水平成层场地地震反应的集中质量切比雪夫谱元分析方法

提出了一种用于水平成层场地地震反应分析的时域高阶显式算法. 首先,将覆盖土层和基岩划分为若干个切比雪夫谱单元,在模型底部设置多次透射人工边界;其次,以切比雪夫正交多项式构建高阶单元位移模式,通过高斯?洛巴托积分严格导出对角形式的切比雪夫谱单元集中质量矩阵,结合中心差分时域逐步积分格式,建立了高效的集中质量切比雪夫谱元波动模拟方法;最后,利用日本Kik-net强震台网提供的不同类型场地上获得的实际地震观测记录检验了本文方法的有效性. 该方法避免了传统切比雪夫谱元法由于具有一致质量矩阵形式而造成的计算效率不高的问题。数值结果表明,本文方法能够较好地预测Ⅰ₁,Ⅱ和Ⅳ类场地在较弱地震和中等强度地震作用下的地面运动特征,每个波长内仅需布置少量单元即可取得较高精度的计算结果。      

多级串联非比例阻尼隔震结构地震响应分析

建立了多级串联非比例阻尼隔震结构动力分析模型;引用分区瑞利阻尼模型将非比例阻尼矩阵分解为瑞利阻尼矩阵和体现非比例阻尼的余项阻尼矩阵,推导出结构的阻尼矩阵;并编制了MATLAB动力时程分析程序,对一实际隔震工程进行地震响应分析.结果表明:随着下部结构刚度的增加,结构的层剪力比和隔震层位移响应峰值均趋向于基础隔震结构的对应值;当下部结构为一层,且层间刚度大于上部结构底层层间刚度4～6倍时,可以近似按基础隔震结构进行动力分析.     

基于Chebyshev多项式的非对称走时Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移角道集求取

地震射线走时的求取方法是叠前时间偏移研究的核心问题之一,也是影响计算时间域角道集角度精确性的关键因素之一.本文基于Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移,应用第一类切比雪夫多项式,对弯曲射线对称走时加以改进,引进非对称项,优化后得到切比雪夫非对称走时方程,与高精度走时进行比较和误差分析,再将该走时求取方法应用于时间域角道集的求取中,得到地下较真实的入射角.通过模型计算和实际地震资料处理证明,此种非对称走时及其角道集的求取方法具有精度高、计算量少的优点.     

LRB基础隔震结构在极罕遇地震作用下的抗震性能研究

以典型的四层、六层和八层LRB(铅芯橡胶隔震支座)基础隔震结构为研究对象,通过大量的弹塑性时程分析,对极罕遇地震作用下的地震响应特点进行了分析;采用参数化方法,研究了隔震系统的力学性能参数和上部结构屈服强度比的变化对LRB基础隔震结构抗震性能的影响。结果表明:在极罕遇地震作用下,LRB基础隔震结构上部结构首层的层间位移角和延性系数明显增大;延长LRB隔震系统的隔震周期或选择最优的特征屈服强度比,均可显著降低上部结构的塑性变形程度,但LRB屈服位移的变化对隔震结构的响应几乎无影响;LRB隔震系统参数确定后,隔震结构上部结构的损伤状态主要与上部结构力学性能参数中的屈服强度比相关,增大上部结构的屈服强度比,可以显著降低上部结构的层间位移角和延性系数,但是隔震支座的平均最大剪应变会增大,可以选用橡胶剪切模量大或者直径大、第二形状系数小的LRB隔震支座。     

梁板分离式分层隔震结构减震原理研究

为了拓宽隔震技术的应用范围,提出了梁板分离式分层隔震结构概念,其核心思想是将框架结构或框架剪力墙结构中的所有楼层或某些楼层的全部或部分楼板通过橡胶隔震支座支承于梁上。建立了分层隔震结构的动力分析模型,利用自编程序按时程分析法和振型分解反应谱法分别计算了不同工况下分层隔震结构的地震反应,运用隔震技术的基本原理和振型分析法分析了刚度比和场地条件等因素对减震效果的影响。发现了刚度比变化过程中分层隔震结构的两个极限状态,并利用其中之一初步判断减震效果。     

