后找到了可供利用的地下水,较好地缓解了部分地段的人畜用水。但在开采利用过程中均不同程度出现了水位下降、水量衰减的现象,且幅度较大,制约着该类水的进一步开发利用。本文在对其原因进行分析的基础上,对该类地下水的勘查与开发利用进行了分析和探讨。     

基于CI指数的甘肃省黄土高原地区气象干旱的变化趋势分析

基于甘肃省黄土高原区33个气象站1962-2010年气象资料, 利用综合气象干旱指数(CI)对其近50 a的干旱频率和平均持续时间的空间分布、 干旱强度趋势变化和极端干旱事件频次进行了分析, 此基础上应用基于分型理论的R/S方法对干旱强度未来变化趋势进行了预测. 结果表明: 甘肃省黄土高原区干旱发生频率和多年平均持续天数在兰州-靖远一带和庆阳北部属于高值区, 而岷县、 渭源一带属于低值区; 106° E以西"临洮-通渭-天水"一带和庆阳东南部是干旱变幅最大的地方. 20世纪90年代以来, 干旱强度增大的较快, 四季均呈现出干旱强度变大的趋势, 其中春、 秋季干旱强度加剧的趋势明显, 夏季近10 a都处于非常严重的干旱状态, 但未通过0.01的显著性检验; 20世纪60年代至今, 极端干旱事件发生频次快速增多. 四季干旱强度Hurst指数H 均大于0.5, 同时分维数D 均小于1.5, 因此, 未来一段时间干旱强度仍然保持与过去相一致的变化趋势. 研究结果可为相关部门制定相应抗旱对策提供科学依据.     

黄土高原缺水区河谷冲积层潜水及其供水意义

从区域地质环境的角度论述了黄土高原河谷阶地的成因类型 ,分析了河谷冲积层潜水的水文地质环境 ,指出河谷冲积层潜水在严重缺水的黄土高原所具有的供水意义 ,认为以河谷区为轴线发展黄土高原的优势经济农业是该区生态农业可持续发展的方向。     

香花岭岩溶暗河特征及利用问题

<正>香花岭位于南岭北麓,属于湖南省临武县,地处分水岭地带,碳酸盐岩分布广泛,占测区面积75％,岩性较纯而厚大,植被复盖甚少,基岩大部分裸露,岩溶发育,大气降雨大部分渗入地下,地表缺水,土地贫瘠而干旱,给工农业生产带来一定的困难。香花岭新风矿区在勘探过程中发现6条暗河,而且在开拓过程中曾发生几次突水事故,给矿山生产带来重大损失。为此查明香花岭岩溶暗河发育特征,解决工农业生产中的问题,实为必要。      

应急抗旱与长效抗旱结合——广西国土资源系统2010年抗旱综合报道

2009～2010冬春旱情已持续数月,广西109个县（市、区）中有106个发生不同程度的干旱,有300．97万人饮水网难……     

西宁黄土碎屑锆石年龄特征及其对黄土高原黄土物源的指示意义

物源研究是理解黄土高原风成沉积物中古环境记录的关键一环.众多证据表明,黄土高原西北部的阿拉善高原及其周边广袤干旱地区是黄土高原黄土的主要风尘源区.但是,基于锆石U-Pb同位素地质年代学的证据对此提出了质疑.黄土高原黄土与青藏高原北部物质中的锆石具有相似的年龄分布,预示黄土高原风尘主要以西风搬运的方式来自青藏高原北部,特别是柴达木盆地.本研究通过分析西宁黄土的锆石年龄特征验证此假说.西宁处于在从青藏高原北部到黄土高原的假想搬运路线上.西宁黄土主要来自青藏高原北部的干旱区.西宁黄土中锆石的主要年龄分布与黄土高原黄土相似,反映青藏高原北部确实为黄土高原黄土的主要物质来源.但是,与黄土高原黄土相比,西宁黄土缺少年龄在360Ma左右和年龄小于100Ma的锆石.这两组年龄的锆石可能来自其他地区,例如处于中亚造山带.由于阿拉善于旱区也通过河流搬运接收来自青藏高原北部的物质,锆石U-Pb年龄证据并不能排除阿拉善干旱区作为主要风尘物源的可能.相反,阿拉善干旱区还接受来自其北部中亚造山带和其本身华北克拉通的物质,来自阿拉善干旱区的风尘可能更好地解释黄土高原黄土中的锆石年龄特征.     

宜良县区域干旱风险分析

降水量是区域干旱评价的决定性因素之一。采用宜良县区域内10个雨量站近33年的实测资料序列,通过区域干旱风险模型、干旱缺水量模型的建立,对宜良县区域干旱风险及其区域干旱缺水量进行了分析。结果表明,宜良县区域受旱面积为57.49%时风险性最大,区域年平均缺水量为39 179.76×104m3。     

淮北市区干旱年份缺水机率分析与供水应急对策

对淮北市区偏枯、枯水年与持续干旱年份出现的机率及其缺水程度进行了分析,偏枯年份 7～8 年一遇,枯水年份 11～12 年一遇,持续干旱年每 9～10 年一遇.尽管考虑节水措施,偏枯年份的 2010、2030 水平年,市区缺水分别为 0.89 亿 m3、1.58 亿 m3,枯水年份的 2010～2030 水平年,缺水量 1.40～2.19 亿 m3.持续干旱年末年缺水程度高达 95%～115 %.针对上述干旱缺水的严峻局面,提出干旱期调整用水秩序、强化节水、以及开发建设备用水源地等应急对策.     

