西安白鹿塬全新世黄土剖面磁化率的古气候特征

对西安地区全新世以来的环境演变特征进行了系统研究,建立了该地区全新世以来黄土-古土壤沉积的年代序列,揭示其反映的东亚冬、夏季风变迁规律,为预测西安地区乃至中国和全球未来环境的发展趋势提供依据。通过对西安白鹿塬刘家坡典型剖面全新世黄土-古土壤地层的岩性描述、地层划分和对比,结合泾阳县新庄村AMS14C的年代测定和其他学者的测年数据,建立了该地区全新世以来黄土沉积的年代序列。根据磁化率气候替代指标显示的曲线特征,阐述了这一替代指标在剖面上的变化规律,探讨了该黄土剖面所反映的东亚冬、夏季风强弱变化特点,详细分析了西安地区全新世以来环境变化的特征和规律,进而将该剖面磁化率曲线特征与其他学者根据孢粉谱建立的温度曲线对比,对西安地区全新世以来古气候的阶段性进行了详细分析和论证,将西安地区10000a以来的气候演变划分为7个阶段。     

黄土-古土壤序列14C年代学研究进展

^14C年龄的可靠性在于测年物质的可靠。木质样品被认为是最可靠的测年物质，但在黄土序列中不易发现。最常用的测年物质是有机质，其含量低于2％，并受到农业施肥和现代植物根系渗透的影响，造成^14C年龄偏年轻，本实验室采用新的前处理法能有效地分离年轻污染物。在稳定沉积的古土壤中，孢粉可作为可靠的测年物质。黄土中的蜗牛吸收了不同放射性比度的^14C，如果用于测年能影响年龄的准确性，通常挑选蜗牛文石进行测年。加速器质谱测年技术的运用使得黄土序列^14C年代研究更快捷、更灵敏，但研究重点仍集中在可靠测年物质的选择和提取方法上。     

利用黄土中的碳同位素半定量地重建古温度

在相对稳定的气候阶段,土壤中的CO2与其中的碳酸盐之间处于同位素平衡状态,这意味着二者的碳同位素分馏值可作为地质温度计估算古温度。对中国洛川黄土剖面的10组黄土-古土壤序列L1-1-S8同时做了碳酸盐和有机质的碳同位素分析。由于这些地层单元可以与深海氧同位素记录的2-21阶段对比,其中L1-1-L2可与南极Vostok冰心的大气CO2浓度记录对比,由此通过相关分析确定了各地层形成时的平均大气CO2浓度及其δ^183C值,再根据Cerling模型,用有机质δ^13C值代替土壤呼吸CO2的δ^13C,算出土壤CO2的δ^13值。将该值与次生碳酸盐的δ^13C值代入Deines分馏方程可算出各地层单元的古温度。该温度代表了平均深度约30cm处的土壤温度,相当于当时的夏季大气温度。所有数据与黄土-古土壤地层学记录的气候变化吻合,定量地反映了近800ka来黄土高原古气候的变化。     

南海深海沉积物14C测年和近代沉积速率的研究

根据4个箱式样的14C年龄-深度剖面,南海深海沉积物的14C地层分布具有两种模式,一种自沉积物顶面开始往下年龄逐渐递增,另一种在沉积物上部年龄几乎不变,由此向下年龄随深度递增.作者认为,前者由于含放射性物质的连续形成作用所致,后者由于含放射性物质的连续沉积作用和海底混合作用所致.所得14C年龄值未经混合作用等因素校正,故由此计算得出的沉积速率值仅代表真实沉积速率的上限,在本文中称为视沉积速率. 为了能较客观地讨论南海深海沉积物的近代沉积速率,在使用14C地层学资料时主要结合了氧同位素和碳酸盐旋回的定年资料.初步认为,南海深海沉积物的全新世沉积速率至少在千年厘米数量级内变动是无疑的.因受沉和环境的控制,沉积速率具有边缘海盆堆积速度高、横向变化大的特点.     