大跨度空间网架结构屋盖隔震设计研究

针对大跨度空间网架屋盖隔震结构响应的问题,采用简化后的质点力学模型,对其进行理论研究,分析质量比、刚度比、阻尼比对屋盖隔震结构地震响应的影响,以基底剪力最小为原则确定隔震层的最优参数.建立相应的三维有限元模型,对其进行屋盖隔震设计,分别与非隔震和基础隔震结构的响应对比.结果 表明:屋盖隔震结构由于隔震层直接设置在屋盖支撑处,能明显减小上部网架的杆件轴力和支撑处的剪力.虽然其隔震层位置较高,但对结构的基底剪力和屋盖的挠跨比仍有减震效果;对于下部框架结构,直接与隔震层连接的框架的层间位移角有所减少,但未直接连接隔震层的较远部分框架的层间位移角略有增大,在结构设计时不容忽视,应适当加强.     

基础隔震密肋复合墙结构的地震随机响应分析

在给出密肋复合墙结构弹性刚度的基础上,建立了基础隔震结构的运动方程,利用随机振动的理论,将地震波过滤白噪声地震动模型输入,运用状态空间法,得出了层间最大位移的概率统计特性,从而建立了其均值和均方差的计算公式.通过算例分析表明,增大上部结构自振频率与隔震结构的频率的比值可以增大隔震层最大位移的反应,提高隔震层的阻尼比可以降低隔震层最大位移的反应;对其参数进行合理的配置,可使该结构体系隔震效果达到最优.     

基于某高层框架与剪力墙隔震结构的高宽比限值研究

对框架与剪力墙基础隔震结构的高宽比限值与上部结构动力响应规律进行仿真分析,采用PKPM进行框架和剪力墙结构的结构设计,并通过ETABS软件对两种结构进行隔震分析.为了更好地表征结构隔震效果,引入层剪力比、层弯矩比、层位移角比和周期比的概念,对不同高宽比结构隔震前后的动力响应进行对比.分析结果表明:高宽比为4的框架结构隔震后支座拉应力超限,而剪力墙结构的支座尚未出现拉应力.现有抗规规定的高宽比限值仅适用于框架结构,而剪力墙结构的高宽比限值不宜大于7.此外,研究结果还表明框架隔震结构的隔震支座更易出现拉应力超限,而剪力墙结构隔震支座的压应力更容易超过限值.     

层间滑移隔震结构地震作用有限元分析

将二硫化钼作为摩擦材料设计出一种带限位器的滑移隔震支座。根据多层框架结构变形的特点,给出适用于滑移框架隔震结构的计算模型,推导出层间滑移隔震结构的运动方程。运用SAP2000有限元软件建立一层间滑移框架隔震结构的有限元模型,对比分析El Centro地震波下摩擦系数和隔震层位置不同时隔震结构的地震反应。结果表明,上部结构的动力反应随摩擦系数的增加而不断增大,滑移隔震结构的减震效果逐渐减弱,但隔震层的滑移量却在不断减小;摩擦系数的选取应综合考虑减震效果和隔震层滑移量两个因素。随着隔震层的增高,结构的加速度反应和层间位移反应整体上呈增大趋势,隔震效果不断减弱,且隔震层的加速度值下部层比上部层要大得多,一层隔震和三层隔震时的变形主要集中于隔震层,而五层隔震时结构层间位移并未出现突变,说明隔震层设置在较高位置处对结构体系的影响较小。     

非均匀VTI介质切比雪夫傅里叶深度偏移方法

傅里叶法是一类重要的单程波偏移方法.同传统的有限差分类方法相比,傅里叶方法不受数值频散和双向分裂误差的影响,但常因精度要求而计算量较大.在各种多项式展开中,切比雪夫展开与单平方根算子的最大偏差是最小的.我们对单平方根算子的切比雪夫展开,得到一种适用于非均匀VTI介质的深度偏移算子,明显降低了计算量且保持了精度.为了进一步提高算子的整体性能,利用模拟退火法对算子中的常系数进行了优化,使三阶算子的最大精确相位角达到60°.Hess模型的偏移结果证实了算法的有效性.     

