沁水盆地煤层割理的充填特征及形成过程

煤层作为煤层气的源岩和储集层,与常规天然气储层不同在于煤储层是一种双孔隙岩层,由基质孔隙和裂隙组成,且有自身独特的割理系统,基质孔隙和割理的大小、形态、孔隙度和连通性等决定了煤层气的储集、运移和产出,其中以割理系统对煤层气的产出最为重要。本文以沁水煤田为例,对煤层割理、割理填充物类型、充填方式、自生矿物形成时代进行了研究,总结了填充物形成的先后顺序,并根据填充物的形成时代、煤层埋藏史等提出了割理形成的3种机制：埋藏增压机制;岩浆诱发机制;抬升卸压机制。     

延川南地区煤储层特征及煤层和井区优选评价

以延川南地区煤层气井的实验测试数据为基础,采用地质类比法对煤层的含气性及其他储层物性特征进行了对比分析,然后利用最大值标准化法和灰色关联系数法得出单煤层和井区的综合评价分数,并据此对井区进行了综合评价。结果表明,区内甲烷浓度高、含气量大、孔隙性能好、煤层厚度大,但含气饱和度和渗透率低,需要对储层做进一步的压裂改造;通过灰色关联分析,认为各因素的相关关联序为含气量〉含气饱和度〉渗透率〉储层压力〉煤厚〉埋深〉孔隙度〉甲烷浓度,2号煤的开发条件优于10号煤,各井区中以y-3、y-16及y-6井的综合评价值较高,是下一步井网布局和煤层气开发的首选井区。     

低渗透储层孔隙结构影响因素及其定量评价——以准噶尔盆地金龙2地区二叠系上乌尔禾组二段为例

利用薄片、扫描电镜、物性及压汞等资料,对金龙2地区三叠系上乌尔禾组二段(P_3w_2)低渗(含砾)砂岩储层孔隙结构及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:①乌二段属于低孔低渗储层,根据压汞曲线参数特征,将其孔隙结构划分为三类。②成岩作用控制了储层孔隙结构,定量计算结果表明,乌二段视压实率平均为53.54%、视胶结率平均为47.53%、视溶蚀率平均为13.84%、视微孔隙率平均为60.67%,表现为中等压实、中—强胶结、弱溶蚀、微孔发育等特征;压实作用、胶结作用、微孔隙发育主要控制储层孔隙结构的形成。③引入成岩综合指数来定量表征各种成岩作用的综合强度,其与储层孔隙结构参数(排驱压力、分选系数)以及储层品质因子(RQI)具有较好的统计相关关系,Ⅰ类储层成岩综合指数大于8%,Ⅱ类储层成岩综合指数为2%～8%,Ⅲ类储层成岩综合指数小于2%。因此,可以利用成岩综合指数定量评价储层孔隙结构。     

焦作煤田煤层气储气层特征及含气性

焦作煤田的二1煤层厚度稳定,结构简单,且煤层气资源丰富。煤层的孔裂隙、吸附性、含气性、渗透性、储层压力、含气饱和度、储层温度等煤储层特征是煤层气选区评价和勘探开发决策的重要依据之一。通过对煤储层特征和分布规律深入的分析和研究认为:①焦作煤田二1煤层的纳米级孔隙发育,煤层吸附能力较强,且随着埋深的增加,吸附能力增大;②该煤层多数处于低压状态,但随着埋深的增加,储层压力和压力梯度有增大的趋势。③煤层气含量和含气饱和度随埋深的变化呈现相近的变化规律,含气量越大,甲烷(CH4)含量越大,甲烷(CH4)含量由浅至深有增大的趋势。④根据我国渗透率划分标准,该煤层原始煤储层的渗透率多数属于中高渗透率煤层,局部地段属于低渗透煤层。     