末次盛冰期黄土高原蜗牛化石记录的气候快速变化及其影响机制

本文通过对渭南黄土剖面末次盛冰期地层较高分辨率的蜗牛化石记录研究，发现这一时期特征蜗牛种类峰值的演替反映了古气候的演化过程和温，湿度的组合关系。气候变化显示出百年-千年尺度波动的特征，温度的变化明显地要早于湿度（降水）的变化1000-2000a，表现为变冷-冷湿-冷干-温干-温湿的气候过程，研究认为造成这一气候特点的原因是东亚冬，夏季风共同作用的结果，可喜温湿蜗牛种类的研究，揭示出东亚夏季风在这一时期至少能够持续地影响到黄土高原的东南部地区，这个时期冬季风强化的结果之一是影响了夏季风在这一地区滞留的时间，加大了季节性的差异，分析表明尽管夏季风在这一地区滞留的时间缩短，但维持了它固有的强度，提供了适量的水热条件供喜温湿蜗牛种类在这一寒冷阶段持续地生长和发育。     

黄土高原河谷演变与地质灾害发育规律研究——以陕西省子长县为例

我国黄土高原沟壑纵横,地质灾害频发、生态环境脆弱。笔者选取陕北黄土高原延安市子长县为例,通过1:5万地质灾害野外调查,采用SPOT5高精度遥感影像数据进行地质灾害解译和数字高程模型DEM分析,系统研究了河流演变与地质灾害发育的特征和分布规律。结果表明河谷地貌的演化发育程度对地质灾害发育规律具有明显的控制作用。     

台缘裂缝发育特征、成因机制及其对黄土滑坡的意义

黄土滑坡是我国西北地区非常严重的地质灾害现象,后缘裂缝是黄土滑坡典型特征之一。陕西省泾阳南塬自1976年大面积农业灌溉以来,发生了27处50余起黄土滑坡。研究区塬边裂缝发育,滑坡密集分布的太平至蒋刘段目前共分布着28条裂缝,总延展长度为1424m。塬边地形形态控制着裂缝的发育、成因机制,因此,根据裂缝所处塬边地形形态,将南塬裂缝发育模式分为：“U”模式、“W”模式和“Z”模式。裂缝形成后对塬边滑坡的发展产生重要影响,使得坡体土体应力状态接近破坏边界面,只需较小的孔压增量和荷载即可诱发滑坡,同时,改变了地表水的入渗途径,极大地增加了地面灌溉和降雨诱发滑坡的概率。同时,裂缝的形成对于黄土滑坡的演化和群体性分布具有重要的意义。     

黄土频率磁化率与古气候冷暖变换

本文详细研究和对比了几个区域的黄土剖面,证明中国黄土地层发育的一致性;根据第5阶段以来黄土磁化率和深海氧同位素曲线特征的比较,证明中国黄土地层的连续性和全球气候变化的一致性。黄土地层的古气候信息强度与分辨率成反比,是全球信号和区域信号的叠加。黄土高原各地厚度或沉积速率的差别主要是1.7 Ma以来形成的。黄土地层频率磁化率数值随黄土和古土壤层的出现,分别呈波谷和波峰对应,说明在温湿条件下有许多细小(<0.03 μm)的铁磁性矿物形成,它可能是导致古土壤磁化率增高的最主要原因。这些磁颗粒的含量反映古气候温湿程度的强弱和持续时间的长短。黄土频率磁化率对古气候的突变或渐变研究可能具有十分重要的意义。     

Submersion simulation in a typical debris flow watershed of Jianzhuangchuan catchment,Loess Plateau

Debris flow is one of the most serious and frequent geological disasters that occur in the Loess Plateau. The outbreak of a debris flow is sudden, ferocious, swift, and destructive. The characteristics and mechanism of debris flow were explored in this study via survey, numerical simulation, and simulation analysis in a Loess Plateau area (Huangling County, Shaanxi Province, China). Numerical models and formulas corresponding to the occurrence and movement mechanism were established based on the HEC-RAS, HEC-GeoRAS, and SWAT results. The range of debris flow deposition was determined through capturing the debris flow free surface. A hydrological model and critical rainfall threshold were determined in order to provide technical support for debris flow forecasting in the Loess Plateau. The results suggest that 10-year floods do not submerge any portion of the basin. One village area was affected by the 100-year flood (total area of 0.648 km²) while four villages areas were submerged by the 1000-year flood (total area of 1.39 km²). The method presented here may provide a reliable scientific basis for mitigating loss due to debris flow hazards.     