靖边黄土剖面记录的末次冰期以来的气候变化

靖边黄土剖面位于黄土-沙漠的过渡区,能更加敏感地记录第四纪东亚季风气候变化。对位于靖边县南15km的三道沟黄土剖面(0～7.2m)进行年代学、磁化率、粒度、元素地球化学分析,粒度数据显示靖边黄土剖面沉积物以粉砂为主,占比高达80%以上;年龄曲线显示靖边黄土剖面存在千年尺度的沉积间断;元素地球化学数据表明,古土壤向黄土层中的元素迁移顺序为CaNaMgSiAlKFe,剖面黄土处于初级风化阶段;多指标综合分析表明,靖边黄土剖面末次冰期以来的气候变化经历了MIS3气候相对温暖湿润且震荡激烈、末次冰盛期气候极度冷干、冰消期气候好转和全新世气候温暖湿润4个阶段。     

青海湖湖东沙地全新世风成沉积物磁化率特征及其环境意义

在亚洲季风控制区,黄土-古土壤序列中的磁化率能够很好地反映土壤成壤强度和区域沉积环境变化,但在风成砂-古土壤序列中磁化率的古气候意义仍有待研究。选取青海湖湖东沙地典型风成砂-古土壤序列,基于AMS14 C和光释光测年结果,结合土壤学中传统的土壤发育指标,对沉积物的磁化率特征及环境意义进行分析。研究表明在青海湖盆地风成砂-古土壤序列里,磁化率与成壤强度密切相关:(1)剖面磁化率总体表现为古土壤层最高、弱发育古土壤层次之和风成砂层最低的规律。相较低频磁化率χlf,频率磁化率χfd%能够更好、更细致地反映沉积环境的变化;(2)剖面中磁化率与成壤强度有关(正相关),因成壤作用对两剖面原始物源各粒级组分的改造程度不同,磁化率与黏粒和粉砂正相关;(3)基于剖面磁化率以及粒度特征的综合分析,将青海湖湖东沙地全新世以来气候环境划分为3个阶段:10kaBP以前气候冷干,成壤作用微弱;10~4kaBP气候暖湿,成壤作用显著;4kaBP至今,气候逐渐趋于冷干,成壤作用渐弱。     

黄土高原河谷阶地黄土地层结构模式

流经黄土高原的黄河及其支流因受地壳不断间歇性隆升的影响而形成了5—6级阶地,这些阶地多系黄土覆盖阶地。以六盘山为界,河谷阶地黄土地层结构可分为东、西阶地地层区。六盘山以西河流阶地一般为6级。第6级阶地(T6)冲积黄土状土之上全系无层理黄土,厚310~505 m,含21—23层古土壤,是迄今世界上最厚的黄土剖面,黄土开始堆积的时间不早于1.43 MaBP。T5上的黄土厚200~400 m,含14—16层古土壤,黄土最早是在1.23 MaBP开始堆积的。T4上的黄土厚100~200 m,含5—6层古土壤,开始沉积时间为0.62 MaBP。T3上的黄土包括L1和S1,厚40~65 m,形成于0.12 MaBP。T2冲积黄土状土之上的风积黄土厚20~35 m,形成时间约为0.03 MaBP。T1冲积黄土状土之上为S0、L0及MS,厚1.5~2.5 m,形成时间不早于0.01 MaBP。六盘山以东的河谷阶地一般为5级。T5风积黄土厚70~90 m,含11—16层古土壤,黄土开始堆积时间不早于1.23 MaBP。T4黄土厚40~70 m,含8—9层古土壤,形成时间不晚于0.80 MaBP。T3的黄土包括L1—S6之间的土层,厚25~45 m,形成于0.62 MaBP。T2的黄土由L1和S1构成,厚10~17 m,形成于0.12 MaBP。T1冲积黄土状土之上为S0、L0及MS,厚1.5~2.5 m,形成时间不早于0.01 MaBP。     