基于测井的煤层力学特性评价及煤层气开发有利区预测——以沁南郑庄区块3号煤层为例

准确掌握煤岩力学性质对储层改造及煤层气开发具有重要意义,以郑庄区块3号煤层为研究层位,建立以多测井参数为基础的煤储层横波时差预测模型和以动静态力学参数转换为依据的脆性指数评价模型;利用弹性参数法对研究区内煤储层脆性指数进行了综合评价,发现单井中煤层脆性指数受“边界效应”影响明显且分布具有区域性;脆性指数与煤体结构指数存在正相关关系,并据此提出以脆性指数为依据的煤体结构划分标准;脆性指数与抗压强度、抗拉强度均为负相关关系;四维地震裂缝监测结果显示碎裂结构煤压裂效果最好,原生结构煤次之,碎粒结构煤最差;最后,以含气量与脆性指数为主要评价参数,预测了区块内煤层气开发地质有利区,为煤储层压裂设计提供了依据。     

韩城WL1井组煤层气地质特征

韩城矿区为我国煤层气勘查的重要区块,WL1井组位于象山煤矿西侧,区内煤层厚度大、发育稳定。根据WL1井组获得的煤储层参数可知,该区的煤层煤化程度R0为1.85%～2.05%,煤储层压力2.39～2.65MPa,渗透率为0.22～3.50mD,3号、5号、11号煤层含气量分别为8.38、8.46和6.63m3/t。区内构造简单,含煤地层富水性弱-中等。综合区内地质条件分析认为,韩城WL1井组是具有煤层气开发、生产潜力的区块之一。     

贵州桑木场背斜北西翼煤层地质特征

以桑木场背斜北西翼可采煤层为重点研究对象,对各开采煤层煤岩特征进行了深入分析,从物理性质、煤岩特征、化学特征等方面对煤层煤质进行详细对比分析,在此基础上与矿区地质特征及煤层特征的深入结合探讨成因变化,结果表明:同一煤层展布特征以龙保背斜西南翼为中心,总体呈现西南往东北逐渐减薄的趋势。区内各可采煤层以块状为主,主要为线理-细条带状结构。有机组分均以镜质组、惰质组为主,不含壳质组。区内煤层最大反射率随煤层埋深的增加在9号呈现"转折点",表明该区沉积环境中可能受岩浆岩侵入影响;硫分、灰分含量,瓦斯含量/浓度等垂向上的波动性变化表明5号、12号层处于层序旋回"最大海泛面",揭示了该区存在至少两套不同的煤储层压力系统。     

准南玛纳斯地区低阶煤储层特征及压裂改造效果研究

基于中国地质调查局组织施工的2口煤层气参数井资料,分析了准噶尔盆地南缘玛纳斯地区煤储层特征,综合影响煤层气富集与开发的储层参数,优选2#、5#煤层段采用大液量、中高排量、低砂比、变粒径支撑剂、多级阶梯式加砂压裂工艺进行储层改造,并采用地面微地震监测方法评价了压裂效果。研究表明:研究区中厚煤层群发育,煤层总厚度大、层间距小,且主要为原生结构的长焰煤。煤岩显微组分以镜质组和惰质组为主,储层微观孔隙发育,且主要为组织孔和溶蚀孔。煤储层孔隙度8.8%～14.5%,比表面积0.624～9.585 m~2/g,孔容较大,孔隙连通性较好,渗透率0.0012～1.9286×10~(-3)μm~2,属中高孔—中低渗型储层。区内2#、5#煤层埋深大、含气量高、储层压力与能量高,但压裂施工中注入压力高、加砂效率低,储层改造难度较大。微地震监测结果显示,压裂所产生的人工裂缝以垂直缝为主,呈SE—NW展布,裂缝长度、宽度及影响体积都较大。压后放溢流时,放喷口气体可点燃,初步显示研究区具有良好的产气潜力。     