Mollusk record of millennial climate variability in the Loess Plateau during the Last Glacial Maximum

A high-resolution terrestrial mollusk record from the Loess Plateau of China has been studied to characterize climate variability during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The rapid successions in mollusk taxa in the Weinan loess sequence reveal that climate changes occurred at least four times in this period. In the loess region, millennia-scale climate fluctuations existed, as documented in the grain size and weathering intensity records. Our results show such millennia-scale fluctuations reflecting changes in both temperature and precipitation, rather than a simple cold and warm alternation. Changes in temperature and precipitation were not in phase during the LGM. Temperature varied earlier than precipitation, which could have been the effect of winter and summer monsoon interactions. Our data also reveal that the East Asian summer monsoons could reach the southeast part of the Loess Plateau during the whole of the LGM. The intensification of winter monsoons during the LGM led to short duration of summer monsoons annually impacting on the Loess Plateau, but the intrinsic intensity of summer monsoons would not have changed significantly, thus providing the thermo-hydrological conditions for temperate-humidiphilous mollusks to persistently grow and develop in the glacial age.     

Impacts of climate change on aridity index and its spatiotemporal variation in the Loess Plateau of China,from 1961 to 2014

The Loess Plateau, the transitional zone between humid and arid regions of China, is an important region to examine the regional hydrological cycle and variation in humid and arid regions under global climate change. Aridity index (AI), the ratio of precipitation (P) to potential evapotranspiration (ET₀), is an important indicator of regional climate conditions and is also used to classify drylands. In this study, data from 51 national meteorological stations during the period of 1961–2014 were collected to estimate the AI in the Loess Plateau. Results show that a downward trend in annual AI was detected and the boundary of the drylands region based on the AI was expanded across the Loess Plateau over the period of 1961–2014. The spatiotemporal variability of P was the main cause in the AI variations. Furthermore, data analysis suggested the occurrences of the extreme minimum AI values were mostly affected by fluctuations of the two factors (ET₀ and P) rather than its corresponding trend during the period. Thus, this study indicated the major driving factor of AI and the relationship between extreme AI values and the global climate anomalies in the Loess Plateau region, and meanwhile, provided an understanding of the impacts of climate change on hydrological cycle in the Loess Plateau of China.     

Changes in soil physico-chemical and microbiological properties during natural succession on abandoned farmland in the Loess Plateau

The re-establishment of natural species-rich heath lands on abandoned farmland is one of the main measures in soil erosion control in the Loess Plateau of China. So, it is important to understand how the vegetation and soil properties develop after land abandonment. The objective of this study was to determine how physico-chemical properties, microbial biomass, and enzyme activities changed for abandoned farmland with an age sequence of 0, 1, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40 and 50 years in Zhifanggou watershed (8.27 km²), Shaanxi Province, NW China. The results of this study indicate that species succession after land abandonment in the Zhifanggou watershed on the Loess Plateau resulted in a significant improvement in soil chemical and microbiological properties. Soil organic C, total N, available N and K, soil microbial biomass C, N and P, as well as alkaline phosphatase, catalase, saccharase, and cellulase activity increased with time since plantation establishment increased. In contrast, soil bulk density, pH, and polyphenol oxidase activity decreased after farmland abandonment. Urease and α-amylase decreased until 15 years at the early phase of species succession, and then increased. However, there was no significant change in total P and available P during the restoration. Results only implied the tendency that the herbage was developing toward shrub. Although secondary succession plays an important role which improved soil properties after farmland abandonment, the values of these parameters were still much lower than native forest in 50 years. Thus, vegetation recovery after farmland abandonment in a semi-arid environment would be slow and the improvement of soil properties in the Loess Plateau is likely to require a considerably long period of time.     

黄土高原降水量空间插值方法研究

为了研究黄土高原降水量的空间分布特征,利用ARCGIS软件分别采用多种空间内插方法对黄土高原108个气象站点1980-2009年30年间的平均年降水量进行空降插值。经过正交检验以及内插检验得到最优的插值方法为普通克里金法,最终对利用该方法获得的黄土高原降水量内插图进行分析,得出近30年来黄土高原区降水量分布呈现出明显的由东南向西北递减的态势。     

陕北安塞-靖边-吴旗地区地下水富集规律及资源评价

安塞-靖边-吴旗地区位于陕北黄土高原东北部,地下水赋存类型主要为第四系松散型潜水、白垩系潜水及承压水。南部黄土梁峁区第四系潜水十分贫乏,北部沙漠-冲积平原潜水资源较为丰富。白垩系含水层广泛分布,水质好,水量丰富,是区内工业用水主力开采层位,安塞-坪桥以东白垩系地层缺失,地下水资源十分贫乏,为严重贫水区。地下水资源计算结果表明：该区白垩系地下水静储量巨大,达2 462.35亿m^3,但调节储量较小,仅为4.816亿m^3,地下水资源总体较为贫乏。