The applicability of the N2 method to the estimation of torsional effects in asymmetric base‐isolated buildings

The paper deals with the applicability of the extended N2 method to base‐isolated plan‐asymmetric building structures. The results obtained by the usual pushover analysis of a 3D structural model are further combined with the aid of linear dynamic (spectral) analysis to account for the dynamic effects caused by structural asymmetry. In the paper, the method has been applied to the seismic analysis of a mass‐eccentric four‐storeyed RC frame building isolated with lead rubber bearings. Three different positions of the center of isolation system (CI) with respect to the center of mass (CM) and the center of stiffness of the superstructure (CS) were considered. The response was analyzed for three different eccentricities, three different torsional to lateral frequency ratios of the superstructure, and two ground motion intensities. The stiffness of the isolators was selected for three different protection levels, which resulted in elastic as well as moderately to excessively damaged superstructure performance levels. The results are presented in terms of the top, base and relative displacements, as well as the stiff/flexible side amplification factors. A more detailed insight into the nonlinear behavior of the superstructure is given in a form of ductility factors for the flexible and stiff side frames. The results of the extended N2 method for selected lateral load distributions are compared with the average results of nonlinear dynamic analyses. It was concluded that the extended N2 method could, with certain limitations, provide a reasonable prediction of the torsional influences in minor to moderately asymmetric base‐isolated structures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of subspace identification technique to long‐term seismic response monitoring of structures

This paper addresses the issue of structural system identification using earthquake‐induced structural response. The proposed methodology is based on the subspace identification algorithm to perform identification of structural dynamic characteristics using input–output seismic response data. Incorporated with subspace identification algorithm, a scheme to remove spurious modes is also used to identify real system poles. The efficiency of the proposed method is shown by the analysis of all measurement data from all measurement directly. The recorded seismic response data of three structures (one 7‐story RC building, one midisolation building, and one isolated bridge), under Taiwan Strong Motion Instrumentation Program, are analyzed during the past 15 years. The results present the variation of the identified fundamental modal frequencies and damping ratios from all the recorded seismic events that these three structures had encountered during their service life. Seismic assessment of the structures from the identified system dynamic characteristics during the period of their service is discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Condition assessment of structures under unknown support excitation

A new method is proposed to assess the condition of structures under unknown support excitation by simultaneously detecting local damage and identifying the support excitation from several structural dynamic responses. The support excitation acting on a structure is modeled by orthogonal polynomial approximations, and the sensitivities of structural dynamic response with respect to its physical parameters and orthogonal coeffi cients are derived. The identifi cation equation is based on Taylor’s fi rst orde...     

地震下结构振动的最优控制算法模型比较与改进

模拟地震激励输入结构的过程,将控制目标函数化解到每个时间步长上。用激励所产生的脉冲响应重新构造控制目标函数,直接从泛函变分出发,推导出了一种改进的最优控制算法,并用状态转移的数值方法加以实现。从概念上讲,本算法是一种更为合理的结构最优控制算法。算例表明,在相同控制能量下,本算法能更有效地削减响应峰值,且稳定性良好。     

Sensitivity analysis of pounding between adjacent structures

This article deals with sensitivity of the response of pounding buildings with respect to structural and earthquake excitation parameters. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis is carried out by means of Monte Carlo simulations of adjacent single degree of freedom impacting oscillators. This sensitivity analysis, based on Sobol's method, computes sensitivity indexes which provide a consistent measure of the relative importance of parameters such as the dimensionless main excitation frequency, the mass and frequency ratios of the structures, and the coefficient of restitution. Moreover, the influence of nonlinear behavior of the impacting structures is also considered. The consequences of pounding on the structures themselves are analyzed in terms of maximum force and nonlinear demand amplification compared with the case without pounding. As for the influence of pounding on the floor response spectra, the quantity of interest is the maximum impact impulse. The overall conclusions of this analysis are that the frequency ratio is the most important parameter as far as the maximum force and nonlinear demand are concerned. Regarding the maximum impact impulse, the mass and frequency ratios are, in general, the most influential parameters, the mass ratio being predominant for low frequencies of the oscillator of interest.     