不同矿化度水对煤层气解吸-扩散影响的实验

煤层气主要以吸附状态赋存于煤层的割理和基质孔隙中。以沁水盆地寺河煤矿3号煤粉碎后的割理颗粒为实验样品,通过对样品注入蒸馏水、水源水和地层水3种不同矿化度水的解吸实验,探讨了不同矿化度水对煤层甲烷解吸-扩散过程的影响情况。结果表明:3种水的初始解吸压力约为1.4 MPa,且解吸过程主要集中在后期,而前期解吸量不足总解吸量的30%;含有矿化度的水源水和地层水比无矿化度蒸馏水的解吸率、恢复率和初始解吸压力都低,且随着水矿化度的增大,解吸率和恢复率都略有减小。      

南堡地区碳酸盐岩储层孔隙结构特征及对物性的影响

利用数字图像分析法对南堡地区碳酸盐岩储层的孔隙结构参数进行定量求取,明确了不同类型孔隙的孔隙结构参数特征,分析了孔隙结构特征对储层物性的影响,并应用优选出的孔隙结构参数建立碳酸盐岩储层物性预测模型。结果表明:研究区内碳酸盐岩储层的储集空间以次生孔隙为主,为一套典型的孔隙型储层。应用孔隙结构参数可以较好的区分铸模孔、粒间孔、粒内孔和晶间孔等孔隙类型,其中铸模孔呈较低的平均等效直径与高的宽纵比,粒间孔以高等效直径25%为特征,粒内孔对应最低的比表面、最高的等效直径标准差,晶间孔比表面较高且宽纵比分布范围局限。等效直径、形状因子、球度和宽纵比等参数对储层物性的影响显著。分别针对孔隙度和渗透率,在提取的28项孔隙结构参数中优选出6种相关性高的参数,并应用多元线性回归方法分别进行拟合。验证结果显示拟合公式具有较高的可信度,且渗透率(R^2=0.916)优于孔隙度(R^2=0.778)。该方法可为研究区及其他地区的孔隙型碳酸盐岩储层评价研究提供参考。     

Shrinkage and swelling of coal induced by desorption and sorption of fluids: Theoretical model and interpretation of a field project

Geologic sequestration in deep unmineable coal seams and enhanced coalbed methane production is a promising choice, economically and environmentally, to reduce anthropogenic gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Unmineable coal seams are typically known to adsorb large amounts of carbon dioxide in comparison to the sizeable amounts of sorbed methane, which raises the potential for large scale sequestration projects. During the process of sequestration, carbon dioxide is injected into the coalbed and desorbed methane is produced. The coal matrix is believed to shrink when a gas is desorbed and swell when a gas is sorbed, sometimes causing profound changes in the cleat porosity and permeability of the coal seam. These changes may have significant impact on the reservoir performance. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the combined influence of swelling and shrinkage, and geomechanical properties including elastic modulus, cleat porosity, and permeability of the reservoir.The present paper deals with the influence of swelling and shrinkage on the reservoir performance, and the geomechanical response of the reservoir system during the process of geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide and enhanced coalbed methane production in an actual field project located in northern New Mexico. A three-dimensional swelling and shrinkage model was developed and implemented into an existing reservoir model to understand the influence of geomechanical parameters, as well as swelling and shrinkage properties, on the reservoir performance. Numerical results obtained from the modified simulator were compared to available measured values from that site and previous studies. Results show that swelling and shrinkage, and the combination of geomechanical and operational parameters, have a significant influence on the performance of the reservoir system.     

煤层气直井开发井网适应性优选

利用直井井网开发煤层气,优选合理的井网对于煤层气藏的高效开发关系重大,因此,有必要针对不同储层条件的煤层气藏研究优化井网类型。通过数值模拟方法,针对不同渗透率、不同各向异性的煤层气藏,进行了正方形、矩形和菱形3种不同井网的数值模拟,得出适合不同井网开发的储层渗透率和各向异性的范围。模拟研究表明:正方形井网不适合煤层气的开发;矩形井网适合于中渗、低渗至特低渗煤储层;菱形井网适合于中渗至高渗煤储层。      