粒度端元揭示的芝罘剖面末次间冰期—末次冰期气候环境变化特征

山东半岛北部芝罘剖面末次间冰期—末次冰期(124.9～62.85kaBP)层段由砂黄土、黄土、古土壤叠覆堆积组成。为获取反映该地区气候变化的环境敏感粒组,应用端元分析模型对粒度数据进行反演,得出4个粒度端元。各端元在垂直方向上呈现出有规律的峰谷变化,结合平均粒径及测年结果,认为CEM1与CEM2主要反映了末次间冰期间冰阶夏季风强盛,气候暖湿,古土壤发育的沉积环境;CEM3反映了末次间冰期冰阶冬季风短暂增强,气候相对干冷,黄土发育的沉积环境;CEM4反映了末次冰期强冬季风主导下黄土堆积速率加快,成壤作用弱的沉积环境。各端元揭示的冷暖气候振荡,与朝那黄土磁化率指示的夏季风强弱、西峰黄土32μm粒组指示的冬季风强弱以及渤海底栖有孔虫记录的沿岸海侵/海退事件具有较高的同步性。     

新疆伊犁黄土研究

新疆伊犁黄土-古土壤序列记录了更新世以来中亚伊犁地区自然环境的演化和变迁。总结了伊犁黄土粒度、磁化率、碳酸盐和孢粉等各指标的环境意义及其黄土和古土壤地球化学风化特征、形成环境和空间分布的差异性。结果发现:磁化率和色度由于受到多种因素不同程度的影响,对气候的指示意义较为复杂;孢粉组合和碳酸盐均指示研究区有些古土壤形成时期相对干旱,有些黄土堆积时期相对湿润;矿物和元素组成均表明伊犁盆地黄土形成于较干冷气候条件下;粒度对研究区气候的冷暖波动具有较好的指示意义。此外,古环境研究表明伊犁盆地黄土和古土壤风化分异作用不明显,古土壤形成时期地面环流较黄土形成时强,黄土-古土壤堆积存在空间差异性。     

新疆伊犁可克达拉剖面晚全新世古土壤与环境北大核心CSCD

通过对新疆伊犁可克达拉晚全新世风沙沉积剖面古土壤特性进行研究,结合沉积物磁化率、TOC、黏粒及CaCO3等土壤发生学指标,发现古土壤发育于黄土母质,是荒漠草原植被下形成的具有弱黏化作用和弱钙积作用的淡灰钙土类型。不同时期风沙-古土壤沉积物的形成揭示了新疆伊犁河谷区3.7kaBP以来经历了多次气候干湿波动,共有6层不同发育程度的古土壤形成,后期形成的3层古土壤发育程度较前期的3层古土壤成熟;古土壤反映的古气候大致以2kaBP为时间界限分为前后两个阶段,前期气候相对干旱,后期气候相对湿润;近500年以来,风沙活动增强,气候又有逐渐变干的趋势。     

Organic matter: size fraction relationships for recent sediments from the Orinoco Delta,Venezuela

Fifteen recent sediment samples from the offshore Orinoco Delta, Venezuela, were separated by sieving and pipette analysis into seven size fractions ranging from 4ø to 10ø, in 1 ø units. Total organic carbon was determined for each size fraction and the organic matter characterized by pyrolysis and pyrolysis-gas chromatography. The sediments average 0.98% organic matter with somewhat higher values nearshore. Nearshore sediments also had higher organic contents in the coarsest fractions and a decrease in organic matter from coarse to fine sediment fractions. Sediments from further offshore generally show the highest organic contents in the finer fractions. Pyrolysis showed a low bitumen content and confirmed that the kerogen was dominantly terrestrial and gas prone. The observed trends were attributed to sorting of organic matter by its physical characteristics, with the denser, coarse-grained material settling out nearshore and the Finer-grained material being carried further from shore and settling out with finer-grained sediments.     