Output-only identification of the modal and physical properties of structures using free vibration response

The viability of a complete structural characterization of civil structures is explored and discussed. In particular, the identification of modal (i.e. natural frequencies, damping ratios and modal shapes) and physical properties (i.e. mass and stiffness) using only the structure’s free decay response is studied. To accomplish this, modal analysis from free vibration response only (MAFVRO) and mass modification (MM) methodologies are engaged along with Wavelet based techniques for optimal signal processing and modal reconstruction. The methodologies are evaluated using simulated and experimental data. The simulated data are extracted from a simple elastic model of a 5 story shear building and from a more realistic nonlinear model of a RC frame structure. The experimental data are gathered from shake table test of a 2-story scaled shear building. Guidelines for the reconstruction procedure from the data are proposed as the quality of the identified properties is shown to be governed by adequate selection of the frequency bands and optimal modal shape reconstruction. Moreover, in cases where the structure has undergone damage, the proposed identification scheme can also be applied for preliminary assessment of structural health.     

动态随机有限元法

本提出分析了不确定性结构随机动力响应的一种新的数据方法－－动态随机有限元法。经的特点是引入反映结构振动特征的动态形函数,中引出了相应的计算列式。算例表明,本方法的计算效率及数值精度均优于一般的随机有了限元法,具有应用前景。     

Performance‐based optimum seismic design of reinforced concrete structures

A fully automated design methodology based on nonlinear response history analysis is proposed for the optimum seismic design of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The conventional trial‐and‐error process is replaced by a structural optimization algorithm that serves as a search engine capable of locating the most efficient design in terms of cost and performance. Two variations of the proposed design methodology are introduced. The first approach treats the optimum design problem in a deterministic manner, while in the second variation the optimum design is sought in the framework of a reliability‐based optimization problem. The reliability‐based approach seems to be a more rational procedure since more meaningful design criteria that correlate better with the performance‐based design concept can be adopted. Thus, the practice of using the mean annual frequency of a limit‐state being exceeded to assess the candidate designs is compared with the use of deterministic criteria. Both formulations take into consideration the structural response for a number of limit‐states, from serviceability to collapse prevention. The proposed design procedure is specifically tailored to the design of RC structures, where a preliminary design step of generating tables of concrete sections is introduced. In order to handle the large size of the tables, the concept of multi‐database cascade optimization is implemented. The final design has to comply with the provisions of European design codes. The proposed methodology allows for a significant reduction of the direct construction cost combined with improved control of the seismic performance under earthquake loading. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Earthquake simulator tests and associated study of an 1/6-scale nine-story RC model

Earthquake simulator tests of a 1/6-scale nine-story reinforced concrete frame-wall model are described in the paper. The test results and associated numerical simulation are summarized and discussed. Based on the test data, a relationship between maximum inter-story drift and damage state is established. Equations of variation of structural characteristics (natural frequency and equivalent stiffness) with overall drifts are derived by data fitting, which can be used to estimate structural damage state if structural characteristics can be measured. A comparison of the analytical and experimental results show that both the commonly used equivalent beam and fiber element models can simulate the nonlinear seismic response of structures very well. Finally, conclusions associated with seismic design and damage evaluation of RC structures are presented.     

Pushover analysis of asymmetric-plan buildings based on distribution of the combined modal story shear and torsional moment

A pushover procedure with a load pattern based on the height-wise distribution of the combined modal story shear and torsional moment is proposed to estimate the seismic response of 3D asymmetric-plan building frames. Contribution of the higher modes and torsional response of asymmetric-plan buildings are incorporated into the proposed load pattern. The proposed pushover method is a single-run procedure, which enables tracing the nonlinear response of the structure during the analysis and averts the elusiveness of conducting multiple pushover analyses. The proposed method has been used to estimate the response of two moment-resisting building frames with 9 and 20 stories. The obtained results indicate the appropriate accuracy and efficiency of the proposed procedure in estimating the trend of the drift profiles of the structures resulted from nonlinear time history analyses.