沁水盆地南部TS地区煤层气储层测井评价方法

煤层气是一种自生自储于煤岩地层的非常规天然气资源,其储层测井评价内容及方法不同于常规天然气,在煤层气勘探开发过程中更关注于有关煤岩工业分析组分、基质孔隙度、裂缝渗透率及煤层含气量等一系列关键的储层参数。针对沁水盆地南部TS地区煤层气勘探目标层,分析了各种测井响应特征,采用回归分析法计算煤岩工业分析组分;针对煤层气含量影响因素众多且较为复杂的特点,结合相关地区煤岩样品实验分析结果,利用基于等温吸附实验的兰氏煤阶方程估算煤层含气量参数;通过煤岩孔隙结构的分析,采用变骨架密度的密度孔隙度计算公式求取煤岩总孔隙度,利用迭代逼近算法计算裂缝孔隙度;根据煤岩裂缝中面割理发育而端割理不甚发育的特点,以简化的单组系板状裂缝模型计算煤岩裂缝渗透率。通过对TS-A井进行实际计算,结果表明,煤岩工业分析组分和煤层含气量计算结果精度高,总孔隙度一般在5.5%左右,而裂缝孔隙度则大多小于0.5%,裂缝渗透率主要分布在0.001×10-3～10×10-3μm2之间,孔渗参数计算结果与相邻井区现有资料相符。采用测井方法可以快速、系统地对煤层气储层多种参数进行准确评价。     

Fluid flow characteristics of Bandanna Coal Formation: a case study from the Fairview Field,eastern Australia

Fluid flow characteristics of cleat systems in coalbed methane reservoirs are crucial in reservoir management and field development plans. This paper aims to evaluate the cleat system properties including cleat porosity, permeability, and aperture as well as the impact of permeability growth on production performance in the Bandanna Coal Formation of the Fairview Field, eastern Queensland. Owing to the presence of bad hole conditions and poor core recovery of the coal intervals, the petrophysical well logs and laboratory measurements cannot be used as a source of information for this purpose. Hence, a new approach is employed that utilises early water production data to measure water in place and absolute permeability of the coal. In addition, micro-computed tomography (CT) scan method is used to investigate the cleat system that is preserved in a core sample and results are compared with the ones obtained by analysis of production data. Cleat system evaluation by analysis of production data and micro-CT scan technique provides a comprehensive approach that brings confidence in measurements and helps to obtain cleat properties at the sufficient scale for reservoir engineering purposes. The necessary information including production data and core samples are collected from a dewatering well and the nearby observation well in the study area. Analysis of early water production data (single-phase flow) indicates that coal permeability is 189 mD and the average cleat porosity is approximately 5%. High cleat porosity describes the large volume of water produced over the life of the study well. The 3D model of the fossilised cleat system constructed by the micro-CT scan method reveals that coal is well-cleated and cleat spacing and mean cleat aperture are 4 and 0.136 mm, respectively. The average cleat porosity that is measured by the micro-CT scan method is 5.7%, which is fairly close to the cleat porosity measured by analysis of production data. Production data analysis indicates that effective permeability to gas starts to grow at the midlife of the well and it strongly controls the shape of the production profile. The results of this study help in future field development and infill drilling programs in the Fairview Field and provide important insights into cleat system of Bandanna Coal Formation.     

中国煤层气储层伤害分析及钻井液储层保护研究现状

因煤层气储层具有低孔、低渗、裂缝发育但分布不均的特殊性,在煤层气开发过程中储层极易受到不可逆转的伤害。煤层气储层伤害会导致煤层气产气量下降,增加开发成本,延缓工程进程,最终制约煤层气开发效果。为降低煤层气储层伤害发生的可能性,概括了钻井过程中煤层气储层伤害机理,介绍了国内主要煤层气钻井液技术的发展历程,煤层气钻井液储层保护的方法及进展,国内近年来优选的无伤害钻井液体系及国内储层保护钻井液的发展方向,为未来煤层气储层保护提出新思路。      