Remote sensing estimation of carbon fractions in the Chinese Yellow River estuary

Reliable and consistent carbon fraction estimates are crucial in studying the role of coasts in the global carbon cycle. Remote sensing offers the potential to estimate carbon fractions with its advantages of large spatial coverage and real-time surveys. Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption was generally used as a proxy to estimate dissolved organic carbon (DOC). However, the CDOM–DOC relationship varies by region and remains inconstant. Thus, the correlation between the reflectivity of visible band and DOC concentration was directly adopted in DOC estimation and performed well in former studies. Atomic groups of the various components of carbon fractions produce electronic transition by absorbing photons, and this process occurs both in the visible bands and in the near-infrared bands. Thus, the wide range of absorption band provides an approach to estimate carbon fractions using the correlation between the reflectivity of the whole visible/near-infrared bands of optical satellite sensors and carbon fractions. A new ratio band combination was developed and performed well in carbon fraction concentration retrievals, and the yielded estimation accuracies (R²?>?0.77, RPD >2.02) were sufficient to map the spatial distributions of carbon fractions with the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer image.     

Phytoplankton biomass and size fractions in surface waters of the Australian sector of the southern ocean

We collected surface water along the 142nd E meridian from Tasmania to Antarctica in December 1999. We measured temperature, salinity and total chlorophyll a; additionally, we collected suspended particle size fractions and used fluorometric analysis to determine the quantity of chlorophyll a in each of four cell size classes: picoplankton (<3 μm), two nanoplankton fractions (3–10 μm and 10–20 μm) and microplankton (> 20 μm). Changes in temperature and salinity show that we crossed 6 water masses separated by 5 fronts. We found low abundance (<0.2 mg m⁻³) of chlorophyll in all size classes, with the exception of higher values near the continent (0.2 to 0.4 mg m⁻³). Lowest chlorophyll values (<0.1 mg m⁻³) were found in the Polar Frontal Zone (51° to 54°S). Microplankton made up the largest portion of total chlorophyll throughout most of the region. We conclude that biomass of all phytoplankton fractions, especially pico-and nanoplankton, was constrained by limiting factors, most probably iron, throughout the region and that ecosystem dynamics within a zone are not circumpolar but are regionalized within sectors.     

Partitioning of organic matter in continental margin sediments among density fractions

Hydrodynamic processes sort and redistribute organic matter (OM) and minerals on continental margins. Density fractionations were conducted on sediments from diverse margins (Mexico margin, Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi River delta, Eel River margin) to investigate the nature, provenance and age of OM among density fractions. Mass, elemental (C and N), lignin, and surface area distributions, as well as stable carbon and radiocarbon isotopic compositions were measured. The lowest density fractions (< 1.6 g cm^− 3) contained the highest organic carbon (OC) (up to 45%) and lignin concentrations (up to 8 mg g^− 1) due to abundant woody debris, whereas high density fractions (> 2.5 g cm^− 3) were OC-poor (%OC < 0.5) mineral material. Most sediment mass was found in the mesodensity fractions (1.6 to 2.5 g cm^− 3) that contained the highest proportion of OC (up to ~ 75%) for each sediment. Stable carbon isotope compositions (δ¹³C − 25.5‰ to − 22.9‰) show terrigenous OC as a significant component of density isolates from the river-dominated sediments (Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi River, and Eel margin), whereas the Mexico margin, least influenced by riverine input, was dominated by autochthonous marine OC (δ¹³C ~ − 21.5‰). Radiocarbon compositions of density fractions indicate significant pre-aged OC (Δ¹⁴C as low as − 900‰) in river-influenced sediments but not on the Mexico margin (Δ¹⁴C > − 200‰). Ratios of vanillic acid to vanillin (Ad/Al)v among lignin oxidation products increase with increasing particle density suggesting variable lignin sources or selective degradation of lignin among the different density fractions.     