Modeling of ECBM recovery from Amasra coalbed in Zonguldak Basin,Turkey

Zonguldak coal basin is the only productive hard coal basin of Turkey. The eastern part of the basin is called as Bartin–Amasra District, which has deeper coal seams. The depth and difficulty of mining these coal seams make this district an important candidate for coalbed methane (CBM) recovery. However, there is not enough reservoir data for modeling purposes. In this study, the lithologic information collected for coal mining industry was used to determine the correlations and the continuity of the coal seams. The lithologic information was examined and the depths of the coal seams and the locations of the exploration boreholes were used to perform a reliable correlation using a new method. As a result of the correlation study, 63 continuous coal layers were found. A statistical reserve estimation of each coal layer for methane was made by using Monte Carlo simulation method. The initial methane in place found in the coal layers both in free and adsorbed states were estimated using probabilistic simulations resulted in possible reserve (P10) of 2.07 billion m³, probable reserve (P50) of 1.35 billion m³ and proven reserves (P90) of 0.86 billion m³.Among the determined continuous coal layers, coal layer #26 was selected for a preliminary investigation of the applicability of enhanced coalbed methane (ECBM) recovery and CO₂ storage. The scarcity of coal seam reservoir data required a sensitivity study for the effects of reservoir parameters on operational performance indicators. The effects of adsorption, coal density, permeability, cleat porosity and permeability anisotropy parameters were examined using the Computer Modeling Group's (CMG) GEM module.     

煤岩孔隙度主控地质因素及对煤层气开发的影响

为系统分析煤岩孔隙度主控地质因素及对其煤层气开发的影响,统计分析了全国37个主要煤层气区块/矿区的压汞孔隙度等数据。利用相关趋势分析方法分煤级着重探讨煤级、煤体结构、镜质组、灰分等因素对煤岩孔隙度以及煤层气开发的影响。结果表明:Ro,max是储层物性评价的重要参数,低煤级区煤岩孔隙度对Ro,max的变化最为敏感,且孔隙度平均值随成熟度升高呈现出高-低-高-低的变化。低煤级区同一煤层气区块/矿区内部,孔隙度变化区间大于高煤级区同一煤层气区块/矿区内部孔隙度的变化区间。中低煤级区,复杂的煤体结构对煤储层物性具有破坏作用;高煤级区,复杂的煤体结构对物性有一定的改善作用。镜质组含量与孔隙度呈负相关关系,灰分产率与孔隙度无明显相关性,且在低煤级区镜质组含量和灰分产率与孔隙度均具有明显的负相关性,是孔隙度评价的重要参数;而在中高煤级区,二者对孔隙度的影响可以忽略。煤岩大中孔比例和储层平均渗透率随平均孔隙度的增高而增高,孔隙度大小尤其是孔隙度随煤级的变化规律对不同煤级区煤层气开发潜力评价具有重要指导意义。     

考虑渗透率变化的煤层气储层数值模拟及参数敏感性研究

煤层气开采过程中储层渗透率的变化对产气量影响较大,通过引入S＆D渗透率变化模型,建立了考虑渗透率变化的煤储层三维气水两相渗流数学模型,完成模型检验后应用所编制软件研究了煤储层参数、吸附参数及渗透率模型特征参数对开发效果的影响。结果表明,煤层气产量随着初始含气量、煤层有效厚度、裂缝渗透率和Langmuir压力的增大而增大,随储层原始压力、裂缝孔隙度和Langmuir体积的增大而减小,而解吸时间对产气量影响不大;裂缝渗透率随着杨氏模量和基质收缩/膨胀系数的增大而增大,随泊松比和裂缝压缩系数的增大而减小。引入S＆D模型后计算的累积产气量要比常规模型低1.3%,因此不可忽视煤层气产出过程中渗透率的变化。     

煤层显微煤岩类型与裂隙分布的关系

综合利用显微地层学和统计学方法,以河东煤田中北部8#煤层为例,研究了煤层显微煤岩类型与煤层裂隙分布的关系。结果表明,裂隙在不同显微煤岩类型煤体中的分布存在较大的差异,同时裂隙分布的位置与显微煤岩类型的组合序列有关。其结果对煤层气资源评价和煤层渗透性预测具有重要的指导意义。