南海东部海域表层沉积物锶同位素物源示踪研究

锶同位素作为物源示踪剂和计时器在海洋地球化学研究中得到了广泛应用,南海东部海域沉积物中非碳酸盐相物质由慢源型火山物质和陆源硅铝物质组成,两者呈互为消长关系,由北向南陆源物质逐渐减少而慢源物质逐渐增多,海盆内发育的火山喷发是慢源型物质的主要来源,陆源物质主要是中国大陆碎屑物质经台湾海峡进入南海,南海东部海域非碳酸盐相沉积物87Sr/86Sr比值分布特点是:(1)陆架和陆坡边缘沉积物中87Sr/86Sr比值高(0.718 994),向东至深海盆东部边缘逐渐降低(0.713 545);(2)东沙群岛、中沙群岛周围海区87Sr/86Sr比值小(0.709 232);(3)台湾海峡南部87Sr/86Sr比值(0.717 940)接近地壳平均值,黄岩岛附近87Sr/86Sr比值(0.704 241),与幔源物质的锶同位素组成一致,这种分布规律说明中国大陆物质对南海东部海域沉积物的贡献由西向东、由北向南逐渐减小,对幔源基性岩组分和陆源硅铝质组分计算得出,东沙群岛以东、黄岩岛以北海区沉积物中陆源硅铝质组分平均含量为87%,台湾省南部基性岩组分含量不到10%,黄岩岛周围基性岩组分含量接近50%,来自台湾海峡的陆源物流向南一直延伸到17°N左右。幔源基性岩组分和陆源硅铝质组分理论计算值与区内沉积物中火山碎屑、陆源碎屑实际分布相一致。     

Spring and summer phytoplankton communities in the Chukchi and Eastern Beaufort Seas

Phytoplankton pigments and size-fractionated biomass in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas showed spatial and temporal variation during the spring and summer of 2002. Cluster analysis of pigment ratios revealed different assemblages over the shelf, slope and basin regions. In spring, phytoplankton with particle sizes greater than 5 μm, identified as diatoms and/or haptophytes, dominated over the shelf. Smaller (<5 μm) phytoplankton containing chlorophyll b, most likely prasinophytes, were more abundant over the slope and basin. Due to extensive ice cover at this time, phytoplankton experienced low irradiance, but nutrients were near maximal for the year. By summer, small prasinophytes and larger haptophytes and diatoms co-dominated in near-surface assemblages in largely ice-free waters when nitrate was mostly depleted. Deeper in the water column at 1–15% of the surface irradiance larger sized diatoms were still abundant in the upper nutricline. Phytoplankton from the shelf appeared to be advected through Barrow Canyon to the adjacent basin, explaining similar composition between the two areas in spring and summer. Off-shelf advection was much less pronounced for other slope and basin areas, which are influenced by the low-nutrient Beaufort gyre circulation, leading to a dominance of smaller prasinophytes and chlorophytes. The correlation of large-sized fucoxanthin containing phytoplankton with the higher primary production measurements shows promise for trophic status to be estimated using accessory pigment ratios.     

长江口外近海表层沉积物粒度的级配特性及其意义

依据采自长江口外近海的22个表层沉积物样品的粒度分析资料,运用多元统计分析以及粒级对比等方法对沉积物的级配特性及意义进行了研究。结果表明研究区沉积物粒度数据中>6Φ,4~6Φ,<4Φ粒级分别具有不同的特征,因子得分区分别对应长江口泥质区、浙闽沿岸泥质区和粉砂-砂质区。从长江口向南至闽浙泥质带,表层沉积物中值粒径从6.9Ф变为7.2Ф,逐渐变细,符合沉积物“机械分异”规律,并呈连续分布,中间并无明显的间断。通过对粒度分布曲线的对比研究认为:>5Φ(<32μm)粒级沉积物主要是现代陆源沉积物,其中>6Φ(<16μm)粒级相对含量与离物源区距离有很好的相关关系,可能是示踪长江入海沉积物的良好粒级区间;<4Φ(>63μm)粒级沉积物在河口区以外的近海主要来源于陆架残留沉积的改造和再搬运。     

西北冰洋表层沉积物中生源和陆源粗组分及其沉积环境

通过中国第1至第3次北极科学考察在北冰洋西部所采集的99个表层沉积物中生源与陆源粗组分的分析,研究了该海域表层生产力的变化,有机质来源以及陆源粗颗粒物质的输入方式和影响因素.研究区域生源组分所反映的表层生产力变化与通过白令海峡进入楚科奇海的3股太平洋洋流密切相关.楚科奇海西侧高盐高营养盐的阿纳德尔流流经区域,表层生产力...     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.